Intrroduction to Psychophysiology p. 1 Definitions of Psychophysiology p. 1 Activities and Subject Matter p. 2 Historical Development of

Transcription

1 Preface p. xxi Intrroduction to Psychophysiology p. 1 Definitions of Psychophysiology p. 1 Activities and Subject Matter p. 2 Historical Development of Psychophysiology p. 2 Contemporary Psychophysiology p. 7 Applications of Psychophysiology p. 7 Importance of Brain Measures p. 7 Physiological Measures in Relation to the Nervous System p. 8 Aims and Organization of This Book p. 10 The Nervous System and Measurement of Its Activity p. 12 Source of the Brain's Electrical Activity p. 12 The Neuron p. 13 Excitation of Neurons p. 15 Neurotransmitters p. 15 Neuron Potentials p. 19 The Action Potential of the Neuron p. 20 Gross Brain Anatomy p. 21 The Electroencephalogram (EEG) p. 25 Alpha Waves p. 26 Beta Waves p. 27 Delta Waves p. 27 Theta Waves p. 27 Kappa Waves p. 27 Lambda Waves p. 27 Mu Waves p. 27 Gamma Waves p. 27 Measurement of the EEG p. 28 Electrode Location (Monopolar) p. 28 Electrode Attachment p. 29 Electrode Placement (Bipolar) p. 31 Neuroimaging Techniques p. 31 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) p. 31 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fmri) p. 32 Biomagnetism and the Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) p. 33 Neuromagnetism: The MEG and Magneto Evoked Field (MEF) p. 33 The Peripheral Nervous System p. 35 The Somatic System p. 35 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) p. 35 Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) p. 37 Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) p. 37

2 The EEG and Behavior: Motor and Mental Activities p. 41 Motor Performance and the EEG p. 41 Reaction Time and EEG p. 41 Visuomotor Performance p. 43 EEG Patterning p. 44 EEG and Mental Activity p. 46 EEG and Intelligence (The Search for a Culture-Free Test) p. 46 EEG Period p. 47 EEG Spectral Analysis p. 47 EEG Coherence p. 47 EEG Complexity p. 48 EEG Alpha Power p. 48 EEG in Memory and Recall p. 49 Gamma Wave Activity p. 49 Event-Related Desynchronization p. 49 Hemispheric Asymmetries in the EEG p. 50 Behavioral Studies Showing Asymmetries p. 50 EEG Studies Showing Asymmetries p. 51 EEG Asymmetries in Emotional Expression of Infants p. 53 EEG Asymmetries in Emotional Expression of Adults p. 54 EEG, Hypnosis, Imagery, and Meditation p. 55 The EEG and Behavior: Sensation, Attention, Perception, Conditioning and Sleep p. 61 Sensation, Attention, Perception, and the EEG p. 61 Sensation and the EEG p. 63 Stimulus Complexity p. 63 Stimulus Thresholds p. 63 Odor Stimulation and EEG Pattern p. 63 Attention and the EEG p. 64 Attention p. 65 Vigilance and Signal Detection p. 65 Perception and the EEG p. 67 Perceptual Structuring p. 67 Ambiguous Figures p. 67 Conditioning of the EEG p. 68 Classical Conditioning of the EEG p. 68 Operant Conditioning of the EEG p. 69 Expectancies and Noncontingent Stimuli p. 69 Sleep and the EEG p. 70 The Nature of Sleep EEG p. 70 EEG and Dreaming p. 73 Depth of Sleep and Capacity to Respond p. 73

