1
Research suggests that the stigma and stress associated with being gay increase the risk of mental health problems. 2
In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. 3
Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country s hospitals. 4
About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. 5
Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop the same phobias. 6
Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia. 7
In North America, today s young adults are three times as likely as their grandparents to report having experienced depression. 8
White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as black Americans do. 9
There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. 10
An estimated one in seven Americans suffers a clinically significant mental disorder. 1 1
Module 66 & 67 (Abnormal Quiz + Module 65) Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, & Mood Disorders Module 69 (NOT ON QUIZ) Somatoform, Dissociative, and Personality Disorders symptoms highlighted in red are key symptoms to know
Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Pathological worry continually. Jittery, agitated, trembling, sleep-deprived, fidgeting Free-floating anxiety Depression may accompany this disorder May not be able to identify and therefore deal with or avoid the causes. Physical problems high blood pressure
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror accompanying chest pain Choking sensation other frightening sensations. Anxiety tornado Panic attack can be minutes long Panic Disorder
Specific Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. Must be an irrational fear. Avoiding object, activity, or situation. Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) shyness to the extreme, intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoid potentially embarrassing social situations Agoraphobia fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes. (panic attack) Phobia List
Obsessive-compulsive disorder Classified as its own category not classified under anxiety disorders Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action, which persistently interferes with daily living and causes distress. Obsession thoughts Compulsion - behaviors Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Recurring haunting memories, nightmares Flashbacks Social withdrawal Jumpy anxiety Insomnia Memories of the event cause anxiety. a.k.a. PTSD
Important to highlight in Explanations of Anxiety Disorders Psychoanalytic Repressed impulses Behavioral Fear conditioning Reinforcement Observational learning Biological Highlight all Evolutionary Inherit fears from our ancestors seciton
Module 69: Somatic Symptom and related disorders (Somatoform disorders) Utilize Barron s Book this information is not in your text.
Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.
Conversion Disorder (aka Functional neurological symptom disorder) A person experiences very specific physical symptoms for which no physical basis can be found. blindness paralysis Inability to swallow
Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis) Interpret normal sensations (headache, stomach cramps, etc) as symptoms of a dreaded disease. Minor illness is a major one
Theories about possible causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder 1. Psychoanalytical outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts. 2. Behaviorist somatic symptoms are being reinforced for their behavior
Module 69: Dissociative Disorders Utilize Barron s Book and pages 644-645 in text
Dissociative Disorders Disruption in conscious processes. Often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation. Three types.
Psychogenic Amnesia (Dissociative Amnesia) A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. NOT organic amnesia. Dissociative fugue -A state of mind wherein one s entire personal identity is abandoned and no other reasonable explanation
Dissociative Identity Disorder Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. A person has several rather than one integrated personality. People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.
Dissociative Disorders Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder Genuine disorder or not? DID rates Differences are too great DID and other disorders
Module 67: Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.
Major Depression Disorder Unhappy for more than 2 weeks in the absence of a clear reason. Common cold of all psychological disorders. Displays 5 symptoms on slide 5
Persistent Depressive Disorder (also called Dysthymia) Mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years Display two of the symptoms from slide 5 (SSRI s)serotonin reuptake inhibitors blocks the reuptake or breakdown of serotonin supply. (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox)
Bipolar Disorder (lithium Carbonate) Treats bipolar disorder Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode. (add to major biological causes in bipolar section) Increase of norepinephrine during mania and decrease of serotonin during depressed state
Biological Bases Causes of Depression Neurotransmitter theories dopamine norepinephrine Serotonin Treat with SSRI s (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) Physical exercise Genetic component more closely related people show similar histories of depression Cognitive Bases A.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic views of themselves the world the future Depressed people distort their experiences in negative ways exaggerate bad experiences minimize good experiences Hopelessness theory depression results from a pattern of thinking person loses hope that life will get better negative experiences are due to stable, global reasons e.g., I didn t get the job because I m stupid and inept vs. I didn t get the job because the interview didn t go well
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression s Vicious Cycle
Some helpful Resources Abnormal Psych Resources Crash course videos Abnormal Psychology #29-33 Myers Module Videos 65-67 DSM, Anxiety, and Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders Pages in textbook 653-657 Barron s book pages 249-250
Personality Disorders Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people s ability to function. Significant impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. Dominates their personality.
