Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
|
|
- Evangeline Daniels
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Article Response Inhibition in Adolescents Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Childhood: An Event-Related fmri Study Kurt P. Schulz, Ph.D. Jin Fan, Ph.D. Cheuk Y. Tang, Ph.D. Jeffrey H. Newcorn, M.D. Monte S. Buchsbaum, M.D. Angeles M. Cheung, M.A. Jeffrey M. Halperin, Ph.D. Objective: Frontostriatal neural abnormalities have been implicated in the response inhibition impairments that are characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, reports of such abnormalities in adolescents are inconsistent. The present study used behavioral and functional neuroimaging techniques to examine inhibitory control processes in adolescents who had been diagnosed with ADHD during childhood. Method: The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) during performance of a Go/No-Go task to scan 10 male adolescents who were diagnosed with DSM-III-R ADHD when they were 7 to 11 years old and nine age-, sex-, and IQ-matched comparison subjects with no history of ADHD. Response inhibition was tested by contrasting neural activation during No-Go trials with that during Go trials. Results: The inhibition of a prepotent tendency to respond produced markedly greater activation of the left anterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral frontopolar regions, bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and left medial frontal gyrus in the adolescents with childhood ADHD than in the adolescents with no history of ADHD. Activity in the first two regions was inversely related to task performance across the study group. Conclusions: Compared with adolescents who had no history of ADHD, adolescents who were diagnosed with ADHD during childhood exhibited enhanced responses during inhibition in ventrolateral prefrontal cortical areas that subserve response inhibition, as well as in anterior cingulate and frontopolar regions implicated in other executive functions. (Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: ) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by developmentally inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity that arise in childhood and often persist into adolescence. Many investigators view these symptoms as varied manifestations of core impairments in inhibitory control (1, 2), a self-regulatory process that has been conceptualized as the ability to withhold a prepotent response, interrupt an ongoing response, and protect cognitive activity from interference (1). Deficits in inhibitory processes have been found in individuals with ADHD across the lifespan (3), and the similarity of these deficits to those of patients with frontal lobe lesions first implicated prefrontal cortical abnormalities in the pathophysiology of ADHD (4). More recently, morphometric neuroimaging studies have consistently reported subtle volumetric reductions of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus in children with ADHD (5, 6), and functional studies have found reduced metabolic activity in these same regions in children (7) and adults (8) with ADHD but not in adolescents (9, 10) with ADHD. The introduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) provides an ideal opportunity to examine the neural correlates of inhibitory control deficits in ADHD. However, initial results have been mixed. Steady-state perfusion was reduced in the striatum of children with ADHD (11), and striatal activation was attenuated in young children (12), latency-aged boys (13), and adolescents (14) with ADHD performing the Go/No-Go and Stop tasks. Prefrontal cortical activity during these same inhibitory tasks was enhanced in young children (12) and latencyaged boys (13) with ADHD but reduced in adolescents with ADHD (14). Further, activation of the anterior cingulate cortex was reduced in adolescents (14) and adults (15) with ADHD performing the Stop and Stroop tasks. Thus, convergent findings from neuroimaging studies provide evidence of frontostriatal abnormalities in ADHD but cannot pinpoint the precise nature of the pathophysiology. The developmental course of the frontostriatal abnormalities and their relation to ADHD symptoms during adolescence are also unclear. Several frontostriatal regions are smaller in children with ADHD, but only the cerebellum continues to show persistent decreased size through adolescence (6). Moreover, functional neuroimaging studies of adolescents with ADHD have found either no significant results (9, 10) or results (14) that contradicted those reported in children (12, 13). These discrepancies may reflect the fact that adolescent neuroimaging studies have Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September 2004
2 SCHULZ, FAN, TANG, ET AL. based their diagnoses on retrospective reports of childhood behavior, which are of questionable validity, or focused on a somewhat selective group of the ADHD population, namely, adolescents who continue to exhibit the full disorder. Most children with ADHD experience a diminution of symptoms as they grow older (16), and a substantial proportion no longer meet full diagnostic criteria for the disorder in adolescence (17). As such, investigation of adolescents diagnosed with ADHD during childhood, irrespective of current diagnosis, may yield answers regarding the developmental course of neural abnormalities in ADHD. The present investigation used fmri in conjunction with a Go/No-Go task to examine response inhibition in adolescents who were diagnosed with DSM-III-R ADHD during childhood and now reflect the diverse developmental outcomes characteristic of the disorder (16, 17). Previous studies have implicated the caudate nucleus and ventral prefrontal cortex in response inhibition in children (18) and adults (18, 19); activation of anterior cingulate regions that may reflect other aspects of the task has also been reported (19). On the basis of these data and the results of previous studies that used Go/No-Go tasks in children with ADHD (12, 13), we predicted that adolescents with childhood ADHD would exhibit greater activation of ventral prefrontal regions and less activation in the striatum and anterior cingulate than adolescents with no history of ADHD. Method Subjects Participants were 10 male adolescents who were diagnosed with DSM-III-R ADHD when they were 7 11 years old and nine male adolescents with no history of ADHD. The patients were recruited from a larger pool of participants in a study of ADHD conducted between 1990 and 1994 (20, 21). Nine of the patients were right-handed, and one was left-handed. The childhood diagnosis was based on parental responses to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Parent Version (22). Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, pervasive developmental disorder, major affective disorder, or Tourette s syndrome were excluded from the initial study, as were those with a full-scale IQ below 70. Although patients were initially diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria, all would have met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, combined type, during childhood. Two patients had a comorbid diagnosis of conduct disorder in childhood, and one of these children also met diagnostic criteria for separation anxiety disorder. The patients were reevaluated on average 8.8 years (SD=1.1) following their childhood assessment. Their mean age at reevaluation was 17.9 years (SD=1.6, range= ). Patients and their parents were interviewed separately with the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (23), and the two reports were combined by using an either-parent-or-adolescent algorithm (i.e., adding symptoms reported by either source) to diagnose ADHD and other psychiatric disorders (24). All 10 patients met diagnostic criteria for ADHD during childhood, but their adolescent psychiatric status reflects the diverse outcomes characteristic of the disorder (16, 17): five patients met criteria for DSM-IV ADHD in partial remission as defined by fewer than six symptoms in both the inattentive and hyperactiveimpulsive domains; one met full criteria for the combined type of ADHD; three met criteria for the predominately inattentive type of ADHD; and one met criteria for the predominately hyperactive-impulsive type. However, the four patients who met criteria for inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive ADHD should not truly be considered to have the predominately inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD. Rather, they were children with ADHD, combined type, who experienced a diminution of symptoms with age (16), had high numbers of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and are more likely to resemble adolescents with ADHD in partial remission than those who had the inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive type during childhood. One adolescent also met criteria for conduct disorder, but there were no reports of any other axis I disorders. The mean attention problems score on the Child Behavior Checklist (25) completed by parents was 63.6 (SD=9.8). The mean full-scale IQ, as assessed with the WISC-III or WAIS-III, depending on age, was 88.4 (SD=15.7). Seven patients had a previous history of treatment with stimulant medications, but no patient received medication for ADHD in the 6 months preceding this study. The nine adolescent comparison subjects were recruited by means of advertisements placed in the communities where the patients resided. These adolescents were all right-handed and had a mean age of 17.5 (SD=1.2, range= ). Comparison subjects and their parents were interviewed separately with the disruptive behavior disorders module of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (23), and the two reports were combined using an either-or algorithm to screen for a past or present history of ADHD. Comparison subjects with a history of two or more symptoms of ADHD during any 6-month period were excluded from the study. The comparison subjects were not systematically interviewed for the presence of other psychiatric symptoms or disorders. Thus, they most likely did not constitute a supernormal group (i.e., free of all pathology or psychiatric symptoms) that is unrepresentative of the rate of normality found in the urban population from which the patients were recruited. Nevertheless, those with a previous psychiatric diagnosis or a history of treatment were excluded. Mean estimated IQ of the comparison subjects, as assessed with the Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of the WISC-III/WAIS-III, was 91.9 (SD=16.0). None of the comparison subjects had been exposed to psychotropic medication. Patients and comparison subjects did not differ in age (t=0.63, df=17, p=0.54) or estimated IQ (t=0.61, df=17, p= 0.55). The study was approved by the institutional review boards of Queens College of the City University of New York and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. After complete description of the study procedures, written informed consent was obtained from the adolescents and, when appropriate, their parents. The adolescents were compensated for their participation in the study. Experimental Procedures The Go/No-Go task was conceptualized as a measure of the ability to inhibit responses to rare nontargets (No-Go trials) in the context of frequent targets (Go trials). The task consisted of three 200-second blocks. Each block contained 120 stimuli, with 99 (83%) Go trials and 21 (17%) No-Go trials, resulting in a total of 63 No-Go trials in the task. The stimulus for the No-Go trials was X ; the stimuli for the Go trials was A through F. Trial order was pseudorandomized so that the occurrence of No-Go trials was jittered from 3 seconds to 12 seconds (i.e., preceded by two to eight Go trials). Each block began with a 20-second central fixationcross, after which the stimuli were presented at fixation for 500 msec followed by a 1000-msec interstimulus interval demarcated by a central fixation-cross. Participants were reminded at the be- Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September
3 RESPONSE INHIBITION IN ADOLESCENTS ginning of each block to respond as quickly as possible while trying not to make mistakes. Stimuli were generated on an IBM-compatible personal computer and projected by means of an SVGA projector system onto a rear-projection screen mounted over the participants legs. Participants viewed the stimuli through a mirror on the head coil positioned above their eyes and responded with an optical button held in the right hand. Responses were recorded on a personal computer and provided measures of reaction time and accuracy. Image Acquisition Structural and functional MRI scans were acquired on the same 1.5-T General Electric Horizon scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee) modified with hardware for echo planar imaging. A series of T 1 -weighted three-dimensional structural images (spoiled-gradient recall echo in a steady state, repetition time [TR]=24 msec, echo time [TE]=5 msec, flip angle=40, 124 slices, slice thickness=1.2 mm contiguous, field of view=230 mm, matrix= pixels) were acquired for cross-subject registration. Subsequently, 14 axial spin-echo T 2 -weighted structural images encompassing the whole brain (TR=600 msec, TE=18 msec, slice thickness=5 mm, spacing=2.5 mm, field of view=230 mm, matrix= pixels) were obtained to localize the functional activity and to align images to a reference brain. Functional scans of the whole brain were acquired at the same 14-slice locations by using a multislice two-dimensional echo planar imaging sequence depicting the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal (TR=2000 msec, TE=40 msec, flip angle=90, slice thickness=5 mm, spacing=2.5 mm, field of view=230 mm, matrix=64 64 pixels). The participants completed three runs of 200 seconds each, resulting in 100 time points per participant. Data Analysis Image preprocessing and analyses were conducted by using statistical parametric mapping (SPM 99, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London). The first 10 volumes of each functional time series were discarded. The functional scans were realigned to the remaining first volume to correct for interscan movements by means of a rigid body transformation with three rotation and three translation parameters. The functional scans, the T 2 -weighted anatomical scan, and the high-resolution threedimensional spoiled-gradient recall echo image were coregistered. The functional scans were subsequently spatially normalized to a standard template (Montreal Neurological Institute) by using normalization parameters estimated from the three-dimensional spoiled-gradient recall echo image and were then resampled by using a sinc interpolation, resulting in a voxel size of mm. Finally, the functional images were smoothed with a mm full width at half maximum Gaussian kernel. General linear modeling was conducted for the functional scans from each subject by modeling the observed event-related BOLD signals and regressors to identify the relationship between the experimental parameters and the hemodynamic response. Eventrelated analyses were conducted by using the default statistical parametric mapping basis function, which consists of a synthetic hemodynamic response function composed of two gamma functions and its derivative (26). Regressors were created by convolving a train of delta functions (representing the sequence of individual trials) with the base function. The linear combination of all the regressors was used to model the hemodynamic response to four conditions: correct and incorrect No-Go and Go trials. The six realignment parameters generated during motion correction were entered as covariates. The images for each participant were collapsed into a single image for each of the four conditions. The specific effects of response inhibition were tested by applying appropriate linear contrasts to the parameter estimates for the correct No-Go minus correct Go contrast, resulting in a contrast map for each participant. The contrast images of all participants were entered into second-level group analyses conducted with a random effects statistical model that accounted for intrasubject variability and permitted population-based inferences to be drawn. These analyses examined group-by-condition interactions highlighting changes in activation patterns during correct No-Go trials versus correct Go trials in adolescents with and without a history of ADHD. The resultant voxel-wise statistical maps were then thresholded for significance by using a cluster-size algorithm that protects against an inflation of the false positive rate with multiple comparisons. Results for a priori regions of interest are reported at an uncorrected height (intensity) threshold of p<0.01 and an extent threshold of kappa=120 voxels. A Monte Carlo simulation ( beta.m) of the brain volume in the present study indicated that these thresholds correspond to a whole brain false positive rate of approximately Post hoc analyses were conducted to test the effects of response inhibition separately in the adolescents with and without a history of ADHD. Coordinates of activation were converted from the Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates to the Talairach and Tournoux coordinates (27) by using the mni2tal algorithm (M. Brett, Cambridge, Mass.) before designation of anatomical localization and Brodmann s areas. Group differences in the behavioral data were analyzed by using Student s t test, in which the percent of commission errors on No-Go trials and the percent of omission errors and mean reaction time on Go trials served as the dependent variables. Finally, Pearson product-moment correlations between percent change in MRI signal intensity, Child Behavior Checklist attention problems score, and behavioral performance were calculated for all subjects and within the two groups separately for regions that demonstrated significant activation. Results Task Performance Adolescents with childhood ADHD made significantly more commission errors on No-Go trials (mean=28.6%, SD=14.0%) than adolescents with no history of ADHD (mean=14.7%, SD=13.5%) (t= 2.19, df=17, p=0.04). However, group differences in the percent of omission errors on Go trials (patients mean=4.3%, SD=6.2%, versus comparison subjects mean=1.3%, SD=2.7%) and mean reaction time (patients mean=340 msec, SD=24, versus comparison subjects mean=386 msec, SD=91) were not significant (t=1.34, df=17, p=0.20, and t=1.54, df=17, p= 0.14, respectively). Task performance did not correlate with the attention problems score of the Child Behavior Checklist in the adolescents with childhood ADHD (all p>0.10). There were no significant group differences in mean translational movement along the echo planar time series (patients mean=0.42 mm, SD=0.09, versus comparison subjects mean=0.41 mm, SD=0.09) (t=0.11, df=17, p= 0.92). Mean rotational displacement for both groups was less than 0.01 (t=0.56, df=17, p=0.58). fmri Data Significant group-by-condition interactions for the comparison of correct No-Go trials and correct Go trials in adolescents with and without a history of ADHD were seen in several regions of interest (Table 1 and Figure 1). Specifi Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September 2004
4 SCHULZ, FAN, TANG, ET AL. TABLE 1. Brain Regions Showing Significant Activation During No-Go Trials Compared With Go Trials in 10 Male Adolescents With Childhood ADHD and Nine Male Adolescents With No History of ADHD Brodmann s Number Coordinates a t max Contrast, Region, and Side Area of Voxels x y z (df=17) z Score b Areas where adolescents with childhood ADHD had greater activation than adolescents with no history of ADHD Middle frontal gyrus 10 Right Left Middle frontal gyrus: right Inferior frontal gyrus 47 Right Left Medial frontal gyrus: left 10/ Anterior cingulate gyrus: left 24/ Inferior posterior lobule 40 Right Left Precuneus: right 31 1, Areas where adolescents with no history of ADHD had greater activation than adolescents with history of ADHD Precentral gyrus: right Inferior temporal gyrus: right Hippocampus: left Lingual gyrus: right 19 1, Cerebellum Right Left a From the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (27). Determined from the local maxima. cally, adolescents with childhood ADHD exhibited markedly greater activation of the left and right ventrolateral inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 47), left and right frontopolar regions of the middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 10), right dorsolateral middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 9), left anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann s area 24/32), and left medial frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 10/32) than adolescents with no history of ADHD. Closer examination of the interaction effects revealed that patients had greater activation of these regions for No-Go than Go trials and that comparison subjects showed greater activation for Go than No-Go trials. Patients also showed greater activity of the right precuneus (Brodmann s area 31) and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann s area 40). In contrast, stimulus-induced activation of the left precentral gyrus (Brodmann s area 4), right lingual gyrus (Brodmann s area 19), right inferior temporal gyrus (Brodmann s area 20), left hippocampus, and bilateral cerebellum was greater in adolescents with no history of ADHD than in those with childhood ADHD (Table 1). Post hoc analyses of the effects of condition (correct No- Go trials versus correct Go trials) separately in patients and comparison subjects revealed divergent patterns of activation in the two groups (Table 2). Adolescents with childhood ADHD activated the left and right ventrolateral inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 47), right frontopolar cortex (Brodmann s area 10), right dorsolateral middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 9), right inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann s area 39), and left precuneus (Brodmann s area 7). In contrast, adolescents with no history of ADHD activated a neural network that included the right inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann s area 44), left superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann s area 41/42), right fusiform gyrus (Brodmann s area 19), and left and right cerebellum. The magnitude of the signal change at the voxel of maximal activation in bilateral frontopolar regions (mean of left and right) and left anterior cingulate gyrus correlated with the percent of commission errors in all subjects (frontopolar: r=0.57, N=19, p=0.01; cingulate: r=0.64, N=19, p= 0.003) (Figure 2). The relationship between anterior cingulate activation and errors was evident but not significant because of the small number of subjects in each group (r= 0.59, N=10, p=0.08, for adolescents with childhood ADHD and r=0.56, N=9, p=0.12, for adolescents with no history of ADHD). In contrast, frontopolar activation was related to commission errors only in adolescents with no history of ADHD (r=0.63, N=9, p=0.07). There were no significant correlations between activation in the adolescents with childhood ADHD and the attention problems score of the Child Behavior Checklist (all p>0.10). Discussion These findings provide evidence of prefrontal cortical abnormalities that are clearly linked to impaired performance on a response inhibition task in adolescents who were diagnosed with ADHD during childhood. These adolescents performed more poorly on the Go/No-Go task and exhibited differential activation in several neural regions previously implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD compared with adolescents matched for age, gender, and IQ who had no history of ADHD. Specifically, the Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September
5 RESPONSE INHIBITION IN ADOLESCENTS FIGURE 1. Brain Regions of Significantly Greater Activation During No-Go Trials Compared With Go Trials in 10 Male Adolescents With Childhood ADHD Than in Nine Adolescent Males With No History of ADHD a Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 47) Middle Frontal Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 9) Middle Frontal Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 10) Medial Frontal Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 10/32) Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 24/32) a Arrows indicate activation in region of interest. inhibition of a prepotent response produced markedly greater activation of the left anterior cingulate gyrus, left medial frontal gyrus, left and right frontopolar, left and right ventrolateral, and right dorsolateral regions of the prefrontal cortex in patients than comparison subjects. In fact, activation of these regions in comparison subjects increased when they were responding and decreased during response inhibition. Activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus was inversely related to performance on the Go/No-Go task, with greater activation in individuals who had more difficulty inhibiting the prepotent response. A similar relationship between performance and frontopolar activation was found only in the adolescents with no history of ADHD. These findings are somewhat surprising given that these regions are not generally associated with response inhibition per se but, rather, with interrelated executive processes (28 31). The anterior cingulate gyrus seems to monitor for conflict (28, 29), and the frontopolar regions purportedly mediate cognitive branching or the maintenance of a primary goal during the performance of a concurrent task (30, 31). Anterior cingulate and frontopolar activation is usually associated with responding (28, 32), and the inverse correlations with task performance in adolescents with no history of ADHD indicate that successful response inhibition involved decreased activation of these regions. Similar correlations between anterior cingulate activation and performance in adolescents with childhood ADHD suggest that they used comparable conflict monitoring processes but with less efficiency. In contrast, the fact that frontopolar activity was related to performance in adolescents with no history of ADHD but not those who had the disorder suggests differential engagement of higher-order executive processes by the two groups. These data suggest that the inhibitory control deficits in