Preclinical Psychopharmacology: From Mechanisms & Molecules to Medicines

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1 Preclinical Psychopharmacology: From Mechanisms & Molecules to Medicines Pradeep G. Bhide, Ph.D. Rodgers Eminent Scholar Chair of Developmental Neuroscience Director, Center for Brain Repair Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306

2 Disclosures I have the following relevant financial relationship with a commercial interest to disclose: Consultant to Avekshan, LLC

3 A prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model of ADHD 1. Why use this model? 2. How was it created? 3. Why is it a valid model? 4. What have we learned from it?

4 Why use this model? Construct Validity Prenatal nicotine exposure increases ADHD risk significantly ADHD associated with prenatal nicotine exposure is indistinguishable from ADHD due to other causes

5 A mouse model of prenatal nicotine exposure How was it created? Nicotine administration in drinking water to mice Nicotine + Saccharin Saccharin Plain drinking water 3 weeks Prior to Conception Conception Birth

6 Mean±SEM Locomotor activity Characterization of the Model: Spontaneous locomotor activity Time (hour) WATER SAC Lights-off Lights-on Lights-on

7 Mean±SEM Locomotor activity Characterization of the Model: Spontaneous locomotor activity Time (hour) WATER SAC PNE Lights-off Lights-on Lights-on Male

8 Characterization of the Model: Spontaneous locomotor activity Lights-on Lights-off Lights-on Time (hour) Female

9 Cognitive function and prenatal nicotine exposure Cognitive domain Test Male Female Working memory Y-maze Deficit No change Cliff Impulsivity Impulsive No change Avoidance Object Based Attention Deficit Deficit Attention

10 Prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model ADHD symptoms Inattention Impulsivity Hyperactivity Impaired Working Memory Mouse model Inattention Impulsivity Hyperactivity Impaired Working Memory

11 Prenatal nicotine exposure Mouse Model Molecular changes in the Frontal Cortex Dopamine Content Dopamine D2 Receptor Activity Dopamine D4 Receptor Activity

12 Prenatal nicotine exposure Mouse Model Unique Strengths ADHD Symptom domains Hyperactivity Impaired Working Memory Inattention Impulsivity Screening novel compounds against each symptom domain Identifying compounds with effects on specific domain(s) Clinical trial design based on preclinical screening data

13 Prenatal nicotine exposure Mouse Model Cognitive domain Molecular and Cellular Changes Insights possible only from animal models

14 Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Mouse Model Working Memory Deficit Selective Impairment of Dopamine D4 Receptor Activity in Frontal Cortex

15 Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Mouse Model Y-Maze: Continuous Spontaneous Alternation A C B

16 Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Mouse Model Y-Maze WATER SAC PNE Decreased Spontaneous Alternations

17 GTP S binding activity (% of baseline) GTP S binding activity (% of baseline) GTP S binding activity (% of baseline) GTP S binding activity (% of baseline) Frontal cortical D2R/D3R and D4R activity is reduced A. D2/D3 basal activity in FC 175 * Frontal Cortex D2/D3 Receptor * B. D2/D3 basal activity in striatum Striatum No change D2/D3 Receptor 0 Water WATER SAC PNE 0 WATER SAC PNE WATER SAC PNE C. D4 basal activity in FC ** D4 Receptor ** D. D4 basal activity in striatum D4 Receptor Water WATER SAC PNE 0 WATER SAC PNE WATER SAC PNE

18 Spontaneous alaternation Selective D4R agonist improves working memory D4 agonist PD16,8077 C. Injection of D4 agonist to SAC or PNE mice ** 80 ** * SAC-Sal SAC-PD(20) PNE-Sal PNE-PD(10) PNE-PD(20) Group-PD (mg/kg)

19 Spontaneous Alternation Spontaneous Alternation D1R or D2/D3R agonists did not have significant effects on working memory D1R Agonist Fig 4B. PNE 80 D2/D3R Agonist Fig 5B. PNE A dose ( g/kg) Ly dose (mg/kg)

20 Spontaneous alternation Spontaneous alternation D4R antagonist decreases Y-maze performance and D4R agonist reverses the effects A. D4R antagonist B. D4R antagonist + Agonist A. 80 ** * B. 80 * * Sal Sal L dose (mg/kg) L (1mg/kg) + PD (mg/kg)

21 Prenatal nicotine exposure Mouse Model and Working Memory Working Memory Deficit Dopamine D4 Receptor Pharmacological Intervention?

22 Prenatal nicotine exposure Mouse Model Unique Strengths ADHD Symptom domains Hyperactivity Impaired Working Memory Inattention Impulsivity Screening novel compounds against each symptom domain Identifying compounds with superior effects on specific domain(s) Clinical trial design based on preclinical screening data

23 Methylphenidate versus D4 R agonist SALINE MPH D4R

24 Prenatal nicotine exposure Mouse Model Drug Design Novel stimulant formulations

25 Drug Design: Safe Stimulant Formulations Methylphenidate Therapeutic Dose Dopamine Noradrenaline Beneficial Effect 2 Methylphenidate Very High Doses Dopamine Noradrenaline Beneficial Effect?? Addiction

26 Drug Design: Safe Stimulant Formulations Methylphenidate Therapeutic Dose Dopamine Noradrenaline Beneficial Effect 2 Methylphenidate Very High Doses Dopamine Noradrenaline µ Opioid receptor Beneficial Effect Addiction