3 Dreaming and REM Sleep p. 74 Learning During Sleep p. 75 Effects of Work Schedule and Exercise on Sleep EEG p. 77 Work Schedule p. 77 Exercise p. 77 Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Onset p. 78 Sleep Deprivation p. 78 Sleep Onset p. 79 Event-Related Brain Potentials and Behavior I: Measurement, Motor Activity, Hemispheric Asymmetries, and Sleep p. 85 Origin of Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) p. 86 Brain-Stem or Far Field Potentials p. 87 Sensory ERPs p. 88 Motor Potentials p. 88 Long-Latency Potentials p. 89 Steady Potential Shifts (Contingent Negative Variation and Readiness Potential) p. 89 Method for Obtaining ERPs p. 90 Quantification of ERPs p. 94 ERPs and Behavior p. 96 ERPs and Motor Performance p. 97 Reaction Time p. 97 Bisensory Stimulation p. 97 Motor Activity and the ERP p. 98 Active and Passive Motor Potentials p. 99 Finger Versus Foot Motor Potentials p. 99 MP--Visual ERP Interactions p. 99 Hemispheric Asymmetries in ERPs p. 100 Asymmetries with Visual Stimulation p. 100 ERPs and Interhemispheric Transfer Time (IHTT) p. 101 The Importance of Central Fixation in Visual ERP Asymmetry Research p. 101 Facial and Emotional Stimuli p. 102 Asymmetries with Auditory Stimulation p. 102 Sounds p. 102 Words p. 102 Asymmetries and Cognitive Functions p. 103 Intelligence p. 103 Verbal and Spatial Tasks p. 103 Evaluative Categorizations p. 104 The ERP and Sleep p. 105 Event-Related Brain Potentials and Behavior II: Mental, Sensory, Attentional, and Perceptual Activities p. 111 Event-Related Potentials and Mental Activity p. 111

4 ERPs and Intelligence p. 111 The ERP as a Culture-free Measure of Intelligence? p. 111 The Neural Efficiency Hypothesis p. 112 The String Hypothesis p. 113 P300 and Intelligence p. 113 ERPs and Stimulus Meaning p. 114 ERPs and Linguistic Processes p. 115 Noun and Verb p. 116 Words and Sounds p. 116 The P300 System p. 116 N400 and Semantic Mismatch p. 117 Open- and Closed-Class Words p. 117 Conditioning and ERPs p. 118 Classical Conditioning p. 118 Operant Conditioning p. 118 Sensation, Attention, Perception, and ERPs p. 118 Sensation and ERPs p. 119 Smell p. 119 Taste p. 119 Touch and Pain p. 119 Acceleration p. 120 Attention and ERPs p. 121 Selectivity in Attention p. 121 Mismatch Negativity p. 122 Intermodal and Intramodal Selective Attention p. 122 Resource Allocation p. 123 Perception and ERPs p. 124 Shape p. 124 Pattern Size p. 124 Blurring and Pattern Perception p. 124 Upper and Lower Visual Fields p. 124 Perceptual Discrimination and P300 p. 125 Pattern Recognition and NA p. 125 Corners p. 125 Orientation of Figures p. 127 Visual Masking p. 127 Color p. 130 Motion p. 131 Event-Related Slow Brain Potentials and Behavior p. 137 The Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) p. 137 CNV and Reaction Time p. 139

5 CNV and Distraction--Attention p. 139 CNV and Effort p. 140 Stimulus Modality and the CNV p. 140 Other CNV Phenomena p. 141 Postimperative Negative Variation (PINV) p. 141 S1 Frequency p. 141 Sexual Preference p. 141 Missing Stimuli p. 141 CNV and Working Memory p. 141 The Readiness Potential (RP), or Bereitshaftspotential p. 143 Distinctions Between CNV and RP p. 144 Psychological Influences on the RP p. 144 The RP in Simple and Complex Movements p. 144 Spontaneous and Planned Movements p. 145 RP and Site of Body Response p. 145 Maturational Influences on the RP p. 145 The P300 or P3 Potential p. 146 Number of Trials for P300 p. 146 Decision Making, Decision Confidence, and P300 p. 147 The P300 and Probability of Stimulus Occurrence p. 147 Selective Attention and P300 p. 149 Stimulus Set and Response Set p. 149 The N1 and Nd Components p. 149 The P3a and P3b p. 150 Modality Effects p. 150 Heredity and Age Effects p. 150 P300 and the Orienting Response (OR) p. 152 Habituation of P300 p. 152 P300 and Detection and Discrimination of Stimuli p. 153 Stimulus Detection p. 153 P300 to Omitted Stimuli p. 153 Discrimination of Stimuli p. 154 P300 and Memory p. 155 The Sternberg Task p. 155 Digit Span p. 155 The von Restorff Effect p. 156 Recognition Memory p. 156 Concepts and Models of P300 p. 157 Relationship Between CNV and P300 p. 158 Muscle Activity and Behavior p. 164 The Control of Motor Behavior p. 165

