Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables, those in bold refer to boxes acetaminophen oxycodone combination 167 during pregnancy 114 acupuncture 149 50 acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) 21 acute headache agitation after treatment 108 9 triptan treatment 102 acute retroviral syndrome 80 1 acute sphenoid sinusitis 40 1 adherence to medication 78 9, 132 agitation after treatment for acute headache 108 9 akathisia, neuroleptic-induced 108 9 Alice in Wonderland syndrome 10 11 allergies, multiple 148 50 amitriptyline 135 6, 170 1 anticholinergic drugs 108 9 antiemetics, during pregnancy 114 15 antiepileptics, combination therapy 139 antiviral drugs 95 aspirin 32 3 atenolol, during breast-feeding 116 autonomic features, migraine 12, 13 availability bias in diagnosis 42 3, 58 behavioral therapies 148, 149 chronic migraine 167 people benefitting 150 preventive 129 30 response to 150 benzodiazepines 108 9 beta-blockers combination therapy 139 in pregnancy 129 side effects 134 blood pressure 127 see also hypotension blood tests iatrogenic harm and migraine 81 3 lithium use 78 9 menstrual headache hormone testing 73 5 nonadherence to therapy 78 9 pitfalls 73 83 verapamil monitoring in cluster headache 75 6 body aches, rash, and headache 80 1 bone loss, topiramate side effect 136 7 Borrelia burgdorferi 24 Botox 139 41 brainstem aura, migraine 35,35 breast-feeding episodic migraine 115 17 headache treatment 115 17 medication safety 116, 115 16, 117 bruxism 25 butalbital hemiplegic migraine treatment 96 medication agreement 172 medication overuse headache 170 1 post-ictal headache 44 during pregnancy 114 butterbur 151 CADASIL 63, 97 molecular genetic testing 63 4 white matter lesion familial occurrence 62 4 carbon monoxide intoxication management 43 weekend headache 41 3 cardiovascular events, NSAID adverse effects 107, 108 cardiovascular investigations, for triptan sensations 102 3 carotid artery dissection 154 with Horner s syndrome 93 5 carotid cavernous fistula 45 6 cerebellar tonsils, low-lying 27 30 descent crowding of posterior fossa moderate 28 treatment for headache 29 cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy see CADASIL cerebral venous thrombosis 51, 50 2 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), headache with neurologic deficit and lymphocytosis 90 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, low 68 70 cervicogenic headache 68, 152 3 chiropractic care 153 5 diagnosis 153 Chiari 1 malformation (CM1)28, 28 9 headache 29 MRI features 28, 29 30 Chiari malformations, classification 30 children, Alice in Wonderland syndrome 10 chiropractic care 150, 153 5 chronic headache continuous 15 17 differential diagnosis 15 risk factors for development 120 chronic renal failure, mild 107 8 cluster headache dental problem 30 1 diagnosis 9 10, 12 drug treatment 155 6 episodic 30 1, 112 13 features 75 6 gender 8 10, 30, 156 intermittent red eye with headache 45 lithium monitoring 78 9 treatment 181 migraine differential diagnosis 9,13 occipital nerve block 156 oxygen therapy 113, 113, 155 6, 157 pregnancy 155 7 preventive treatment 9, 76 severe episodic headache in woman 8 10 steroid overreliance 180 2 steroid treatment role 181 sumatriptan limited access 112 13 timing 155 treatment monitoring 73 unilateral 7 8 verapamil monitoring 75 6 coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) 150 2 186