Personality Disorders Clusters Cluster A (odd or eccentric behavior) Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B (dramatic or impulsive behavior; attention-getting) Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster C (anxiety-related) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Pervasive pattern of grandiosity Need for admiration Exaggerated sense of self-importance
Histrionic Personality Disorder Pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior Feels uncomfortable and unappreciated if he/she is not center of attention. Melodramatic and flirtatious manner
Borderline Personality Disorder Pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image Impulsive Intensely concerned with abandonment People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger.
Antisocial Personality Disorder Disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others Deceit, manipulation, and exploitation Lack of empathy. Weak decision making Causes: Genetic Little autonomic nervous system arousal Lower levels of stress hormone at young age Reduced activity in the frontal lobes 11 % less frontal lobe tissue than normal Brain responds less to facial displays of others in distress
Schizophrenia Pages in textbook 646-652 Barron s Book pages247-249
Schizophrenia Most severe and debilitating of the psychological disorders. Strikes at young adulthood Psychotic disorder marked by irrationality and lost contact with reality.
Symptom 1: Disorganized Thinking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.
Symptom 2: Delusions (beliefs that have no basis in reality) Delusions of Persecution belief that people are out to get you. Delusions of Grandeur belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do.
Symptom 3: Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Auditory most common
Symptom 4: Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatoniamotionless Waxy Flexibility
Symptom 5: Odd use of Language Make up their own words (neologisms) Clang associations Word salad jumping from one idea to another in totally nonsensical pattern Echolalia parrot like repeating of another s speech and Echopraxia - movements Clang Association Example: "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic
Additional Symptoms Neglect of personal hygiene Socially withdrawn Loss of motivation Inappropriate clothing layers of clothing in hot weather
Classifying Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms Examples: Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones. Examples:
Overall Causes of Schizophrenia Brain Anatomy - Dopamine hypothesis excess dopamine (hallucinations & paranoia) - Gray matter in brains less dense - Temporal lobe activation (hallucinations) - Low activity in frontal lobes - Fluid filled areas and corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue - Smaller-than-normal cortex & thalamus Prenatal Development Low birth weights Oxygen deprivation during delivery Famine Maternal viral infection Experience the flu Environmental Double binds person is given contradictory messages which may cause distorted way of thinking Diathesis-stress model environmental stressors can provide circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself.
Overall Causes Cont. Genetic Factor higher rates of schizophrenia for people with sibling or parent with disease Twins who shared placenta are more likely than twins who didn t to both get disease
Case Study of Schizophrenia Identify symptoms of schizophrenia
Tardive dyskinesia involuntary movements of facial muscles Somatic Therapies AKA - Psychopharmacology Neuroleptics Antipsychotics most work as dopamine antagonists (thorazine & Clorzaril) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Librium, & Xanax) central nervous system depressants Antidepressants - Mood Disorders MAOI s inhibit MAO enzyme from breaking down norepinephrine and seratonin at the synapse (Nardil and Parnate) (SSRI s)serotonin reuptake inhibitors blocks the reuptake of only seratonin (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox) (lithium Carbonate) Treats bipolar disorder (TCA s) Tricyclics blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine & seratonin (Trofanil, Elavil, & Norprmin)
Group vs. Individual Therapy Group therapy can help more people and cost less per person than individual therapy. Knowledge of others similar problems. Family Therapy therapy that treats the family as a system. Advantages of Family therapy Opens up communication within a family Learn new ways of preventing or resolving conflict.