6 Anatomy and Physiology of Muscles p. 165 Skeletal Muscle p. 166 Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction p. 166 The Motor Unit p. 166 Muscular Contraction at the Molecular Level p. 168 Muscle Fatigue p. 168 Muscular Hypertrophy p. 168 The Measurement of Muscle Activity p. 168 Electromyography (EMG) p. 168 General Properties of the EMG p. 169 Muscular Effort and the EMG p. 169 The EMG Waveform p. 169 Electrode Placement for EMG Recording p. 170 Specific Electrode Placements p. 171 Recording the EMG p. 172 The EMG and Behavior p. 173 Motor Performance and the EMG p. 174 EMG and Reaction Time p. 174 EMG and Tracking p. 175 EMG and Speech p. 176 Muscular Fatigue and Performance p. 177 EMG and Mental Activity p. 178 Conditioning of the EMG p. 178 Operant Conditioning p. 178 Classical Conditioning p. 179 EMG During Sleep p. 180 EMG and Probability of Successful Performance p. 180 EMG Gradients and Motivated Performance p. 181 Facial Expression of Emotion and the EMG p. 182 The Early Work p. 182 Contemporary Studies Using Facial EMG p. 182 Is Emotional Contagion Indicated by Facial EMG? p. 183 Facial EMG in Emotionally Charged Imagery and Visual Displays p. 183 Do People Mimic the Emotional Expression of Others? p. 185 Facial EMG and Anger In and Out p. 187 Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Behavior p. 191 Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin p. 192 Types and Distribution of Sweat Glands p. 192 Nervous System Control of EDA p. 193 Functions of the Skin and Sweating p. 195 Types of Electrodermal Activity p. 195

7 Skin Conductance p. 196 Skin Potential p. 196 Origin of EDA p. 197 The Measurement of EDA p. 197 Skin Conductance Level (SCL) p. 197 Skin Potential p. 197 Electrodes for Recording EDA p. 199 Analysis of EDA Data p. 199 Electrodermal Phenomena and Behavior p. 200 Reaction Time p. 200 Level of Arousal p. 200 Fixed and Variable Signal Schedules p. 200 High NS-SCRs (Labiles) and Low NS-SCRs (Stabiles) p. 201 Mental Activity and Electrodermal Phenomena p. 201 Learning and Memory p. 202 Arousal p. 202 Habituation p. 202 Positive and Negative Affect and EDA p. 203 Music and Imagery p. 203 Observed Violence p. 203 Erotic Stimuli p. 203 Emotional Expression p. 203 Mother-Infant Interaction p. 204 Motivation and SCR Recovery Time p. 204 Signal Detection and EDA p. 205 Vigilance p. 205 Recognition of Faces p. 206 Unconscious Recognition? p. 206 The Orienting Response and EDA p. 207 Neuronal Model p. 207 Stimulus Distance and Change p. 207 Habituation p. 208 Role of Stimulus Significance p. 208 Information-Processing Model p. 209 Stimulus Omissions p. 209 Alcohol Effects p. 210 Conditioning of EDA p. 210 Classical Conditioning of EDA p. 211 Affective Value of the CS p. 211 Phobias p. 211 Unconditioned Response Probability (URP) and CS-UCS Interval p. 212