combination therapy preventive treatment 126, 126, 127, avoidance 139 seizures 137 8 triptans 102 verapamil with propranolol complementary therapies 148 50 computed tomography (CT) conditions missed 69 for migraine 55 radiation risks 55, 82 contraception, topiramate effects 137 cough headache 28, 28 9 craniosacral therapy 150 defensive medicine 58 dental problem, cluster headache 30 1 dexamethasone, status migrainosus 111 12 diagnostic testing, pitfalls dietary triggers 145 7 dihydroergotamine (DHE) 133 protocol 111, 111 disability determination 175 8 chronic migraine 175 9 functional capacity information 177 physician response 176 post-traumatic headache 177 8 process 176 7 refusal 178 reluctance to seek 179 divalproex 129 droperidol 111, 111 dystonia, neuroleptic-induced 108 9 elderly people blurry vision on amitriptyline 135 6 focal headache 95 6 focal neurologic deficit 31 3 giant cell arteritis and persistent headache on steroids 92 3 new headache in elderly woman 38 40 seizure with tension-type headache treatment 137 8 electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities with verapamil treatment 75 eletriptan 170 1 elimination diets 146 7 emotional stress 3 encephalitis, diagnosis 90 1 environmental toxins 42 3 epidural blood patch 64 5 epilepsy post-ictal headache 43 see also seizures ethinyl estradiol, topiramate interaction 137 extra-pyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs 108 9 eye intermittent red eye with headache 45 medication-induced adverse events 135 6 subtle findings 93 5 falls, with migraine treatment 133 5 Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) 176, 175 7 medical certification 177 fasting, migraine trigger 146 fatigue with drug-induced hypotension fentanyl 76 8 fever and nausea with headache 40 1 feverfew 151 focal headache in older woman 95 6 focal neurologic deficit 31 3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), approved treatments 184 foramen ovale see patent foramen ovale funduscopy, medulloblastoma 46, 47 gastric bypass surgery 100, 101, 167 gender cluster headache 8 10, 30, 156 migraine occurrence 7 8 giant cell arteritis new headache in elderly woman 38 40 persistent headache on steroids in elderly woman 92 3 steroid treatment 40 temporal artery biopsy 39, 40 visual loss 39 ginger 151 glaucoma, acute angle-closure 45 older woman on amitriptyline 135 6 topiramate-induced 135 Haemophilus influenzae septicemia 40 head trauma 141 3 headache diary 4, 3 4, 162 calendar 164 compliance 163 information overload 163 menstrual headache 74 5 patient recall comparison 163 headache with neurologic deficit and CSF lymphocytosis (HaNDL) 90 2 hemicrania continua 17 18 hemiplegic migraine 96 8 herbal supplements migraine 151, 151 2 safety issues 152 herpes simplex encephalitis 65 6 herpes zoster 95 6 hip osteonecrosis, steroid therapy-induced 180 1 history taking 84 abuse 88 9 carotid dissection with Horner s syndrome 93 5 divergent outcomes 87 8 focal headache in older woman 95 6 giant cell arteritis and persistent headache on steroids in elderly woman 92 3 headache with neurologic deficit and CSF lymphocytosis 90 2 neurologic deficit 90 2 premature closure 94 psychiatric illness with intractable headache 88 90 trauma 88 9 weakness and headache 96 8 HIV infection 80 1 Horner s syndrome, with carotid dissection 93 5 hydrocodone 167 hypertension, headache association 127 hypotension drug-induced and fatigue orthostatic 133 5 ibuprofen adverse effects 106 7 during breast-feeding 116 imaging CADASIL 62 3 ethics 58 headache with neurologic deficit and lymphocytosis 90 HIV infection 81 low CSF pressure headache 70, 70 migraine 55 7 pitfalls 54 64 post-dural puncture headache 64 reversible vasoconstrictive syndrome 60 side-locked headache 93 thunderclap headache 59 61 white matter lesions familial occurrence 63 in migraineur 61, 62 worst headache ever 87 187