adolescents with childhood ADHD may be related to difficulties with overriding executive processes generally associated with responding. Alternately, the unexpected finding of reduced bilateral cerebellar activation in adolescents with childhood ADHD raises the possibility that enhanced frontopolar and anterior cingulate activity in these individuals might represent adaptive mechanisms to compensate for impairments in the cognitive processes mediated by the cerebellum. The present results are largely consistent with two previous fmri studies that used the Go/No-Go task in young children (12) and latency-aged adolescents (13) with ADHD. The increased ventral prefrontal cortical activity in children with ADHD reported in these studies is comparable to the present findings of greater activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in adolescents with childhood ADHD. The ventral prefrontal cortex is thought to subserve response inhibition in both children and adults (18, 19). Together, these data suggest that the abnormal neural activation seen in the adolescents with childhood ADHD in the present study may reflect a continuation of response inhibition deficits from childhood. The current findings of enhanced ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate activation in adolescents with childhood ADHD differ from previous reports of reduced Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September 2004
6 SCHULZ, FAN, TANG, ET AL. TABLE 2. Brain Regions Showing Significant Main Effects of Condition During No-Go Trials Compared With Go Trials in 10 Male Adolescents With Childhood ADHD and Nine Male Adolescents With No History of ADHD Brodmann s Number Coordinates a t max Contrast, Region, and Side Area of Voxels x y z (df=17) z Score b Activation in adolescents with history of ADHD Inferior frontal gyrus 47 Right Left Middle frontal gyrus: right Middle frontal gyrus: right Inferior parietal lobule: right Precuneus: left Activation in adolescents with no history of ADHD Inferior frontal gyrus: right Superior temporal gyrus: left 41/ Fusiform gyrus: right Cerebellum Left 1, Right 1, a From the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (27). Determined from the local maxima. FIGURE 2. Change in Magnetic Resonance (MR) Signal in Left and Right Middle Frontal Gyrus and Left Anterior Cingulate Gyrus as a Function of Percent Commission Errors in 19 Male Adolescents With or Without Childhood ADHD a 0.6 Bilateral Middle Frontal Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 10) b Left Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (Brodmann's Area 24/32) Patients (N=10) Comparison subjects (N=9) 0.4 Percent Change in MR Signal Percent Commission Errors on No-Go Trials a The percent of commission errors on No-Go trials correlated significantly with the magnitude of the MR signal change at the voxel of maximal activation during No-Go trials compared with Go trials in left and right frontopolar regions (r=0.57, N=19, p=0.01) and left anterior cingulate gyrus (r=0.64, N=19, p=0.003). b Mean of the activation in right and left hemispheres. activation of the inferior prefrontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD performing the Stop task (14) and the anterior cingulate gyrus in adults with ADHD during the Stroop task (15). These discrepancies may be related to the different tasks used in the studies or to differences between the subjects in each study. The patients in our current study were unique in several ways. First, they were all diagnosed with ADHD as children but demonstrated different degrees of symptoms in adolescence. Many of these adolescents would not have qualified for the neuroimaging studies of adolescents (14) and adults (15) with ADHD, which focused on the relatively selective group of adults and adolescents who continue to have the full disorder. Second, and closely related, the patients in our study were not self-referred during adolescence and adulthood, as were the subjects in other neuroimaging studies of ADHD (14, 15). Self-referral of adolescents and adults with ADHD is associated with numerous selection biases as well as concerns regarding the veracity of retrospective recall of childhood symptoms (33) and has consistently generated different findings from those reported in longitudinal studies (34). Finally, none of the participants in the present Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September
7 RESPONSE INHIBITION IN ADOLESCENTS study had received stimulant treatment in the 6 months before being scanned, but many or all of the participants in previous studies of adolescents and adults with ADHD were being treated with stimulants and were scanned after limited washout periods (14, 15). These findings must be considered in the context of the methodological limitations of the Go/No-Go task used in this study. First, the comparison of Go trials, which required motor responses, and No-Go trials, which did not involve responses, introduced motor activity as a potential confounding factor in the analyses. However, this is less of an issue in group comparisons like the current study than in single-group designs, since the two groups serve as controls for each other. Second, the preponderance of Go trials over No-Go trials required to create the prepotent tendency to respond in the task also yielded more data points for Go trials than No-Go trials, which may have skewed the analyses toward the effects of Go trials. Thus, we cannot completely rule out that our findings reflect the effects of motor control processes rather than inhibitory control processes. Notwithstanding these limitations, the current results indicate that adolescents who were diagnosed with ADHD during childhood have difficulty inhibiting a prepotent response and correspondingly generate greater activation of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which mediates response inhibition, as well as higher-order anterior cingulate and frontopolar cortical areas, which subserve executive processes. Inverse correlations between anterior cingulate and frontopolar activation and performance indicate that successful response inhibition involves decreased activity in these regions. The data suggest that the enhanced activation in adolescents with childhood ADHD may be related to difficulties with overriding response processes or may reflect adaptive mechanisms to compensate for impairments in other brain regions. Received Aug. 2, 2003; revision received Dec. 16, 2003; accepted Dec. 23, From the Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York; the Neuropsychology Subprogram of the Ph.D. Program in Psychology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York; and the Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York. Address reprint requests to Dr. Schulz, Department of Psychiatry, Box 1230, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029; kurt.schulz@mssm.edu ( ). Supported by grant from the William T. Grant Foundation (Dr. Halperin) and NIMH collaborative grant R21 MH (Dr. Newcorn). References 1. Barkley RA: Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 1997; 121: Schachar R, Tannock R, Logan G: Inhibitory control, impulsiveness, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 1993; 13: Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J: How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Behav Brain Res 2002; 130: Mattes JA: Role of frontal lobe dysfunction in childhood hyperkinesis. Compr Psychiatry 1980; 21: Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J: Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 1997; 48: Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, James RS, Ebens CL, Walter JM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL: Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 2002; 288: Kim BN, Lee JS, Shin MS, Cho SC, Lee DS: Regional cerebral perfusion abnormalities in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 252: Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, King AC, Semple WE, Rumsey J, Hamburger S, Cohen RM: Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: Zametkin AJ, Liebenauer LL, Fitzgerald GA, King AC, Minkunas DV, Herscovitch P, Yamada EM, Cohen RM: Brain metabolism in teenagers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: Ernst M, Cohen RM, Liebenauer LL, Jons PH, Zametkin AJ: Cerebral glucose metabolism in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A, Glod CA, Maas LC, Renshaw PF: Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nat Med 2000; 6: Durston S, Tottenham NT, Thomas KM, Davidson MC, Eigsti I-M, Yang Y, Ulug AM, Casey BJ: Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G, Ridlehuber HW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD: Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, Brammer M, Williams SCR, Simmons A, Bullmore ET: Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL, Seidman LJ, Whalen PJ, Jenike MA, Rosen BR, Biederman J: Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fmri and the Counting Stroop. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV: Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bonagura N, Malloy P, Giampino TL, Addalli KA: Hyperactive boys almost grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: Durston S, Thomas KM, Yang Y, Ulug AM, Zimmerman R, Casey BJ: A neural basis for development of inhibitory control. Dev Sci 2002; 5: Garavan H, Ross TJ, Stein EA: Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: Halperin JM, Sharma V, Siever LJ, Schwartz ST, Matier K, Wornell G, Newcorn JH: Serotonergic function in aggressive and nonag Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September 2004
