Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

Oklahoma Laws Violators can be fined, arrested or jailed for making ugly faces at a dog. Females are forbidden from doing their own hair without being licensed by the state. Dogs must have a permit signed by the mayor in order to congregate in groups of three or more on private property. Oklahoma will not tolerate anyone taking a bite out of another's hamburger. It is against the law to read a comic book while operating a motor vehicle. Whaling is illegal. It is illegal to have the hind legs of farm animals in your boots. Residents are taxed for the furniture in their homes, and any other personal belongings. (Repealed) Cars must be tethered outside of public buildings. (Repealed) Anyone arrested for soliciting a hooker must have their name and picture shown on television. Tattoos are banned. It is illegal to wear your boots to bed. Fish may not be contained in fishbowls while on a public bus. Tissues are not to be found in the back of one's car.

Oklahoma Laws Violators can be fined, arrested or jailed for making ugly faces at a dog. Females are forbidden from doing their own hair without being licensed by the state. Dogs must have a permit signed by the mayor in order to congregate in groups of three or more on private property. Oklahoma will not tolerate anyone taking a bite out of another's hamburger. It is against the law to read a comic book while operating a motor vehicle. Whaling is illegal. It is illegal to have the hind legs of farm animals in your boots. Residents are taxed for the furniture in their homes, and any other personal belongings. (Repealed) Cars must be tethered outside of public buildings. (Repealed) Anyone arrested for soliciting a hooker must have their name and picture shown on television. Tattoos are banned. It is illegal to wear your boots to bed. Fish may not be contained in fishbowls while on a public bus. Tissues are not to be found in the back of one's car.

Body Organization and Homeostasis Chapter 4 Tissue- a group of similar cells that perform a common function. 4 Types of Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Functions- protects, secretes, and absorbs. Covering and lining epithelium Epidermis of skin. Lining of blood vessels, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tract. Glandular epithelium Thyroid, adrenal, sweat glands.

Connective Tissue Functions- binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat. Composed of two basic elements Cells Extracellular matrix Mature Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Cartilage Bone Tissue Blood Tissue Lymph

Muscle Tissue Functions- generate force and produce contraction. Composed of muscle fiber cells. There are 3 types of muscle tissue. Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Function- convert stimuli into nerve impulses. Composed of two types of cells. Neurons Cell Body Dendrites Axon Neuroglia Nervous Tissue

Principal Systems of the Human Body System- group of related organs that have a common function.

Integumentary System

Integumentary System Functions- protection, cutaneous sensations, regulation of body temperature, excretion, synthesis of vitamin D.

Hypodermis

Cell types of the Epidermis Keratinocytes- 90% Produce keratin (protein) Melanocytes- 8 % Produce melanin (pigment) Langerhan cells- 1% Provide immunity Merkel cells- 1% Form touch receptor with sensory neuron (cutaneous sensations)

Keratinization and Epidermal Growth As cells in the stratum spinosum are pushed up towards the surface they fill with keratin. Psoriasis Cells shed in 7 to 10 days as flaky, silvery scales. Abnormal keratin produced. Treatment- ointments and UV phototherapy.

Skin Cancer 1 million cases diagnosed per year. 3 most common forms of skin cancer Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasize). Squamous cell carcinoma (may metastasize). Malignant melanomas (metastasize rapidly). Occurrence- most common cancer in young women. Origin- arises from melanocytes, life threatening. Key to treatment- early detection. Risks factors- skin color, sun exposure, family history, age, and immunological status.

Dermis

Papillary region Papillary Region Top 20% of dermis. Anchors epidermis to dermis. Dermal papillae.

Reticular Region Reticular region Bottom 80% of dermis. Provides strength, extensibility, & elasticity.

Lines of Cleavage Lines of cleavageorientation of collagen fibers. Epidermal ridges form in fetus as epidermis conforms to dermal papillae. Increase grip of hand. Fingerprints are left by sweat glands that open on tops of ridges.

Pigmentation- skin color Melanin Same number of melanocytes in everyone, but differing amounts of pigment UV in sunlight increases melanin production Carotene Yellow-orange pigment Found in stratum corneum & dermis Hemoglobin Red colored, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells If other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent, causes pinkness

Clinical Observations Freckles and age spotsmelanocytes in a patch. Albinism- lack of tyrosinase, unable to produce melanin. Vitiligo- loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin, produces white patches.

Accessory Structures of Skin Epidermal derivatives Hair Skin Glands Nails

Hair (pili) Structure Shaft Projects from the surface Medulla, cortex, & cuticle Root Medulla, cortex, & cuticle Hair follicle Surrounds the root with external and internal root sheaths Bulb- base of the follicle Papilla of the hair Matrix

Skin Glands Exocrine gland- a gland that secretes substances into ducts that empty 1) directly onto a free surface, or at 2) covering or lining epithelium. Sebaceous (oil) glands. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands. Ceruminous (wax) glands. Mammary (milk) glands.

Sebaceous Glands Secretory portion- dermis. Most open onto hair shafts. All regions of body, except palms and soles. Sebum- oily substance. Combination of cholesterol, proteins, fats, and salts. Keeps hair and skin soft and pliable. Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi.

Acne Acne- bacterial inflammation of oil glands. Hormones at puberty stimulate extra sebum. Blockage. Bacterial inflammation of oil glands.

Sudoriferous Glands Eccrine glands Most areas of skin. Secretory portion in dermis with a duct to surface of the epidermis. Regulate body temperature with perspiration. Apocrine glands Armpit and pubic regions. Secretory portion mostly in subcutaneous layer with duct that opens onto hair follicle. Secretions are more viscous.

Ceruminous Glands Line the external auditory meatus. Location- ears. Substance- wax and fats. Purpose- protect skin from desiccation and irritation.

Epidermal Wound Healing Basal cells migrate across the wound. Contact between basal cells stops cell migration. Epidermal growth factor stimulates cell division. Full thickness of epidermis results from further cell division.

Deep Wound Healing If an injury reaches dermis, healing occurs in 4 phases Inflammatory phase- clot unites wound edges and WBCs. Migratory phase- re-growth of epithelial cells and the formation of scar tissue begins. Proliferative phase- completion of tissue formation. Maturation phase- the scab fall off.

Phases of Deep Wound Healing

Types of Burns First-degree Epidermis only (sunburn). Second-degree Destroys entire epidermis and part of dermis. Fluid-filled blisters separate epidermis and dermis. Epidermal derivatives are not damaged. Heals without grafting in 3 to 4 weeks and may scar. Third-degree Destroys epidermis, dermis, and epidermal derivatives. Damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves.