Why Bio Security is Essential in the Ornamental Fish Industry, and How to Implement it Danny Benjamin Hazorea Aquatics Kibbutz Hazorea, Israel 2 nd International Ornamental Fish Trade and Technical Conference in Sri Lanka 08-10 February, 2017
Updated April 18th, 2016 21:01 GMT
ISA - INFECTIOUS SALMON ANAEMIA SCOTLAND: ISA reappears in Scotland in 2009. In 1998 and 1999 this virus caused US$ 146 MIL loss to the Scottish Salmon industry. CHILE The US$ 2.2 billion Salmon export industry, produced 25% less Salmon in 2008. Over 1000 workers have been laid off and more and more farms are at risk. Environmentalists are now suggesting, the industry should be boycotted or banned. Salmon is Chiles second largest export industry Fish Farming International January 2009
UNKNOWN VIRUS Bangladesh s shrimp production target may not be achieved in 2008 due to widespread virus infection in shrimp ponds. Shrimp farmers say that the ponds have become infected because of the use of virus-infected fry, causing huge losses (est. US$ 22 MIL). Some producers contemplate quitting the industry. The shrimp industry is Bangladesh s secondhighest earner of foreign exchange after readymade garments. Fish Farming International October 2008
THE IMPORTANCE OF FISH TO OUR WORLD Aquaculture provides about half of the fish consumption of humanity. Fish provide 2.6 bil. people with more than 20% of their protein diet. Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of world food production. Fish are the most rapidly increasing commodity produced/traded globally. Fish are the largest commodity export earning for developing countries. Fish exports from these countries earn more for them than all other commodities put together! FAO statistics 2006
KHV - KOI HERPES VIRUS
THE THREAT THE EMERGENCE OF NEW VACCINE RESISTANT VIRUSES OR VIRUS STRAINS THE EMERGENCE OF NEW, AS YET UNKNOWN PATHOGENS
THE TRADITIONAL, SHORT TERM SOLUTION MEDICATION & VACCINATION
Unless the background challenge from disease causing organisms can be controlled, and good management practices strictly followed, medication and vaccination alone are not capable of adequately protecting fish stocks
THE ONLY LONG-TERM SOLUTION FOR FUTURE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF FISH (OR ANY ANIMAL) BIOSECURITY
WHAT IS BIOSECURITY? The sum of all procedures in place to protect organisms (fish, animals, humans or plant) from contracting, carrying or spreading disease. Adapted from OATA Biosecurity and the Ornamental Fish Industry
BIOSECURITY IS LIKE WASHING YOUR HANDS!
BIOSECURITY = DISEASE RISK REDUCTION
WHAT IS RISK REDUCTION? REDUCTION OF THE RISK THAT PATHOGENS WILL BE INTRODUCED TO A FACILITY REDUCTION OF THE RISK THAT PATHOGENS WILL SPREAD THROUGHOUT A FACILITY REDUCTION OF CONDITIONS THAT CAN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION AND DISEASE REDUCTION OF THE RISK OF TRANSMITTING A PATHOGEN FROM A FACILITY Fish Health Management (2006), Julie Bebak-Williams et al
WHY BIOSECURITY HOLISTIC PROACTIVE APPROACH VS SPECIFIC REACTION PREPARATION FOR THE EVENTUALITY OF NEW AND/OR DEVELOPING PATHOGENS THE ONLY WAY (IN THE LONG TERM) TO GUARANTEE SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY OF DISEASE FREE FISH
WHY BIOSECURITY IF A PATHOGEN IS NOT PRESENT IT CANNOT CAUSE A DISEASE IF A PATHOGEN IS NOT PRESENT IT CANNOT BE TRANSMITTED IF A PATHOGEN IS PRESENT IT CAN BE CONTAINED AND/OR ERADICATED COMPLETELY BEFORE IT SPREADS Adapted from OATA Publication: "Biosecurity and the Ornamental Fish Industry":
BASIC BIOSECURITY MEASURES INCOMING AND OUTGOING WATER INCOMING EGGS, FRY, FISH OR BROODSTOCK FISH FEED EQUIPMENT USED MOVEMENT OF STAFF AND VISITORS DECREASING STRESS OF FISH PRTECTION AGAINST WILD ANIMALS AND BIRDS REMOVAL OF DEAD FISH MONITORING AND REPORTING OF UNUSUAL MORTALITIES STERILISATION PROCEDURES SHIPPING PARAMETERS
THE ADVANTAGES OF BIOSECURITY AN INVESTMENT INSTEAD OF AN ONGOING EXPENSE GENERIC PROTECTION AGAINST ALL PATHOGENS INCLUDING FUTURE ONES RELATIVELY SIMPLE AND CHEAP TO CARRY OUT AND MONITOR EVEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IMPROVES SAFEGUARDS FOR FOOD SOURCES EFFECTIVE FOR THE LONG TERM CAN BE IMPROVED CONSTANTLY
HOW TO IMPLEMENT BASIC BIOSECURITY
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSECURITY BIOSECURITY MEASURES NEED TO BE ADAPTED ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES OF EACH FACILITY AND THE ISSUES AT STAKE THE BUSINESS NEEDS OF THE FARM ARE CENTRAL TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSECURITY A FEW MEASURES ARE BETTER THAN NONE AT ALL IMPLEMENTATION CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN STAGES AND IS A CONSTANT PROCESS
BIOSECURITY AS A WAY OF LIFE THINKING BIOSECURITY BEHAVING BIOSECURELY WORKING BIOSECURELY
AWARENESS THE FIRST AND MOST IMPORTANT STEP Hire the right people Willingness to learn Pride in accomplishments Train staff in fish health Daily use of skills Understanding of the importance of Biosecurity Constant maintenance of health Communication Update with new knowledge Knowledge of customer needs INVOLVEMENT = MOTIVATION = CONSTANT IMPROVEMENT
BIOSECURITY AWARENESS The creation of a state of mind in farm staff so that there is constant vigilance at the farm level on fish health issues that may affect the profitability and sustainability of the business Adapted from Finfish Aquaculture Biosecurity Mary and John G. Nickum (Aquaculture Magazine Vol. 34, No. 2)
STEP 2: RISK ANALYSIS RISK IDENTIFICATION: WHAT HAZARD(S) DO WE WANT TO CONTROL? RISK ASSESSMENT: WHAT HAPPENS TO US IF WE DO NOT CONTROL THE HAZARD AND WHAT HAPPENS IF IT SPREADS OR INCREASES? RISK MANAGEMENT: WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO TO LIMIT THE HAZARD AND WHO ELSE DO WE NEED TO INVOLVE?