8 SCHULZ, FAN, TANG, ET AL. gressive boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Schwartz ST, Sharma V, Siever LJ, Koda VH, Gabriel S: Age-related changes in the association between serotonergic function and aggression in boys with ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: Shaffer D, Fisher P, Piacentini J, Schwab-Stone M, Wicks J: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Parent Version (DISC- 2.1P). New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Shaffer D, Fisher P, Lucas CP, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME: NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: Schwab-Stone ME, Shaffer D, Dulcan MK, Jensen PS, Fisher P, Bird HR, Goodman SH, Lahey BB, Lichtman JH, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Rae DS: Criterion validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC 2.3). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: Achenbach TM: Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Friston KJ, Fletcher P, Josephs O, Holmes A, Rugg MD, Turner R: Event-related fmri: characterizing differential responses. Neuroimage 1998; 7: Talairach J, Tournoux P: Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: Three-Dimensional Proportional System. New York, Thieme Medical, Fan J, Flombaum JI, McCandliss BD, Thomas KM, Posner MI: Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict. Neuroimage 2003; 18: Peterson BS, Kane MJ, Alexander GM, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Leung H-C, May J, Gore JC: An event-related functional MRI study comparing interference effects in the Simon and Stroop tasks. Cogn Brain Res 2002; 13: Koechlin E, Basso G, Pietrini P, Panzer S, Grafman J: The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition. Nature 1999; 399: Braver TS, Bongiolatti SR: The role of frontopolar cortex in subgoal processing during working memory. Neuroimage 2002; 15: Picard N, Strick PL: Imaging the premotor areas. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001; 11: Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Klein DF, Bessler A, Shrout P: Accuracy of adult recall of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: Marks DJ, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM: Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 931: Am J Psychiatry 161:9, September
Brain Activation Gradients in Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Related to Persistence of ADHD in Adolescent Boys
Brain Activation Gradients in Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Related to Persistence of ADHD in Adolescent Boys KURT P. SCHULZ, PH.D., JEFFREY H. NEWCORN, M.D., JIN FAN, PH.D., CHEUK Y. TANG, PH.D., AND
More informationDifferential Prefrontal Cortex Activation During Inhibitory Control in Adolescents With and Without Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Neuropsychology Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association 2005, Vol. 19, No. 3, 390 402 0894-4105/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.390 Differential Prefrontal Cortex Activation During
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 ( 2014 ) WCPCG 2014
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 ( 2014 ) 743 748 WCPCG 2014 Differences in Visuospatial Cognition Performance and Regional Brain Activation
More informationBrain Imaging Data of ADHD
August 01, 2004 Brain Imaging Data of ADHD Amir Raz, Ph.D. The past two decades have ushered in a new era of methodological advances in tools for noninvasive imaging of the living brain. The information
More informationTwelve right-handed subjects between the ages of 22 and 30 were recruited from the
Supplementary Methods Materials & Methods Subjects Twelve right-handed subjects between the ages of 22 and 30 were recruited from the Dartmouth community. All subjects were native speakers of English,
More informationWHAT DOES THE BRAIN TELL US ABOUT TRUST AND DISTRUST? EVIDENCE FROM A FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDY 1
SPECIAL ISSUE WHAT DOES THE BRAIN TE US ABOUT AND DIS? EVIDENCE FROM A FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDY 1 By: Angelika Dimoka Fox School of Business Temple University 1801 Liacouras Walk Philadelphia, PA
More informationSupplementary Information Methods Subjects The study was comprised of 84 chronic pain patients with either chronic back pain (CBP) or osteoarthritis
Supplementary Information Methods Subjects The study was comprised of 84 chronic pain patients with either chronic back pain (CBP) or osteoarthritis (OA). All subjects provided informed consent to procedures
More informationSupplementary materials. Appendix A;
Supplementary materials Appendix A; To determine ADHD diagnoses, a combination of Conners' ADHD questionnaires and a semi-structured diagnostic interview was used(1-4). Each participant was assessed with
More informationThe Effect of Preceding Context on Inhibition: An Event-Related fmri Study
NeuroImage 16, 449 453 (2002) doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1074, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on The Effect of Preceding Context on Inhibition: An Event-Related fmri Study S. Durston,*, K. M.
More informationComparing event-related and epoch analysis in blocked design fmri
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com R NeuroImage 18 (2003) 806 810 www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg Technical Note Comparing event-related and epoch analysis in blocked design fmri Andrea Mechelli,
More informationResistance to forgetting associated with hippocampus-mediated. reactivation during new learning
Resistance to Forgetting 1 Resistance to forgetting associated with hippocampus-mediated reactivation during new learning Brice A. Kuhl, Arpeet T. Shah, Sarah DuBrow, & Anthony D. Wagner Resistance to
More informationInvestigating directed influences between activated brain areas in a motor-response task using fmri
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 24 (2006) 181 185 Investigating directed influences between activated brain areas in a motor-response task using fmri Birgit Abler a, 4, Alard Roebroeck b, Rainer Goebel b, Anett
More informationHallucinations and conscious access to visual inputs in Parkinson s disease
Supplemental informations Hallucinations and conscious access to visual inputs in Parkinson s disease Stéphanie Lefebvre, PhD^1,2, Guillaume Baille, MD^4, Renaud Jardri MD, PhD 1,2 Lucie Plomhause, PhD
More informationSupporting Online Material for
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/324/5927/646/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmpfc Valuation System Todd A. Hare,* Colin F. Camerer, Antonio
More informationThe Role of Working Memory in Visual Selective Attention
Goldsmiths Research Online. The Authors. Originally published: Science vol.291 2 March 2001 1803-1806. http://www.sciencemag.org. 11 October 2000; accepted 17 January 2001 The Role of Working Memory in
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice Joseph W. Kable and Paul W. Glimcher a 10 0 b 10 0 10 1 10 1 Discount rate k 10 2 Discount rate k 10 2 10
More informationLeft Anterior Prefrontal Activation Increases with Demands to Recall Specific Perceptual Information
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2000, Vol. 20 RC108 1of5 Left Anterior Prefrontal Activation Increases with Demands to Recall Specific Perceptual Information Charan Ranganath, 1 Marcia K. Johnson, 2 and Mark
More informationSupplementary Online Material Supplementary Table S1 to S5 Supplementary Figure S1 to S4
Supplementary Online Material Supplementary Table S1 to S5 Supplementary Figure S1 to S4 Table S1: Brain regions involved in the adapted classification learning task Brain Regions x y z Z Anterior Cingulate
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Gregg NM, Kim AE, Gurol ME, et al. Incidental cerebral microbleeds and cerebral blood flow in elderly individuals. JAMA Neurol. Published online July 13, 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1359.