8 Instrumental Conditioning of EDA p. 213 Pupillary Response and Behavior p. 218 Anatomy and Physiology of the Pupillary Response p. 218 Measurement of Pupillary Size p. 219 Fatigue and Pupil Size p. 220 Pupillometry and Behavior p. 221 Affective Value of Stimuli and Pupil Size p. 220 Interest Value of Stimuli p. 221 Response to Pain p. 222 Sexual Arousal or Novelty? p. 222 Pupil Size and Nonverbal Communication p. 223 Pupil Size and Mental Activity p. 224 Short-Term Memory p. 224 Language Processing p. 225 Perception p. 225 Task Difficulty p. 225 Stimulus Probability p. 226 Affective Words p. 227 Negative Affect p. 227 Attitudes p. 228 Information Processing, Learning, and Pupil Size p. 228 Information Processing p. 228 Learning p. 229 Pupillometry in Schizophrenia p. 230 Eye Movements, Eye Blinks, and Behavior p. 234 Eye Movements (EOG) p. 234 The Control of Eye Movements p. 234 The Nature of Eye Blinks p. 236 Recording Eye Movements and Eye Blinks p. 236 Problems in EOG Recordings p. 237 Preparation of Electrodes and Subject p. 238 Eye Movements and Behavior p. 240 Mental Activity and Eye Movements p. 240 Eye Movements and Learning p. 240 Eye Movements, Problem Solving, and Laterality p. 240 Problem Solving p. 240 Hemispheric Dominance and Eye Movement p. 241 Eye Movements and Reading p. 242 Reading Efficiency p. 242 Reading Disabilities and Eye Movements p. 242 Eye Movements and Psychopathology p. 243

9 Schizophrenia p. 243 Manic Depression p. 245 Eye Movements and Perception p. 245 Scan Paths p. 245 Pictoral Information p. 245 Eye Movements and Illusions p. 247 Muller-Lyer Illusion p. 247 Rebound Illusion p. 247 The Eye Blink (EB) in Cognition, Information Processing, and Stress p. 248 Cognitive Activity and Eye Blinks p. 248 Information Processing p. 248 Stress p. 249 The Eyeblink Component of the Startle Response in Attention, Emotion, and Clinical Research p. 249 Eyeblink and the Startle Response p. 249 Inhibition of the EB Startle Response p. 250 Attentional Processing with Short and Long Lead Intervals p. 250 Allocation of Attentional Resources p. 251 The EB Component of the Startle Response in Emotion p. 251 Emotional Valence and Physiological Arousal p. 252 Positive and Negative Sensory Experience p. 253 The EB Component of Startle in Clinical Research p. 253 Heart Activity and Behavior I: Developmental Factors, Motor and Mental Activities, Perception, Attention, and Orienting Responses p. 257 Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart p. 258 Heart Structures Involved in Blood Circulation p. 258 Control of the Heartbeat (Cardiac Cycle) p. 258 Internal Cardiac Control p. 258 External Cardiac Control p. 258 Carotid Sinus Reflex p. 260 Measurement of Heart Activity (Electrocardiogram or ECG) p. 260 Wave Component Durations p. 261 Limb Leads for Recording the ECG p. 262 Amplitude and Recording Characteristics of the ECG p. 262 Measures in Research p. 263 Impedance Cardiography p. 264 Electrodes in ECG Recordings p. 266 Heart Activity and Behavior p. 266 Developmental Factors p. 267 Attention and Heart Rate (HR) p. 267 Emotional Reactions in Children p. 267 Performance and Heart Activity p. 268

10 Reaction Time p. 269 Complex Motor Performance and Heart Activity p. 270 Heart Activity and Mental Performance p. 271 Verbal Learning p. 271 Problem Solving p. 272 Imagery and Meditation p. 272 Heart Activity and Perception p. 274 Perceptual Thresholds p. 274 Heart Activity, Attention, and the Orienting Response p. 275 Heart Activity and Behavior II: Stress, Emotions, Motivation, Personality, Social Factors, Brain Interactions, and Conditioning p. 281 Heart Rate and Affective Processes p. 281 Stress p. 281 Emotional Response p. 283 Patterns of Emotional Response p. 283 Detection of Physiological Changes in Emotion p. 283 Influence of Physiological Response on Felt Emotion p. 284 Frustration and Fear p. 284 Motivation p. 285 Incentive and Competition Effects p. 286 Cardiovascular Reactivity (CVR), Personality, and Social Factors p. 286 Cardiovascular Reactivity p. 286 Personality p. 287 Parental History of Hypertension as a Factor p. 287 Hostility and Cardiovascular Reactivity p. 288 Social Factors p. 289 Social Support and Coping p. 289 Social Context p. 290 Cognitive Dissonance p. 290 Interactions Between Heart and Brain Activity p. 291 Sensitivity to Signals p. 292 Hemispheric Differences in Brain-Heart Interactions p. 292 The CNV and Heart Activity p. 292 Conditioning of Heart Activity p. 294 Classical Conditioning p. 294 Instrumental Conditioning p. 295 Blood Pressure, Blood Volume, and Behavior p. 301 Anatomy and Physiology of the Blood Vessels p. 301 Innervation of Blood Vessels p. 302 Regulation of Blood Pressure p. 303 Regulation of Blood Volume p. 304 Measurement of Blood Pressure p. 304

