Supplementary Online Material Supplementary Table S1 to S5 Supplementary Figure S1 to S4

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1 Supplementary Online Material Supplementary Table S1 to S5 Supplementary Figure S1 to S4 Table S1: Brain regions involved in the adapted classification learning task Brain Regions x y z Z Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) Pre-Supplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA) Left Precentral Gyrus Left Precentral Gyrus Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Right Middle Frontal Gyrus Right Precentral Gyrus Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Left Inferior Parietal Lobule Right Inferior Parietal Lobule Left Putamen Right Putamen Righ Thalamus Left Thalamus Left Fusiform Right Fusiform Calcarine Left Inferior Occipital Gyrus Right Inferior Occipital Gyrus Right Cerebellum Left Cerebellum

2 Table S2: Brain regions involved in full reversal learning (FR) minus no-reversal learning (NR) (Bin2) Brain Regions X Y Z Z ACC/Pre-SMA Pre-SMA Left Superior Frontal Gyrus Left Middle Frontal Gyrus Left Precentral Gyrus Left IFG/VLPFC Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Left Superior Parietal Lobule Right Superior Parietal Lobule Left Inferior Parietal Lobule Left Fusiform Right Fusiform Left Inferior Occipital Gyrus Left Middle Occipital Gyrus Right Middle Occipital Gyrus Calcarine Right Cerebellum

3 Table S3: Brain regions involved in outcome reversal learning (OR) minus no-reversal learning (NR) (Bin2) Brain Regions x y z Z ACC Pre-SMA Left Superior Frontal Gyrus Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Left VLPFC/Insula Left Postcentral Gyrus Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Right VLPFC Right Insula Left Supermarginal Cortex Left Superior Parietal Lobule Right Precuneus/Superior Parietal Lobule Left Middle Temporal Lobe Left Hippocampus Right Amygdala Left Caudate Left Putamen Right Ventral Striatum Left Thalamus Right Thalamus Calcarine Left Fusiform Right Fusiform Left Middle Occipital Gyrus Right Middle Occipital Gyrus Left Inferior Occipital Gyrus Right Inferior Occipital Gyrus Left Cerebellum

4 Table S4: Brain regions involved in response reversal learning (RR) minus no-reversal learning (NR) (Bin2) Brain Regions x y z Z ACC Pre-SMA Left Superior Frontal Gyrus Left Middle Frontal Gyrus Left Precentral Gyrus Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Left VLPFC Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus* Left Superior Parietal Lobule Right Superior Parietal Lobule Left Precuneus Right Calcarine Left Fusiform Right Fusiform Left Middle Occipital Gyrus Left Inferior Occipital Gyrus Right Middle Occipital Gyrus Right Inferior Occipital Gyrus Left Cerebellum Right Cerebellum * significant at p <.001 (uncorrected) 4

5 Table S5: Brain response showed stronger activation to OR than to RR (Bin2) Regions X y z Z Right Putamen Left Putamen* Right Caudate Right Ventral Striatum Right VLPFC* * significant at p <.001 (uncorrected) 5

6 Supplementary Figures Figure S1. Behavioral performance during Training I, separated for each condition and each repetition. B1 to B5 indicate the block numbers. Note there were no differences between each condition at the training stage. The dip in performance at the beginning of each block was due to the fact that between-block inter-repetition interval (IRI) was much longer than within-block IRI. Inset bar graphs represent the within-subject error for each condition. 6

7 Figure S2: Figure S2. Post-scan recall memory test results. A. Accuracy for outcome memory, in which subjects were asked to recall which class each stimulus was associated with; B.Confidence for outcome memory, in which subjects were asked to recall which key press response each stimulus was associated with; C. Accuracy for response memory; D. Confidence for response memory. Error bars represent within-subject error. 7

8 Figure S3. Thresholded statistical map for comparison of classification learning task versus baseline (null events) averaged over all task conditions (Z > 2.0; p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons at the whole-brain level). Surface rendering for the lateral (top row) and medial view (lower row) were created by mapping the group-averaged fmri data into a population-averaged surface atlas using multifiducial mapping (Van Essen, 2005). LH: left hemisphere; RH: right hemisphere. 8

9 Figure S4. Conjunction for FR, OR and RR vs. NR (Z > 2.0 for each individual contrast), following the procedure of Nichols (2005). Binary activation map is rendered on a population-averaged surface atlas using multifiducial mapping (Van Essen, 2005), and is shown in (a) ventral, (b) lateral and (c) medial views. LH: left hemisphere; RH: right hemisphere. 9