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. Table. Neuroimaging studies on the premonitory urge and sensory function in patients with Tourette syndrome.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Table. Neuroimaging studies on the premonitory urge and sensory function in patients with Tourette syndrome. Authors Year Patients Male gender (%) Mean age (range) Adults/ Children
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Redlich R, Opel N, Grotegerd D, et al. Prediction of individual response to electroconvulsive therapy via machine learning on structural magnetic resonance imaging data. JAMA
More informationDo women with fragile X syndrome have problems in switching attention: Preliminary findings from ERP and fmri
Brain and Cognition 54 (2004) 235 239 www.elsevier.com/locate/b&c Do women with fragile X syndrome have problems in switching attention: Preliminary findings from ERP and fmri Kim Cornish, a,b, * Rachel
More informationClassification and Statistical Analysis of Auditory FMRI Data Using Linear Discriminative Analysis and Quadratic Discriminative Analysis
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST) ISSN: 2347-5552, Volume-2, Issue-6, November-2014 Classification and Statistical Analysis of Auditory FMRI Data Using
More informationDifferences in brain structure and function between the sexes has been a topic of
Introduction Differences in brain structure and function between the sexes has been a topic of scientific inquiry for over 100 years. In particular, this topic has had significant interest in the past
More informationPrefrontal cortex and recognition memory Functional-MRI evidence for context-dependent retrieval processes
Brain (1998), 121, 1985 2002 Prefrontal cortex and recognition memory Functional-MRI evidence for context-dependent retrieval processes Anthony D. Wagner, 1 John E. Desmond, 1,2 Gary H. Glover 2 and John
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. is the most common neurobehavioral
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Methylphenidate and Placebo in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder During the Multi-Source Interference Task George Bush, MD, MMSc; Thomas
More informationHippocampal brain-network coordination during volitionally controlled exploratory behavior enhances learning
Online supplementary information for: Hippocampal brain-network coordination during volitionally controlled exploratory behavior enhances learning Joel L. Voss, Brian D. Gonsalves, Kara D. Federmeier,
More informationADHD- and medication-related brain activation effects in concordantly affected parent child dyads with ADHD
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48:9 (2007), pp 899 913 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01761.x ADHD- and medication-related brain activation effects in concordantly affected parent child dyads
More informationEfficiency of the Prefrontal Cortex During Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Efficiency of the Prefrontal Cortex During Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder MARGARET A. SHERIDAN, M.A., STEPHEN HINSHAW, PH.D., AND MARK D`ESPOSITO, M.D. ABSTRACT Objective: Previous
More informationFunctional MRI Mapping Cognition
Outline Functional MRI Mapping Cognition Michael A. Yassa, B.A. Division of Psychiatric Neuro-imaging Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Why fmri? fmri - How it works Research
More informationSUPPLEMENT: DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN DEPRESSION. Supplemental Information. Dynamic Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Major Depression
Supplemental Information Dynamic Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Major Depression Roselinde H. Kaiser, Ph.D., Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, Ph.D., Daniel G. Dillon, Ph.D., Franziska Goer, B.S., Miranda
More informationSupplementary information Detailed Materials and Methods
Supplementary information Detailed Materials and Methods Subjects The experiment included twelve subjects: ten sighted subjects and two blind. Five of the ten sighted subjects were expert users of a visual-to-auditory
More informationBiological Risk Factors
Biological Risk Factors Ms Angelina Crea Provisional Psychologist Academic Child Psychiatry Unit Royal Children s Hospital Professor Alasdair Vance Head Academic Child Psychiatry Department of Paediatrics
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Green SA, Hernandez L, Tottenham N, Krasileva K, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M. The neurobiology of sensory overresponsivity in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Published
More informationA possible mechanism for impaired joint attention in autism
A possible mechanism for impaired joint attention in autism Justin H G Williams Morven McWhirr Gordon D Waiter Cambridge Sept 10 th 2010 Joint attention in autism Declarative and receptive aspects initiating
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Braver et al. 10.1073/pnas.0808187106 SI Methods Participants. Participants were neurologically normal, righthanded younger or older adults. The groups did not differ in gender breakdown
More informationThe Critical Relationship between the Timing of Stimulus Presentation and Data Acquisition in Blocked Designs with fmri
NeuroImage 10, 36 44 (1999) Article ID nimg.1999.0447, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on The Critical Relationship between the Timing of Stimulus Presentation and Data Acquisition in Blocked
More informationAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dissociative disorder among abused children
Blackwell Publishing AsiaMelbourne, AustraliaPCNPsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences1323-13162006 Folia Publishing Society2006604434438Original ArticleADHD and dissociation in abused childrent. Endo et
More informationFunding: NIDCF UL1 DE019583, NIA RL1 AG032119, NINDS RL1 NS062412, NIDA TL1 DA
The Effect of Cognitive Functioning, Age, and Molecular Variables on Brain Structure Among Carriers of the Fragile X Premutation: Deformation Based Morphometry Study Naomi J. Goodrich-Hunsaker*, Ling M.
