The influence of natural environments on children s cognitive functioning
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- Melvin Sparks
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1 The influence of natural environments on children s cognitive functioning Anne Schutte, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Julia Torquati, Ph.D. Department of Child, Youth & Family Studies Heidi Fleharty, PhD Student Department of Psychology Kathleen Jones, PhD Student Department of Child, Youth & Family Studies
2 Outline Nature & Stress Cognition Attention Restoration Theory Influence of nature and urban walks on spatial memory, inhibition, and attention in typically developing children
3 Nature and stress Wells & Evans, 2003, Figure 1
4 Nature views For girls: naturalness of view from apartment Taylor, Kuo, & Sullivan, 2002 concentration impulse inhibition delay of gratification
5 Parental Report Studies children s ADHD symptoms improved following activities related to natural settings (Fabor Taylor et al. 2001; Kuo & Fabor Taylor, 2004) children who typically played in greener outdoor settings displayed milder ADHD symptoms than children who played in less green settings (Fabor Taylor et al., 2001).
6 ADHD kids and time in nature Taylor & Kuo, 2002, Figure 1
7 Adult research Non-ADHD adults showed improvement in backwards digit span and executive portions of the attention network task following a nature walk (Experiment 1) viewing scenes of nature (Experiment 2) Berman et al., 2008
8 Attention Restoration Theory (ART) Based on work by William James Three basic premises 1. two attention systems: directed, effortful attention involuntary, effortless attention 2. deliberately directed attention is susceptible to fatigue and restoration 3. different environments have different effects on attention
9 Summary Time in nature reduces the negative influence of stress in children Time in nature improves attention in adults in children with ADHD Most studies in children are correlational
10 Purpose of the Study Test influence of time in nature on cognition in preschoolers in typically developing children
11 Sample Description 62 children: 15 4-year olds 15 5-year olds 16 7-year olds 16 8-year olds
12 Research Sessions Two sessions that included: (1) puzzles (2) a 20-minute walk (nature, urban)
13 Research Sessions Two sessions that included: (1) puzzles (2) a 20-minute walk (nature, urban) (3) cognitive tasks Spatial working memory Go-No go (inhibition) Continuous performance task (attention) Backwards digit span (7 & 8 years only)
14 Research Sessions Spatial working memory (SWM) ADHD deficits in SWM Attention has been proposed as a rehearsal mechanism for SWM
15 Research Sesions SWM tasks Spaceship search Treasure find Bubble burst Delay: no delay, 1 s, 5 s, or a 10 s
16 SWM Task Targets: -20⁰ or 40⁰ degrees from midline Distractor: half of the 5 and 10 s delay trials 20º toward midline (inner) 40º away from midline (outer) + error - error a - error error
17 Research Sessions Go-no go task -- inhibition Continuous Performance Test task -- attention
18 mean constant error toward midline away from midline SWM performance: Session age group Nat 20 Nat 40 Urb 20 Urb 40
19 mean constant error SWM performance: Session age group Nat 20 Nat 40 Urb 20 Urb 40
20 d prime Go/No Go Task: Inhibitory control nature urban nature urban nature walk in 1st session * urban walk in 1st session
21 mean RT (ms) Go/No Go Task: Reaction time nature urban nature urban nature walk in 1st session * urban walk in 1st session
22 Go/No Go Summary Higher levels of accuracy and shorter reaction times in second session following nature walk
23 Continuous Performance Task (CPT): Attention 4- and 5-year-olds: no significant effects of walk
24 Mean RT (ms) CPT: 7 and 8 Year Olds Overall accurate performance Reaction time: Walk main effect Nature Urban Walk Nature Walk Urban Walk
25 Backwards digit span 7- and 8-year-olds: no significant effects of walk
26 Results Summary Spatial memory performance Some interactions between walk and session Influence of walk not clear Go-No go better performance when children did nature walk in session 2 Continuous performance task 4- and 5-year-olds: no significant effects 7- and 8-year-olds: nature walk significantly reduced reaction time
27 Conclusion 4- &5-year-olds: some evidence of improved inhibitory control following nature walk 7- & 8-year-olds: some evidence of improved inhibitory control and attention following nature walks Results show promising benefits of walks in nature for children without ADHD
28 Take Home Points Children benefit from spending time in natural environments. Time in natural environments improve performance on cognitive measures of attention and response inhibition. Time in natural environments appears to be especially beneficial to children with ADHD
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