Humans making music an interplay between culture and nature

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1 Humans making music an interplay between culture and nature Fredrik Ullén Stockholm Summit 2012

2 Music, neurobiology and medicine Dynamic, new field of research Humans making music an interplay between culture and nature

3 Groups Fredrik Ullén, Karolinska Institutet Guy Madison, Umeå Universitet Nancy Pedersen, Karolinska Institutet Töres Theorell, Stockholms Universitet

4 Humans making music Twin study Phase 1: large scale (25000 individuals) Internet based data collection musical experience, musical education, psychological variables, abilities etc Phase 2: studies on identical twins discordant for musical training pure training effects, controlling for genetic factors

5 Research questions Musical training and brain development Musical training, expertise and other abilities Musical training in rehabilitation The flow experience Music and health

6 Musical training and brain development

7 The human brain From Digital Anatomist Project, Univ Washington

8 Section through human brain From Digital Anatomist Project, Univ Washington

9 MR scanning

10 Plastic effects of musical training in the gray matter of the brain From Gaser & Schlaug (2003)

11 Musical training pianists From Bengtsson et al (2005)

12 Plastic effects of musical training in the white matter of the brain Age -11 FA 0.6 Internal capsule Pianists vs controls L Controls L y = Pra ctice ( 10 3 h) y = -19 From Bengtsson et al (2005)

13 Relations between training and performance From Hyde et al (2009)

14 Humans making music Identical twins differing in training brain imaging with MRI anatomy functional imaging (brain activity) during motor tasks Pure training effects independent of genetic factors

15 Music and other abilities

16 Transfer effects of musical training From Chan et al (1998)

17 Music and cognitive ability From Schellenberg (2004)

18 Music and cognitive ability From Ullén et al (2008)

19 Music and cognitive ability What are the most important factors in musical training? lessons vs own practicing ensemble playing vs playing alone score reading, memorization, playing by ear, improvisation etc.. Gene-environment interactions

20 Musical training in rehabilitation

21 Musical training as an intervention in children with CP Ongoing studies with prof Ann-Christin Eliasson (KI)

22 Musical training as an intervention in children with CP Improvement during training 38 General hand function Day of training 0 Paretic hand Non-paretic hand Ongoing studies with prof Ann-Christin Eliasson (KI)

23 Flow a key to positive effects of culture

24 The flow state An experience of high concentration, loss of self-awareness, control, and enjoyment that occurs during active performance of challenging tasks Mihály Csíkszentmihályi 24

25 Flow dimensions Challenge/skill balance Automaticity Clear goals Clear feedback High concentration Control Low self-awareness Altered time perception Enjoyment 25

26 Challenge/skill balance in flow 26

27 How can we measure flow? Conscious state verbal reports Flow states Flow Questionnaire (Csikszentmihalyi, 1980) Flow State Scale (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) Flow proneness as a trait Dispositional Flow Scale (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) Swedish Flow Proneness Questionnaire (Ullén et al., 2011) 27

28 Flow and expertise 1. Associations with performance Flow is positively correlated with performance Experimental tasks (computer games) Tetris (Keller and Bless, 2008; Moller et al 2007) Pac-man, Roboguard (Rheinberg & Vollmeyer, 2003) Complex real life tasks Chess playing (Csikszentmihalyi, 1980) Literary writing (Csikszentmihalyi, 1980) Sports (Jackson et al., 2001) 28

29 Flow and expertise 2. Associations with training Flow experiences during training motivate further training Artistic painting (Csikszentmihalyi & Getzels, 1973) Sports (Jackson et al, 1998) Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Flow 29

30 Flow and expertise 3. Associations with creativity Flow proneness is positively associated with creative achievement 30

31 Creative achievement questionnaire 7 domains: music, visual arts, literature, dance, theater, science, invention Ordinal scale of achievement levels 1 no involvement 2 7 self-trained, no public appearances professional and nationally/internationally recognized 31

32 Flow proneness and creative achievement F(6, 2734) = 6.6, p < de Manzano et al, in preparation 32

33 Flow proneness and creative achievement High flow proneness high intrinsic enjoyment higher involvement higher creative achievement Flow states conducive to creative thought? de Manzano et al, in preparation 33

34 Flow and other variables Positive associations between flow proneness and a number of variables Psychological well-being (Asakawa, 2004; Jackson et al, 1998, 2001) Self-esteem, perceived ability (Asakawa, 2010; Jackson et al, 2001) Life satisfaction, quality of life (Asakawa, 2010) Active coping strategies (Asakawa, 2010) Intrinsic motivation and enjoyment (Hamilton et al, 1984; Jackson et al, 1998) Low anxiety (Jackson et al, 1998) 34

35 Physiology of the flow state

36 Higher activity in smile muscle (m. zygomaticus major) de Manzano et al (2010) 36

37 Higher heart rate de Manzano et al (2010) 37

38 Deeper respiration de Manzano et al (2010) 38

39 Physiology of the flow state Flow during piano playing Positive affect (smile) Arousal (higher heart rate) Deep respiration Contrasts what is seen in high attention during mental effort de Manzano et al (2010) 39

40 Psychological correlates of flow proneness Correlations with Big Five personality traits and intelligence Negative association with neuroticism? (affective components) Positive association with intelligence? (attention) Samples 137 individuals, age (Big Five personality + IQ) 2600 twin individuals from the Salty cohort (IQ only) From Ullén et al (2012) 40

41 Flow proneness is negatively correlated with neuroticism r = From Ullén et al (2012) 41

42 Flow proneness is positively correlated with conscientiousness r =.39 From Ullén et al (2012) 42

43 Psychological correlates of flow proneness Negative relation to neuroticism Affective component of flow? Neuroticism behavioral instability? Less involvement in flow promoting activities? Positive relation to conscientiousness More involvement in flow promoting activities? No or very weak relations with IQ No effect in Sample 1 (n = 137) Very small effect (β =.09) in twin cohort (n = 2600) From Ullén et al (2012) 43

Flow - a state of effortless attention FLOW Deep respiration Activation of smile muscles Essentially unrelated to IQ MENTAL EFFORT Respiration

44 Flow - a state of effortless attention FLOW Deep respiration Activation of smile muscles Essentially unrelated to IQ MENTAL EFFORT Respiration typically shallow and fast Activation of frown muscles Strong positive relation to IQ Effortless Attention (ed. Brian Bruya), 2010 The MIT Press 44

45 Musical engagement a nexus of positive effects Expertise Brain development Cognition Musical engagement Flow Health Psychological well-being

Studying Optimal Experience: Flow Theory and Research

Studying Optimal Experience: Flow Theory and Research Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Quality of Life Research Center Claremont Graduate University Claremont, CA (U.S.A.) WHAT MAKES AN ACTIVITY INTRINSICALLY REWARDING?