More informationSupporting online material. Materials and Methods. We scanned participants in two groups of 12 each. Group 1 was composed largely of
Placebo effects in fmri Supporting online material 1 Supporting online material Materials and Methods Study 1 Procedure and behavioral data We scanned participants in two groups of 12 each. Group 1 was
More informationNeuroimaging in Clinical Practice
Neuroimaging in Clinical Practice John Gabrieli Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences & Martinos Imaging Center at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT Disclosures Neither I nor my spouse/partner
More informationHST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu HST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationReproducibility of Visual Activation During Checkerboard Stimulation in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 4 Tesla
Reproducibility of Visual Activation During Checkerboard Stimulation in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 4 Tesla Atsushi Miki*, Grant T. Liu*, Sarah A. Englander, Jonathan Raz, Theo G. M. van Erp,
More informationSupplemental information online for
Supplemental information online for Sleep contributes to the strengthening of some memories over others, depending on hippocampal activity at learning. Géraldine Rauchs (1,2), Dorothée Feyers (1), Brigitte
More informationOvert vs. Covert Responding. Prior to conduct of the fmri experiment, a separate
Supplementary Results Overt vs. Covert Responding. Prior to conduct of the fmri experiment, a separate behavioral experiment was conducted (n = 16) to verify (a) that retrieval-induced forgetting is observed
More informationPersonal Space Regulation by the Human Amygdala. California Institute of Technology
Personal Space Regulation by the Human Amygdala Daniel P. Kennedy 1, Jan Gläscher 1, J. Michael Tyszka 2 & Ralph Adolphs 1,2 1 Division of Humanities and Social Sciences 2 Division of Biology California
More informationTechnetium-99m HMPAO brain SPECT in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Annals of Nuclear Medicine Vol. 16, No. 8, 527 531, 2002 Technetium-99m HMPAO brain SPECT in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Gamze CAPA KAYA,* Aynur PEKCANLAR,**
More informationA neural basis for the development of inhibitory control
Developmental Science 5:4 (2002), pp F9 F16 A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control Blackwell Publishers Ltd Sarah Durston, 1,2 Kathleen M. Thomas, 1 Yihong Yang, 3 Aziz M. Ulu, 4 Robert
More informationsmokers) aged 37.3 ± 7.4 yrs (mean ± sd) and a group of twelve, age matched, healthy
Methods Participants We examined a group of twelve male pathological gamblers (ten strictly right handed, all smokers) aged 37.3 ± 7.4 yrs (mean ± sd) and a group of twelve, age matched, healthy males,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY METHODS. Subjects and Confederates. We investigated a total of 32 healthy adult volunteers, 16
SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS Subjects and Confederates. We investigated a total of 32 healthy adult volunteers, 16 women and 16 men. One female had to be excluded from brain data analyses because of strong movement
More informationFunctional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 7721 7726, June 1998 Neurobiology Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex ADRIAN M. OWEN*,
More informationPassport control a bit carried away. appreciated the advice forgot to talk to the manager, next thing I know my fmri thankfully, when aroused things back to normal Inattentive impaired children and adolescents:
More informationBrain Maturation - it covers three decades: Considerations of the development of ADHD. Professor Robert D. Oades,
1 Brain Maturation - it covers three decades: Considerations of the development of ADHD Professor Robert D. Oades, University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Essen, Germany. Centre for Advanced
More informationMethods to examine brain activity associated with emotional states and traits
Methods to examine brain activity associated with emotional states and traits Brain electrical activity methods description and explanation of method state effects trait effects Positron emission tomography
More informationThe neural correlates of visuo-spatial working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder: effects of cognitive load
Vogan et al. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2014, 6:19 RESEARCH Open Access The neural correlates of visuo-spatial working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder: effects of cognitive
More informationFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Arterial Spin Labeling: Techniques and Potential Clinical and Research Applications
pissn 2384-1095 eissn 2384-1109 imri 2017;21:91-96 https://doi.org/10.13104/imri.2017.21.2.91 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Arterial Spin Labeling: Techniques and Potential Clinical and Research
More informationHST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Fall 2006
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu HST.583 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Fall 2006 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationInvolvement of both prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex. in dual-task performance
Involvement of both prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex in dual-task performance Fabienne Collette a,b, Laurence 01ivier b,c, Martial Van der Linden a,d, Steven Laureys b, Guy Delfiore b, André Luxen
More informationThe Neural Correlates of Moral Decision-Making in Psychopathy
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Neuroethics Publications Center for Neuroscience & Society 1-1-2009 The Neural Correlates of Moral Decision-Making in Psychopathy Andrea L. Glenn University
More informationQUANTIFYING CEREBRAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAIN 1
QUANTIFYING CEREBRAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAIN 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Overview of the SIIPS1 development. The development of the SIIPS1 consisted of individual- and group-level analysis steps. 1) Individual-person
More informationCommon and unique components of response inhibition revealed by fmri
www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg NeuroImage 27 (2005) 323 340 Common and unique components of response inhibition revealed by fmri Tor D. Wager( a, T Ching-Yune C. Sylvester( b Steven C. Lacey( b Derek Evan
More informationSex influences on material-sensitive functional lateralization in working and episodic memory: Men and women are not all that different
www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg NeuroImage 32 (2006) 411 422 Sex influences on material-sensitive functional lateralization in working and episodic memory: Men and women are not all that different Kristen
More informationFunctional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory
Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 341 356 Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory Joseph B. Sala a,, Pia Rämä a,c,d, Susan M.
More informationfmri and Voxel-based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease
fmri and Voxel-based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease Andrey V. Sokolov 1,3, Sergey V. Vorobyev 2, Aleksandr Yu. Efimtcev 1,3, Viacheslav S. Dekan 1,3, Gennadiy E. Trufanov
More informationSupplementary Materials for
Supplementary Materials for Folk Explanations of Behavior: A Specialized Use of a Domain-General Mechanism Robert P. Spunt & Ralph Adolphs California Institute of Technology Correspondence may be addressed
More informationReasoning and working memory: common and distinct neuronal processes
Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 1241 1253 Reasoning and working memory: common and distinct neuronal processes Christian C. Ruff a,b,, Markus Knauff a,c, Thomas Fangmeier a, Joachim Spreer d a Centre for Cognitive
More informationNeural and behavioral correlates of expectancy violations in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48:9 (2007), pp 881 889 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01754.x Neural and behavioral correlates of expectancy violations in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
More informationThe shift in nosology from the Diagnostic PROCEEDINGS FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE: DIAGNOSIS AND COMORBIDITY ISSUES * Thomas J. Spencer, MD ABSTRACT
FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE: DIAGNOSIS AND COMORBIDITY ISSUES * Thomas J. Spencer, MD ABSTRACT Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tends to manifest differently in adolescents than in children,
More informationIntegration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe
articles Integration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe V. Prabhakaran 1, K. Narayanan 2, Z. Zhao 2 and J. D. E. Gabrieli 1,2 1 Program in Neurosciences and 2 Dept. of Psychology,
More informationAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized
REVIEW Cool Inferior Frontostriatal Dysfunction in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Versus Hot Ventromedial Orbitofrontal-Limbic Dysfunction in Conduct Disorder: A Review Katya Rubia Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
More informationChantal E. Stern,*, Adrian M. Owen, Irene Tracey,*, Rodney B. Look,* Bruce R. Rosen,* and Michael Petrides
NeuroImage 11, 392 399 (2000) doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0569, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Activity in Ventrolateral and Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex during Nonspatial Visual Working
More informationNeural development of selective attention and response inhibition
NeuroImage 20 (2003) 737 751 www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg Neural development of selective attention and response inhibition James R. Booth, a,b,c, * Douglas D. Burman, a Joel R. Meyer, b Zhang Lei, d
More informationDistinct Value Signals in Anterior and Posterior Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Supplementary Information Distinct Value Signals in Anterior and Posterior Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex David V. Smith 1-3, Benjamin Y. Hayden 1,4, Trong-Kha Truong 2,5, Allen W. Song 2,5, Michael L.
More informationA Common Neural Network for Cognitive Reserve in Verbal and Object Working Memory in Young but not Old
Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published August 3, 2007 Cerebral Cortex doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm134 A Common Neural Network for Cognitive Reserve in Verbal and Object Working Memory in Young but not Old
More informationMalisza et al. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2012, 4:12
Malisza et al. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2012, 4:12 RESEARCH Open Access Comparison of spatial working memory in children with prenatal alcohol exposure and those diagnosed with ADHD; A functional
More informationAN fmri EXAMINATION OF VISUAL INTEGRATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2009) 175 202 c Imperial College Press Research Report AN fmri EXAMINATION OF VISUAL INTEGRATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA STEVEN M. SILVERSTEIN,,, SARAH BERTEN,,
More informationdoi: /brain/aws024 Brain 2012: 135; Altered brain mechanisms of emotion processing in pre-manifest Huntington s disease
doi:10.1093/brain/aws024 Brain 2012: 135; 1165 1179 1165 BRAIN A JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY Altered brain mechanisms of emotion processing in pre-manifest Huntington s disease Marianne J. U. Novak, 1 Jason D.
