2/27/2014. What is Attention? What is Attention? Space- and Object-Based Attention
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1 Space- and Object-Based Attention Attention 1 What is Attention? William James Principles of Psychology Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought...it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state. (p. 43) Focused processing over a subset of information. Tse, Seidenberg, and Logothesis (3, Psychological Science) Enhances cognitive and neural processing Allows selection and diminishes distraction Informs the eyes where to move What is Attention? Selective attention Divided attention Exogenous attention Endogenous attention Covert shifts in attention Overt shifts in attention Automatic processing? Selective Divided Exogenous Endogenous 1
2 Spotlight metaphor Eriksen & Eriksen (1974) Flanker task Flanker effect Condition Example 1 Example 2 RT Flankers Same (Compatible) Flankers Different (Incompatible) < < < < < < < > > > > > > > 45 ms > > > < > > > < < < > < < < 5 ms Flankers Neutral < > 475 ms Eriksen & Eriksen (1974) Flanker effect varies with eccentricity RT (ms) Compatible Neutral Incompatible Target-Flanker Eccentricity (dva) Fixation Cue Target / Probe Variable CTOA X Duration: 1 ms Duration: 5 ms Valid cue (cued target) Invalid cue (uncued target) Duration: Response 2
3 Cuing effect (response facilitation) Influence of CTOA 45 Inhibition of Return (IOR) 425 Response Time (ms) ms ms 4 ms 8 ms CTOA (ms) Valid Invalid Cuing effects (Invalid Valid) vary with CTOA Invalid Valid (ms) ms ms 3 ms 4 ms 5 ms 6 ms 7 ms 8 ms CTOA (ms) Peripheral Cue Associated with exogenous shifts in attention Fast shifts in attention O Symbolic Cue Associated with endogenous shifts in attention Slower shifts in attention 3
4 Different cuing effects (Invalid Valid) for symbolic vs. peripheral cues Invalid Valid (ms) High Low Cue Validity Peripheral Cue Symbolic Cue Invalid Valid (ms) CTOA Peripheral Cue Symbolic Cue Top-Down / Bottom-Up Interaction Folk, Remington, and Johnston (1992) Contingent Involuntary Orienting Hypothesis (CIOH) Exogenous shifts in attention depend on the cue s perceived relevance to an attentional set Exogenous-endogenous connection Modified Posner cuing paradigm Onset target vs. color (red) target Onset Red Onset cue vs. color (red) cue Top-Down and Bottom-Up Interaction Folk, Remington, and Johnston (1992) Onset Target Fixation X Onset Color Target = X X = Red 4
5 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Interaction Folk, Remington, and Johnston (1992) Cuing effects were contingent on the cue s similarity to the target Inattentional Blindness and Change Blindness Humans often fail to notice changes in scenes Change blindness Inattentional blindness Simons & Chabris (1999) Inattentional Blindness and Change Blindness Contingent IB? (Most, et al., 1) 5
6 SNARC Spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect Parity judgments on digits ( 9) RTs faster to large numbers if response is with right hand RTs faster to small numbers if response is with left hand Mental number line 6 Just Simon effect? 55 RT (ms) Target Digit Left Hand Right Hand Attentional SNARC Dodd, Van der Stigchel, Leghari, & Kingstone (8) Can priming mental number line bias spatial attention? Modified Posner cuing task 2 Attentional Blink: Selection in Time Limits in processing information over time Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task T1 vs. T2 DV is T2 accuracy IV is T1-T2 lag 6
7 Attentional Blink: Selection in Time Your attentional blink performance % Reported 4 3 First target Second target T1-T2 Separation 7
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