immunosuppression, secondary headache 80 1 indomethacin 14, 18 informed consent 184 intracranial hypotension, spontaneous 69, 68 9, 70 laboratory testing accuracy 82 focal headache in older woman 95 multiple abnormalities with headache 81 3 pitfalls 73 83 predictive value 82 sensitivity/specificity 81 2 treatment monitoring 73 lactation see breast-feeding legal issues see medicolegal pitfalls lisinopril 133 5 lithium blood tests 78 9 cluster headache treatment 78 9, 181 side effects 79 low CSF pressure headache 68 70 MRI features 70,70 lumbar puncture (LP) anatomy 67 guidelines 68 headache following 64 5 herpes simplex encephalitis 65 6 indications 65 6 optimizing performance 66 8 pitfalls 64 70 procedure 67 8 risk factors for headache 66 spontaneous intracranial hypotension 68 70 worst headache ever 87 Lyme disease 23 5 deer tick 24 headache incidence 23 neuroborreliosis symptoms 24 symptoms 24,24 magnesium supplements 150 1 malignant hypertension 127 management challenges 162 73 lifelong refractory migraine 162 3 medication agreements 172 3 medication overuse headache early refill requests 167 9 recurrent 170 2 opioid use request 169 70 suboptimal outcomes 165 unrealistic expectations 164 6 warning signs 171 management errors 100 17 agitation after treatment for acute headache 108 9 chest pressure from sumatriptan 102 4 headache treatment during lactation 115 17 migraine during pregnancy 114 15 migraine failure to respond to triptans 100 2 NSAID-induced gastritis 106 8 serotonin syndrome 104 5 sulfa allergy with migraine 105 6 vomiting with intractable headache 109 11 manual therapies 153 marijuana prescribing 182 3 maxillary sinus, mucosal thickening 21 medical cascade 82, 83 medication agreements 173, 172 3 medication overuse headache 23 5, 121 acutetreatmentwithlowrisk169 with chronic migraine 132 3 early refill requests 167 9 handling of requests for medication 168 management optimization 172 3 medication agreement 172 3 medication use limits 168, 169 migraine chronification 167 realism of treatment goals 167 8 recurrent 170 2 team approach 171 2 types 171 warning signals 171 medication use limits 168, 169 medications, off-label prescribing 183 5 medicolegal pitfalls 175 85 disability determination 175 8 chronic migraine 175 9 post-traumatic headache 177 8 marijuana prescribing 182 3 off-label prescribing 183 5 recording of medical visits 179 80 steroid overreliance in cluster headache 180 2 medulloblastoma 46 7 MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like symptoms) 63, 97 meningitis, diagnosis 90 1 menstrual headache hormone testing 73 5 serotonin syndrome 104 5 meprobamate 76 7 metamorphopsia 10, 11 metoclopramide 111, 114 metoprolol 183, 184 5 migraine acute sphenoid sinusitis differential diagnosis 41 aggravating factors 148 with aura Alice in Wonderland syndrome 11 diagnosis 6 7 differential diagnosis 85 differential diagnosis for prolonged aura 33 4 estrogen-containing oral contraceptive contraindication 6 incidental white matter lesions 61 2 management 97 migrainous infarction 49 50 patent foramen ovale testing 157 8 pregnancy complications risk 129 prolonged 33 4 stabbing headache 13 15 stroke risk 6 symptoms 5 6 visual aura with sore head 85,86 without aura differential diagnosis 5 7 autonomic features 12, 13 availability bias in diagnosis 42 3, 58 basilar 35 with brainstem aura 35,35 change in pattern 65 6 chronic 26 botulinum toxin use 139 41 case 57 with cerebellar tonsillar ectopia 30 disability determination 175 7, 178 9 early refill requests 167 9 imaging 57 9 lifelong 162 3 medication agreement 172 3 medication follow-up 167 medication overuse headache 132 3 opioid use request 169 70 with parasthesias 131 2 prevention of transition 166 refractory 124 7 reluctance to seek assistance 179 surgery 159 60 transformation to 86 8, 121 3, 166 7 unrealistic expectations 164 6 chronification 86 8, 121 3 medication overuse 167 188