More informationAn f MRI study of facial emotion processing in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland e-publications@rcsi Psychiatry Articles Department of Psychiatry 1-1-2015 An f MRI study of facial emotion processing in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion
More informationEvent-Related fmri and the Hemodynamic Response
Human Brain Mapping 6:373 377(1998) Event-Related fmri and the Hemodynamic Response Randy L. Buckner 1,2,3 * 1 Departments of Psychology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Radiology, Washington University,
More informationThe Cognitive Control of Memory: Age Differences in the Neural Correlates of Successful Remembering and Intentional Forgetting
The Cognitive Control of Memory: Age Differences in the Neural Correlates of Successful Remembering and Intentional Forgetting Avery A. Rizio, Nancy A. Dennis* The Pennsylvania State University, Department
More informationVoxel-based morphometry in clinical neurosciences
Voxel-based morphometry in clinical neurosciences Ph.D. Thesis Ádám Feldmann Department of Behavioural Sciences Leader of Doctoral School: Prof. Dr.Sámuel Komoly, D.Sc. Program leader: Prof. Dr.Sámuel
More informationNeural correlates of memory for object identity and object location: effects of aging
Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 1428 1442 Neural correlates of memory for object identity and object location: effects of aging Alessandra Schiavetto a, Stefan Köhler a, Cheryl L. Grady a, Gordon Winocur a,c,
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Selective Abnormal Modulation of Hippocampal Activity During Memory Formation in First-Episode Psychosis
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Selective Abnormal Modulation of Hippocampal Activity During Memory Formation in First-Episode Psychosis Amélie M. Achim, PhD; Marie-Claude Bertrand, PhD; Hazel Sutton, BSc; Alonso Montoya,
More informationSupplemental Data. Inclusion/exclusion criteria for major depressive disorder group and healthy control group
1 Supplemental Data Inclusion/exclusion criteria for major depressive disorder group and healthy control group Additional inclusion criteria for the major depressive disorder group were: age of onset of
More informationBrain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition
Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition Gloria Wong 1,2, Sanda Dolcos 1,3, Ekaterina Denkova 1, Rajendra A. Morey 4,5, Lihong Wang 4,5, Nicholas Coupland 1, Gregory
More informationSupplementary Information Appendix: Default Mode Contributions to Automated Information Processing
Supplementary Information Appendix: Default Mode Contributions to Automated Information Processing Authors: Deniz Vatansever a,b,c,1, David K. Menon a,d, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis a,b,d Affiliations: a Division
More informationUse of Multimodal Neuroimaging Techniques to Examine Age, Sex, and Alcohol-Related Changes in Brain Structure Through Adolescence and Young Adulthood
American Psychiatric Association San Diego, CA 24 May 2017 Use of Multimodal Neuroimaging Techniques to Examine Age, Sex, and Alcohol-Related Changes in Brain Structure Through Adolescence and Young Adulthood
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Newman et al. 10.1073/pnas.1510527112 SI Results Behavioral Performance. Behavioral data and analyses are reported in the main article. Plots of the accuracy and reaction time data
More informationOvert Verbal Responding during fmri Scanning: Empirical Investigations of Problems and Potential Solutions
NeuroImage 10, 642 657 (1999) Article ID nimg.1999.0500, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Overt Verbal Responding during fmri Scanning: Empirical Investigations of Problems and Potential
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Huijser, C. (2011). Neuroimaging studies in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Neuroimaging studies in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder Huijser, C. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Huijser, C. (2011). Neuroimaging
More informationPreparation for integration: The role of anterior prefrontal cortex in working memory
1 RUNNING TITLE: Anterior prefrontal cortex and integration Main Text: 17286 characters (including spaces) Preparation for integration: The role of anterior prefrontal cortex in working memory Nicola De
More informationVIII. 10. Right Temporal-Lobe Contribution to the Retrieval of Family Relationships in Person Identification
CYRIC Annual Report 2009 VIII. 10. Right Temporal-Lobe Contribution to the Retrieval of Family Relationships in Person Identification Abe N. 1, Fujii T. 1, Ueno A. 1, Shigemune Y. 1, Suzuki M. 2, Tashiro
More informationTasks that involve digit series are among the primary tools of neuropsychology
Diagn Interv Radiol 2006; 12:9-13 Turkish Society of Radiology 2006 NEURORADIOLOGY ORIGINAL ARTICLE Learning of serial digits leads to frontal activation in functional MR imaging Hakkı Muammer Karakaş,
More informationGoal-directed human cognitive processes can be characterized
The role of prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in task switching Myeong-Ho Sohn, Stefan Ursu, John R. Anderson, V. Andrew Stenger, and Cameron S. Carter *Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon
More informationSupplemental Information. Triangulating the Neural, Psychological, and Economic Bases of Guilt Aversion
Neuron, Volume 70 Supplemental Information Triangulating the Neural, Psychological, and Economic Bases of Guilt Aversion Luke J. Chang, Alec Smith, Martin Dufwenberg, and Alan G. Sanfey Supplemental Information
More informationAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
Hypofrontality in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Higher-Order Motor Control: A Study With Functional MRI Katya Rubia, Ph.D., Stephan Overmeyer, M.D., Eric Taylor, M.D., Michael Brammer,
More informationNeuroimaging. BIE601 Advanced Biological Engineering Dr. Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong Biological Engineering Program, KMUTT. Human Brain Mapping
11/8/2013 Neuroimaging N i i BIE601 Advanced Biological Engineering Dr. Boonserm Kaewkamnerdpong Biological Engineering Program, KMUTT 2 Human Brain Mapping H Human m n brain br in m mapping ppin can nb
More informationNeuropsychologia 46 (2008) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Neuropsychologia
Neuropsychologia 46 (2008) 2668 2682 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia Common and unique components of inhibition and
More informationMaterial-specific lateralization of prefrontal activation during episodic encoding and retrieval
Brain Imaging 0 0 0 0 0 p Website publication November NeuroRepor t, () ALTHOUGH numerous neuroimaging studies have examined the functional neuroanatomy supporting episodic memory for verbal material,
More informationMathematical models of visual category learning enhance fmri data analysis
Mathematical models of visual category learning enhance fmri data analysis Emi M Nomura (e-nomura@northwestern.edu) Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road Evanston, IL 60201 USA W Todd Maddox (maddox@psy.utexas.edu)
More information