RISK IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT DEPENDS ON: SPECIES BEING GROWN, STAGES OF GROWTH AVAILABLE SUPPLIERS METHODS BEING USED LAYOUT OF THE FACILITY PURPOSE OF THE FACILITY INVESTMENTS AND OTHER ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE FACILITY LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
ADAPTATION OF THE EU APPROVED FARM MODEL Site free from flooding No fish can swim in from rivers or lakes Good records kept Sterile packing materials Regular fish health checks Regulation of movement of people and vehicles Water supplied from spring, borehole well or mains BIOSECURITY No fish introduced from farm of lower health status Healthy fish supplied to customers
WHICH PATHOGENS AND DISEASES ARE OF CONCERN? List of relevant pathogens Potential costs and consequences of each pathogen on: - Your own stock - Customer's stock - Business reputation Diseases to exclude Diseases to tolerate - Interact with suppliers - Use physical barriers - Implement system of diagnostic checks Implement treatment regime as necessary Ignore
STEP 3: BIOSECURITY PLAN A BIOSECURITY PLAN MAY INCLUDE SOME OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING MEASURES: QUARANTINE or ISOLATION DISINFECTION VACCINATION LIMITING ACCESS TO ANIMALS AND BIRDS LIMITING MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FISH HUSBANDRY TREATMENT ERRADICATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSECURITY MEASURES
QUARANTINE Complete separation including treatment or disposal of effluent water Quarantine of all new arrivals especially those from lower status Length of quarantine period Testing during quarantine More frequent smaller consignments of fry/fish Temperature regulation if necessary Proper disposal of dead fish
DISINFECTION Use of proper/adequate disinfection agents Disinfection of materials and equipment Disinfection of systems after/before use Separation of equipment Disinfection of footwear and hands Separate nets/equipment for separate systems Interior and exterior of vehicles
VACCINATION Vaccinations do not prevent the introduction of pathogens Vaccination is a prophylactic measure against a specific disease Vaccination must be carried out at the correct time in order to be effective Awareness of the implications and consequences of vaccination
LIMITING ACCESS OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS Use of netting against birds Fencing or walls Dogs, patrols against birds and certain other animals Rat proofing of food stores Sealing of buildings and use of traps
LIMITING/CONTROLING MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE Facility layout Paths and signage Locked gates and doors Supplier / vendor policy Movement of workers/staff Customer visits
FISH HUSBANDRY - 1 Reduction of fish overcrowding Monitoring critical parameters Removal and disposal of dead fish Cleaning of tanks and removal of waste Storage of fish food Fish from different sources
FISH HUSBANDRY - 2 Records of shipments, complaints, treatments, abnormal mortalities Constant monitoring of parameters Regularly scheduled and recorded health tests Clean shipment water Use of new/sterile packing material
TREATMENT Early detection reduces economic damage Treatment with antibiotics increases danger of immunity to further treatment Prophylactic treatments when necessary Consideration of the pathogen life cycle Consideration of vertical and horizontal transmission of disease
ERADICATION The most costly Biosecurity procedure Eradication needs to be followed by complete disinfection The source of the problem needs to be accurately identified and isolated in order to prevent re-infection Proper disposal of dead fish
CONCLUSION For Biosecurity to succeed it needs to be a state of mind and it begins and ends with awareness. There is no one size fits all Biosecurity plan Biosecurity is essential to achieve long term business goals and economic profitability The Biosecurity plan should be based on a risk analysis that takes into consideration the species, the purpose and the physical location of the facility Implementation can be in stages it is better to do something than nothing at all Biosecurity is like washing your hands
AND IT IS NOW IN YOUR HANDS T H A N K Y O U
THANK YOU Further detailed info at http://www.ornamentalfish.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/biosecurity.pdf