11 Measurement of Blood Volume p. 306 Blood Pressure and Behavior p. 308 Mental Activity and Blood Pressure p. 308 Mental Load and Problem Solving p. 308 Meditation p. 308 Emotional Reactions, Stress, and Blood Pressure p. 309 Frustration and Aggression p. 309 Emotional Imagery p. 310 Naturalistic Stress p. 310 Job Strain p. 310 Active and Passive Coping in Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress p. 311 Social-Environmental Factors and Blood Pressure p. 312 Social Communication p. 312 Effects of Sociotropy p. 313 Crowding p. 313 Pets p. 313 Social Support p. 313 Competition, Auditory Stimulation, and Fitness p. 314 Competition p. 314 Auditory Stimulation p. 314 Aerobic Fitness p. 315 Personality Factors Affecting Blood Pressure p. 315 Type A and B Personality Patterns p. 315 Children and Teens p. 316 Type A and B Women p. 317 Cardiovascular Reactivity, Hostility, and Anger p. 318 Heredity as a Factor in Cardiovascular Reactivity p. 319 Conditioning of Blood Pressure p. 320 Blood Volume and Behavior p. 321 Blood Volume and Sexual Response p. 321 Blood Volume and the Orienting Response p. 323 Conditioning of Blood Volume p. 324 Applied Psychophysiology I: Detection of Deception, Vigilance, Job Design, and Workload p. 330 Detection of Deception p. 333 Historical Background p. 330 Laboratory Studies in the Detection of Deception p. 333 The Use of "Countermeasures" in Detection of Deception p. 334 The P300 Component of the ERP in Detecting Deception p. 335 Physiological Correlates of Vigilance and Workload p. 336 Vigilance p. 336 Psychophysiology in Ergonomics p. 337

12 Job Strain p. 339 Personnel Applications p. 340 Job Satisfaction and Design p. 340 Job Workload p. 340 Human-Computer Interaction p. 341 Personnel p. 341 Applied Psychophysiology II: Auditory and Visual System Tests, Nervous System Disorders, and Behavior Disorders p. 344 Clinical Applications of Physiological Measures p. 344 Auditory System Tests p. 344 The Brain Stem Potential p. 344 Visual System Tests p. 344 Visual ERPs and Visual System Defects p. 344 Developmental Visual ERPs p. 344 Visual ERPs in Down's Syndrome Infants p. 347 The N400 in Dyslexia p. 347 EEG and ERP in the Evaluation of Nervous System Disorders p. 349 The EEG in Epilepsy and Other Abnormalities p. 349 The ERP in "Brain Death" p. 349 Brain Stem Potential Recordings in Neurological Diagnoses p. 349 ERPs in Clinical Neurology p. 351 Multiple Sclerosis p. 351 CNS Degenerative Disease p. 352 Huntington's Chorea p. 352 Parkinson's Disease p. 352 Alzheimer's Disease p. 352 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy p. 353 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) p. 353 Physiological Responses and Behavioral Disorders p. 354 Brain ERPs and Psychiatric Diagnosis p. 354 Psychopathy p. 356 Electrodermal Activity and Behavioral Disorders p. 357 Cardiovascular Activity and Behavioral Disorders p. 357 Panic Disorder p. 358 Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) p. 358 Depression p. 359 Psychopathy p. 359 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder p. 359 Eye Movements and Neurological Disease p. 359 Clinical Applications of Biofeedback p. 365 An Example of a Biofeedback Training (BFT) Situation p. 366 The Electromyogram (EMG) in Biofeedback Applications p. 368