patient lost to follow-up 166 7 prevention 166 risk factors 166 cluster 11 13 cluster headache differential diagnosis 9,13 crash 59 diagnostic accuracy 3 4 diagnostic criteria 1 2 dietary triggers 145 7 episodic 43 during breast-feeding 115 17 dietary triggers 145 7 high frequency 119 24, 166, 183 5 natural treatments 150 2 preconception planning 128 30 preventive treatment 122, 119 22, 124 with sulfa allergy 105 6 family history 142 fatal 49 50 gender 7 8 hemiplegic 96 8 herbal treatment 151, 151 2 history taking 1 2 iatrogenic harm 81 3 imaging 55 7 chronic 57 9 incidental findings 56 medical reasons 56, 57 patient reassurance 56, 57 incidence 82 intractable with vomiting 109 11 late-life 32, 32, 33 with low-grade astrocytoma 57 9 marijuana prescribing 182 3 medication side effects sensitivity 134 5 menstrual 73 5, 104 5 misdiagnosis 8 natural treatments 150 2 neurologic deficit 97 nonpharmacologic treatment 148 50 nutritional supplements 151, 150 2 orthostatic syncope 133 5 patient recall 162 3 postpartum headache 27 pregnancy 114 15 planning 147 8 principles of prevention 125 progression 47, 48 refractory 54 5, 124 7 lifelong 162 3 opioid use request 169 70 rhinosinusitis 22 3 seizure relationship 44 sleep-disordered breathing 47 snoring 47 tension-type headache differential diagnosis 4,1 4,5 topiramate long-term safety 136 7 triggers 3, 147 8 avoidance 148 dietary 145 7 triptan therapy 9, 29 failure to respond 100 2 unilateral severe headache 7 8, 17 with vertigo 34 6 diagnostic criteria 36 vestibular 35 vitamin supplements 151, 150 2 weekend headache differential diagnosis 42 weight gain 123 4 when to consider prevention 119 without aura 5 with aura differential diagnosis 5 7 chest pressure from sumatriptan 102 4 Chiari malformation 1 differential diagnosis 29 diagnosis 2, 3, 12 13 high frequency 183 5 transformation to chronic migraine 86 8 migraine deactivation surgery (MDS) 159, 160 migraine surgery 159 60 migrainous infarction 49 50 migralepsy 44 mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like symptoms (MELAS) 63, 97 morning headache medulloblastoma 46 7 obstructive sleep apnea 47 8 naproxen, adverse effects 107 nasal cavity disorders 22 nasal mucosa/nasal septum disorder 22 natural treatments migraine 150 2 see also complementary therapies; herbal supplements; nutritional supplements nausea and fever with headache 40 1 neck and head pain 152 3 neck pain 3 neuroleptic drugs, extra-pyramidal side effects 108 9 neurologic deficit focal 31 3 history taking 90 2 migraine 97 patent foramen ovale testing in migraine with aura 157 8 neurotoxins 140 new daily persistent headache (NDPH) 15 17 clinical characteristics 15 clinical features 16 diagnosis 16, 17 diagnostic criteria 15 epidemiology 16 17 onset 16 17 pathophysiology 16 secondary causes 16 treatment 16 new headache in elderly woman 38 40 new headache with nausea and fever 40 1 nonpharmacologic treatment 145 60 acupuncture 149 50 behavioral therapies 148, 149 people benefitting 150 preventive 129 30 cervicogenic headache 152 3 chiropractic care 150 tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache 153 5 cluster headaches in pregnancy 155 7 complementary therapies 148, 149 50 dietary triggers for episodic migraine 145 7 herbal supplements migraine 151, 151 2 safety issues 152 migraine and pregnancy planning 147 8 migraine surgery 159 60 mixed tension-type and migraine headaches 148 50 multiple allergies 148 50 neck and head pain 152 3 nutritional supplements migraine 151, 150 2 patent foramen ovale testing in migraine with aura 157 8 response to 150 spinal manipulation 149, 154 therapies 149 triggers 147 8 vitamin supplements, migraine 151, 151 2 189
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) adverse effects 106 8, 121 gastric ulceration side effects 101, 121 triptan combination therapy 102 norovirus, migraine with 109 11 NOTCH 3 gene mutation 63 4 nutritional supplements migraine 151, 150 2 obesity chronic migraine 167 gastric bypass surgery 100, 101 obstructive sleep apnea 47 worst headache ever 86, 87 obstructive sleep apnea 48, 47 8 chronic migraine 167 occipital nerve block 159 cluster headache 156 ocular adverse events, medication-induced 135 6 off-label prescribing 183 5 older people see elderly people onabotulinumtoxina 139 41, 159 muscle injection 140, 141 ondansetron, during pregnancy 114 opioids addiction 121 chronic use 77 8 herpes zoster treatment 95 medication