Cornell Notes Name: Date: Topic: CH 5 Questions/Main Ideas: Record Notes: We are revisiting Ch 3B on Connective Tissue prior to our study of Ch 5 Skeletal start on p.91-95 I. Types of Connective A. Bone B. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic Cartilage C. Dense Connective 1. Tendons 2. Ligaments D. Reticular Connective E. Blood F. Affect of aging on 1. bones (start on p99) 2. muscles START OF CH 5 p.130 II. Bones: An Overview A. Functions of the Bones 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Storage *calcium & phosphorus 5. Blood Cell Formation B. Classification of Bones: Two basic bone types 1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone 3. Four bone shapes (describe & give examples) a. long b. short c. flat d. irregular C. Structure of Long Bone 1. Gross Anatomy a. Diaphysis b. Periosteum c. Sharpey's fibers Page 1
Questions/Main Ideas d. Epiphysis e. Articular cartilage f. Epiphyseal line g. Epiphyseal plate h. Medullary Cavity (a.k.a. yellow marrow) * Red marrow k. Bone markings (refer to table 5.1 p.134) i.projections/processes *tuberosity *tubercle *epicondyle *spine *process *facet *condyle ii. Depressions/cavities *meatus/canal *fossa *fissure *foramen 2. Microscopic Anatomy Compact Bone Structure a. osteocytes b. Central/Haversian canals c. canaliculi i. nutrients & waste d. perforating (Volkmanns) canals 3. Spongy/Cancellous Bone (from lecture) D. Bone Formation, Growth and Remodeling 1. Embryo skeleton vs. adult skeleton 2.Areas where cartilage remains? 3. Hyaline cartilage model a. Ossification (2 phases) i. bone matrix ii. Hyaline digestion 4. 2 regions not converted to bone a. articular cartilages b. epiphyseal plates Page 2
5. Bone Growth a. longitudinal growth (length) b. widening of bones (growth in diameter) i. appositional growth c. growth hormone & sex hormones 6. Bone & Calcium Homeostasis a. Blood Calcium levels i. calcium level too low *Parathyroid hormone (PTH) *osteoclasts ii.calcium level too high *Calcitonin (from lecture) 7. Bone Remodeling 8.Homeostatic Imbalance a.rickets i. causes ii. Population it affects the most? E. Bone Fractures 1.Homeostatic Imbalance a. fractures i. closed/simple ii. Open/compound 2. Reduction a. Closed reduction b. Open reduction c. Immobilization d. Healing time 3. Repair of bone fracture (4 major events) 1 2 3 4 III. Axial Skeleton A. Skull *cranium * facial bones * sutures 1. Cranium a. Frontal Bone b. Parietal bones i. sagittal suture Page 3
ii. coronal suture c. Temporal bones i. squamous sutures ii. Bone markings *external acoustic meatus *styloid process *zygomatic process *mastoid process d. Occipital bone i. lamboid suture ii. Bone markings *foramen magnum *occipital condyles e. Sphenoid bone i. bone markings *sella turcica *sphenoid sinus f. Ethmoid bone *crista galli & cribiform palate *superior & middle nasal conchae 2. Facial Bones a. Maxillae/maxillary i. alveolar margin ii. Bone markings *palatine processes b. Palatine bones i. posterior hard palate c. Zygomatic bones d. Lacrimal bones e. Nasal bones f. Vomer bone g. Inferior Nasal Conchae h. Mandible *alveolar margin *mental foramen 3. The Hyoid Bone 4. Fetal Skull a. fontanels B.Vertebral Column (Spine) 1. Vertebrae 2. Intervertebral discs 3. S-shape curvature a. scoliosis b. kyphosis c. lordosis 4. Similar features of typical vertebrae a. body or centrum b. vertebral arch i. laminae ii. pedicles Page 4
c. vertebral foramen d. transverse processes e. spinous process f. superior & inferior articular processes 5. Cervical vertebrae--7 a. atlas (c1) b. axis (c2) i. dens process c. typical cervical vert. 6. Thoracic vertebrae--12 7. Lumbar vertebrae--5 8. Sacrum--1 9. Coccyx--1 C. Bony Thorax 1. Sternum a. fusion of 3 bones b. 3 bony landmarks 2. Ribs a. True ribs b. false ribs c. floating ribs IV. Appendicular Skeleton A. Bones of the Shoulder 1. Clavicle 2. Scapula *glenoid cavity B. Bones of Upper Limbs 1. Arm a. humerus 2. Forearm a. radius b. ulna 3. Hand (Use fig. 5.22 to help) a. carpal (wrist) bones b. 5 metacarpals & knuckles c. phalanges C. Bones of Pelvic Girdle 1. 2 coxal bones 2. 3 bones fuse to form each coxae a. ilium *sacroiliac joint * Iliac crest b. ischium c. pubis (pubic bone) *obturator foramen *pubic symphysis *acetabulum 3. False & True pelvis 4. 6 differences male/female (List them all!!!) Page 5
D. Bones of the Lower Limb 1. Thigh a. femur 2. Leg a. tibia *medial malleolus b. fibula *lateral malleolus 3. Foot (use fig. 5.25 for help) a. tarsal bones (ankle) i. calcaneus & talus b. 5 metatarsals c. phalanges d. 3 arches of foot V. Joints A. Classified by function 1. Describe each Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses B. Classified by Structure 1. Fibrous joints a. sutures b. syndesmoses c. gomphoses (from lecture) 2. Cartilaginous joints a. intervertebral discs 3. Synovial joints a. 4 distinct features 1 2 3 4 b. synovial fluid c. bursae d. tendon sheath 4. 6 Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape a. plane/gliding b. hinge c. pivot d. condyloid/ellipsoid e. saddle f. ball-and-socket 5. Homeostatic imbalance of joints a. bursitis b. sprain Page 6
c. arthritis i. osteoarthritis ii. Rheumatoid arthritis iii. Gouty arthritis (gout) VI. Developmental aspects of the skeleton A. Long bones & flat bones in fetus vs. adulthood B. Fontanels C. Change in cranium during childhood D. Spine curvatures E. Changes in skeleton during adolescence F. Changes in skeleton during old age 1. osteoporosis 2. pathologic fractures SUMMARY Page 7