13 EMG and Tension Headache p. 368 EMG Feedback and Stuttering p. 371 EMG Feedback in Neuromuscular Disorder p. 371 EMG Feedback and Anxiety p. 373 EMG Feedback and Asthma p. 373 EMG Feedback and Hyperactivity p. 375 The Electroencephalogram (EEG) in Biofeedback Applications p. 376 EEG Biofeedback and Epilepsy p. 376 EEG Biofeedback and Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) p. 378 Blood Pressure and BFT Applications p. 379 Application to Hypertension p. 379 Application of Electrodermal Activity (EDA) p. 380 Hypertension p. 380 Application of Skin Temperature BFT p. 381 Skin Temperature BFT and Raynaud's Disease p. 381 Skin Temperature BFT and Hypertension p. 382 Skin Temperature BFT and Migraine p. 384 Blood Volume BFT and Migraine p. 386 Overall Conclusions Regarding Clinical Applications of BFT p. 387 Psychoneuroimmunology (Brain, Behavior, and Immunity) p. 387 The Immune System p. 388 Brain and Immunity p. 388 Situational Stress and Immune Function p. 388 Effects of Relaxation on Immune Function p. 390 Concepts in Psychophysiology p. 396 The Law of Initial Values p. 396 Autonomic Balance p. 399 Activation p. 400 Stimulus-Response (SR) Specificity p. 405 Individual-Response (IR) Specificity p. 409 Cardiac-Somatic Concept p. 410 Concepts and Social Psychophysiology p. 412 Habituation and Rebound p. 413 Orienting and Defensive Responses p. 414 Conceptualizations Concerning Event-Related Potentials p. 415 Environmental Psychophysiology p. 423 Internal and External Environmental Factors and the Electroencephalogram p. 423 Drugs p. 423 LSD p. 424 Marijuana p. 424 Nicotine p. 425

14 Heroin and Methadone p. 425 Alcohol p. 426 Hormones p. 427 Oxygen p. 428 Radiation p. 428 Caffeine p. 428 Effects of Environmental Factors on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) p. 428 Drugs p. 428 Tranquilizers and Bartiturates p. 429 Effects of Marijuana on the ERP p. 431 Alcohol p. 431 Nicotine p. 432 Neurotoxic Substances p. 433 Effects of Hormones on the ERP p. 434 Environmental Factors and the Electromyogram (EMG) p. 435 Drugs p. 435 Exercise p. 435 Environmental Factors and Electrodermal Activity p. 436 Hormones and Drugs p. 436 Alcohol p. 436 Environmental Factors, Pupil Size, and Eye Movements p. 436 Effects of Drugs on Pupil Size p. 436 Effects of Drugs on Eye Movements p. 437 Environmental Factors and Heart Activity p. 437 Drugs p. 437 Nicotine p. 438 Marijuana p. 438 Cocaine p. 438 Caffeine p. 439 Environmental Factors and Blood Pressure p. 439 Drugs p. 439 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Nicotine p. 440 Exercise and Blood Pressure p. 440 Hormones p. 440 Laboratory Safety p. 445 Protection Against Electric Shock p. 445 Methods of Accident Prevention p. 445 Grounding p. 445 Use of Low Voltage p. 446 Isolation of Subject-Connected Parts p. 446 Ground-Fault Interrupter p. 446

15 Do's and Dont's p. 446 Do's p. 446 Dont's p. 446 Additional Safety p. 447 Reducing Risk of Disease Transmission p. 447 Infectious Diseases p. 447 Risk Factors in Psychophysiological Research p. 447 Low Risk p. 447 Moderate Risk p. 447 High Risk p. 448 Risk Reduction Procedures p. 448 Wearing Sterile Gloves p. 448 Skin Preparation p. 448 Electrode Preparation p. 448 Subject Index p. 451 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.