agreements 173 misuse 169 70 post-ictal headache 44 post-traumatic head pain 76 8 request for use 169 70 urine tests 76 8 oral contraceptive pill estrogen-containing 5, 6 topiramate interaction 137 oxycodone 169 70 oxycodone/acetaminophen 167 oxygen therapy, cluster headache 113, 113, 155 6, 157 paranasal sinuses, innervation 41 parasthesias, with chronic migraine 131 2 patent foramen ovale (PFO) shunt closure 158 testing in migraine with aura 157 8 patient recall 162 3 physical therapy 153 physician patient therapeutic relationship 165 pituitary adenoma, growth hormone-secreting 48 9 policy-making, recording of medical visits 180 polysomnogram, obstructive sleep apnea 47 8 post-dural puncture headache 64 6 postherpetic neuralgia 96 post-ictal headache 43 incidence 45 treatment 44 postpartum headache 26 7 case 50 causes 26 cerebral venous thrombosis 50 2 diagnostic workup 27 differential diagnosis 26 7, 51 imaging 51,51 incidence 27 primary disorder 27 post-traumatic headache (PTH) 141 3 disability determination 177 8 opioid treatment 76 8 post-viral syndrome 91 potassium supplementation, topiramate-induced parasthesias 131 2 preconception planning, episodic migraine 128 30 predictive value of tests, positive/negative 82 pregnancy cluster headaches 155 7 discontinuing medication preconception 130 headache management 114, 114, 115 migraine 114 15 planning on preventive treatment 129, 128 30 risk on topiramate 137 premature closure in history taking 94 preventive treatment 119 43 after head trauma 141 3 behavioral therapies 129 30 Botox use 139 41 chronic migraine with parasthesias 131 2 combination therapy 126, 126, 127, comorbid conditions 123, 124 episodic migraine 119 21, 122 fall with migraine treatment 133 5 fatigue with drug-induced hypotension herbal supplements 130 medication overuse headache with chronic migraine 132 3 multiple medical conditions 127 8 nutritional supplements 130 older woman with blurry vision on amitriptyline 135 6 overuse of abortive treatments 132 3 pregnancy planning 129, 128 9, 130 refractory chronic migraine 124 7 seizure threshold lowering 138 seizure with tension-type headache treatment 137 8 selection for new use 121 4 side effects 123 4 therapeutic trials 124 6 time to response 125 topiramate contraception effects 137 long-term safety 136 7 when to consider 119 primary headache, mistaking for another condition 20 36 prochlorperazine 108, 111 propranolol during breast-feeding 116 headache after head injury 142 verapamil combination proptosis, intermittent red eye with headache 45 psychiatric illness with intractable headache 88 90 recording of medical visits 179 80 red eye, intermittent with headache 45 6 rescue therapies 110 retinal detachment 85 reversible vasoconstrictive syndrome (RVCS) 59 61 rhinosinusitis acute 21 2 chronic 21, 21,22 clinical characteristics 22 diagnosis 21 imaging 21 migraine coexistence 23 migraine differential diagnosis 22 3 nasal cavity disorders 22 recurring 21,22 riboflavin 150 2 safety of patient, evaluation after disclosure 89 scotoma, scintillating 5, 6,33 seizures with headache 43 headache relationship 43 4 medication combination 137 8 preventive treatments 138 tension-type headache treatment 137 8 190
self-care 169 self-diagnosis 165 serotonergic drugs, triptan interactions 104 5 serotonin syndrome 105, 104 5 sertraline, triptan interactions 104 5 severe sudden headache 59 61 sexual abuse in childhood and psychiatric illness with intractable headache 88 90 doctor s response to disclosure 89 90 history taking 88 9 side-locked headache 48 9 differential diagnosis 93 imaging 93 sinus disease, diagnosis 21 sinus headache 20 3 types 21 2 sinusitis, acute sphenoid 41, 40 1 sleep hygiene 148 snoring, obstructive sleep apnea 47 Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) 175, 176, 176 sphenoid sinus 41 spinal fluid pleocytosis 90 2 spinal manipulation 149, 154 risks 154 5 stabbing