27 Drug Design: Safe Stimulant Formulations Naltrexone µ Opioid receptor Addiction

Noradrenaline µ Opioid receptor Dopamine Noradrenaline µ

28 Drug Design: Safe Stimulant Formulations Methylphenidate Very High Doses Methylphenidate + Naltrexone Dopamine Noradrenaline µ Opioid receptor Dopamine Noradrenaline µ Opioid receptor Beneficial Effect Addiction Beneficial Effect Addiction

29 Drug Design: Safe Stimulant Formulations Clinical studies show that methylphenidate+naltrexone is as effective as methylphenidate alone in the treatment of ADHD

30 Prenatal cocaine exposure

31 Prenatal cocaine exposure mouse model E8 Timed pregnant mouse P0 P90 Recurrent transplacental cocaine exposure Cocaine Saline

32 Prenatal cocaine exposure mouse model Cognitive domain Test Male Female Working memory Y-maze No change No change Impulsivity Cliff Avoidance No change No change Object Based Attention Deficit No change Attention

33 Prenatal cocaine exposure mouse model Molecular changes in the frontal cortex BDNF Protein BDNF mrna Phospho TrkB

34 Prenatal cocaine exposure mouse model Cognitive Flexibility Ability to shift between stimulus-reward contingencies Olfactory Reversal Learning

35 Correct Hits (%) Cognitive Flexibility Learn the paradigm Learn the reversed paradigm Paradigm Reversal Saline Number of Blocks (20 trials)

36 Correct Hits (%) Cognitive Flexibility 100 Learn the paradigm Learn the reversed paradigm Treatment *** F (1,47) = 70.3 Paradigm Reversal Saline Cocaine 0 Time *** F (6,47) = Number of Blocks (20 trials)

37 Cognitive Flexibility ANA-12 TrkB antagonist Rescue of function assay

38 Correct Hits (%) Cognitive Flexibility 100 Learn the paradigm Learn the reversed paradigm Paradigm Reversal Saline Cocaine Number of Blocks (20 trials)

Correct Hits (%) Cognitive Flexibility 100 Learn the paradigm Learn the reversed paradigm 80 60 40

39 Correct Hits (%) Cognitive Flexibility 100 Learn the paradigm Learn the reversed paradigm Paradigm Reversal Saline Cocaine Cocaine + ANA Number of Blocks (20 trials)

40 Prenatal cocaine exposure mouse model Cognitive domain Molecular and Cellular Changes Cognitive inflexibility BDNF/TrkB Signaling

41 Transgenerational Transmission Heritability of phenotypes acquired as a result of interactions with environmental stimuli

42 Prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model Transgenerational Transmission F0 Nicotine F1 PNE Drug Naive F2?

43 Mean±SEM Locomotor activity Prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model Transgenerational Transmission Locomotor activity F SAC-male Lights-off 7 PM 7 AM PNE-male Midnight 0 Noon Time (hour)

44 Prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model Transgenerational Transmission F0 Nicotine F1 PNE Drug Naive F2 Drug Naive F3?

45 Mean±SEM Locomotor activity Prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model Transgenerational Transmission Locomotor activity F3 SAC-male PNE-male 2000 Lights-off 7 PM 7 AM Time (hour)

46 Paternal nicotine exposure mouse model What about nicotine use by fathers? More men smoke cigarettes (26.1%) than women (16.5%) (according to the CDC)

47 Paternal nicotine exposure mouse model Nicotine in drinking water to male mice Nicotine Nicotine + Saccharin Saccharin Drug Naive Plain water Up to 12 weeks Prior to Breeding

48 Paternal nicotine exposure mouse model Cognitive phenotypes in the F1 generation Cognitive domain Test Male Female Spatial working memory Y-maze No change No change Attention Object Based Attention Deficit No change

49 Paternal nicotine exposure mouse model Brain Nicotine Effects on brain and germ cells Germ Cells

50 Potential mechanisms Germ cells: Epigenetic Modification of DNA Histone acetylation and/or DNA methylation

51 Mechanisms of Transgenerational Transmission DNA methylation at promoter regions of dopamine receptor genes

52 % IP/input Mean±SEM % IP/input Mean±SEM Mechanisms of Transgenerational Transmission DNA methylation at promoter regions of the Bdnf gene 6 4 ** ** Water Saccharin Nicotine Bdnf I Bdnf IV

53 % I P / in p u t M e a n ± S E M Mechanisms of Transgenerational Transmission DNA methylation at promoter regions of the MOPR * * * * * * W a te r S a c c h a rin N ic o tin e

54 What is the significance? Drugs (Environment) Brain (ADHD) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Neo-Lamarckism Germ Cells (Transgenerational Transmission)

55 Preclinical Psychopharmacology: From Mechanisms & Molecules to Medicines Thank you! Pradeep G. Bhide, Ph.D. Rodgers Eminent Scholar Chair of Developmental Neuroscience Director, Center for Brain Repair Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306

Kevin T. Blake, Ph.D., P.L.C. Tucson, Arizona Cross Country Education Brentwood, Tennessee. All Rights Reserved Kevin T. Blake, Ph.D., P.L.C.

Developmentally Disconnected: Evidence-Based Tools for Transforming Social Competence March 2014 Update Kevin T. Blake, Ph.D., P.L.C. Tucson, Arizona Cross Country Education Brentwood, Tennessee 1 Neurobiofeedback