headache 13 15 clinical characteristics 14 differential diagnosis 13 14 incidence 14 treatment 14 stable headache, imaging 55 7 steroid therapy bridging 181 burst and taper 133 complications 181 dependence 181 2 giant cell arteritis and persistent headache in elderly woman 92 3 hip osteonecrosis 180 1 overreliance in cluster headache 180 2 treatment role in cluster headache 181 stroke migrainous infarction 49 50 risk in migraine with aura 6 sulfa allergy with migraine 105 6 sulfonamide group 106, 106 sumatriptan during breast-feeding 116 chest pressure from 102 4 cluster headache treatment 155 6 frequent use 119 headache after head injury 142 hemiplegic migraine treatment 96 hypersensitivity reactions 106 limited access to 112 13 postpartum headache 50 1 during pregnancy 114 SUNA (Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform attacks with Autonomic features) 13, 14 SUNCT (Short-lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing) 13, 14 syncope metoprolol off-label prescribing 183 orthostatic 133 5 temporal artery biopsy, giant cell arteritis 39, 40 temporal release procedure 159 temporomandibular abnormalities 25 6 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 25 tension-type headache chiropractic care 153 5 diagnosis 2 4 diagnostic accuracy 3 4 history taking 1 2 migraine differential diagnosis 4, 1 4, 5 nonpharmacologic treatment 148 50 recording of medical visits 179 80 triggers 3 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), urine tests 77 therapeutic relationship, physician patient 165 thunderclap headache acute sphenoid sinusitis 41 causes 59 imaging 59 61 reversible vasoconstrictive syndrome 59 61 treatment 60 ticks see Lyme disease topiramate 129 headache after head injury 142 intraocular pressure 135 long-term safety 136 7 parasthesia induction 131 2 side effects 136 7 trauma doctor s response to disclosure 89 90 experiences 88 headache prevention after head injury 141 3 history taking 88 9 see also post-traumatic headache (PTH) traumatic brain injury (TBI) 141 3 treatment imperative 168 trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) 12 13 hemicrania continua 17 18 trigeminal neuralgia, stabbing headache differential diagnosis 14 trigeminocervical complex 153 triptan sensations 102 3, 104 avoidance of triptans 103 triptans in acute headache 102 avoidance in triptan sensations 103 characteristics 103 chest pressure from sumatriptan 102 4 cluster headache treatment 9 combination therapy 102 hemiplegic migraine treatment 96 hypersensitivity reactions 106 indications for use 103 4 migraine failure to respond 100 2 migraine treatment 9, 29 post-ictal headache 44 postpartum headache 50 1 serotonergic drug interactions 104 5 side effects 104 in sulfa allergy 105 6 turbinate disorder 22 unilateral headache 7 8, 17 18 migraine 7 8, 17 urine tests meprobamate 76 7 opioids 76 8 pitfalls 76 8 tetrahydrocannabinol 77 valproate, during breast-feeding 116 verapamil cluster headache 181 monitoring 75 6 electrocardiographic abnormalities 75 propranolol combination 191
vertebral artery dissection (VAD) 154 5 vertigo chronic 36 with migraine 34 6 diagnostic criteria 36 vision, normal 11 visual accompaniments, late-life migraine 32 3 visual aura 5, 7 clinical characteristics 86 differential diagnosis 85, 85 repeated attacks 34 Visual Aura Rating Scale (VARS) 5, 86, 85 6 visual changes with sore head 84 6 differential diagnosis 85 tests 85 6 visual loss, giant cell arteritis 39 visual perceptual alterations with headache 10 11 vitamin supplements, migraine 151, 150 2 vomiting with intractable headache 109 11 status migrainosus 111 weakness and headache diagnostic possibilities 96 7 history taking 96 8 weekend headache 41 3 weight gain in migraine 123 4 white matter lesions, familial occurrence 62 4 differential diagnosis 62 3 imaging 62, 63 white matter lesions, incidental in migraineur 61 2 zoster vaccine 96 192