Exam Review Day One. Please sign in up front!

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1 Exam Review Day One Please sign in up front!

2 Today... We will be covering: Thinking and Problem Solving, Motivation, Emotion, and Intelligence.

3 Thinking and Problem Solving

4 Thinking and Problem Solving Turn to a partner: Define cognition in your own words. The mental activities associated with acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge, often directed toward a goal, purpose, or conclusion.

5 Thinking and Problem Solving Describe Kosslyn s study on mental images.

6 Thinking and Problem Solving In groups, define concepts and prototypes. Concepts are represented and communicated via image or word. Prototypes are the best representation of a concept. How are these related to propositions? A proposition is a linked bunch of concepts What is a knowledge structure? A grouping of concepts and propositions! Create a knowledge structure in your group based on the following word: Book

7 Thinking and Problem Solving How are schemas and stereotypes related? A stereotype is a schema applied to a certain group of people. What is a script? Another type of knowledge structure that includes step by step ideas Why are they important? They help guide us through different scenarios.

8 Thinking and Problem Solving Discuss the four different types of problem solving in small groups. Trial and Error Insight What is the incubation effect? Algorithm Heuristic

9 Thinking and Problem Solving What is confirmation bias? A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. What are some examples of this?

10 Thinking and Problem Solving How does the availability heuristic effect thinking? We judge the likelihood of events based on how easily we retrieve relevant information from memory.

11 Thinking and Problem Solving Discuss the following problem solving obstacles in groups: Functional Fixedness Framing Effects Overconfidence Error Belief Perseverance

12 Motivation

13 Motivation Define motivation and its three components with a partner A desire or need that initiates, energizes, and directs behavior and comes from the person or the environment. Three components: Activation the initiation or production of behavior. Persistence continued efforts or determination to achieve a goal. Intensity greater vigor in responding, often accompanying motivated behavior.

14 Motivation In groups, discuss the following theories. Make sure to think about the overview of the theory, it s strengths, and limitations. Instinct Theory of Motivation Drive Theory of Motivation Behavioral Learning Theory

15 Motivation What does the arousal theory of motivation say about productivity? We need an optimal level of arousal to perform our best. Example

16 Motivation What is an example of a humanistic theory of motivation? Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs What are the three components of Self-Determination Theory? Autonomy : The need to control how and when we act. Competence: The need to feel that we are effective interacting with the environment. Relatedness: The need to form close emotional bonds and attachments with other people.

17 Motivation What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Intrinsic: The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; to do something for its own sake. Extrinsic: External factors or influences on behavior such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations.

18 Emotion

19 Emotion What are the four basic components of emotion? Bodily arousal: you may become physiologically excited. Conscious experience: you perceive that you re experiencing the emotion. Motivated behavior: emotions often inspire you to act a certain way. Expressive behavior: most emotions are associated with facial expressions.

20 Emotion Discuss the following theories of emotions in groups: James-Lange Cannon s Two Factor Theory

21 Emotion How does the misattribution of arousal theory affect our emotions? It accidentally associates a physiological response with a different emotion. Examples?

22 Emotion Discuss with a partner the two components in the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion. The Cognitive System Cognitive component of emotions that evolved later in the history of the brain (the cortical level). How we perceive the meaning of an event and its personal significance influences our emotional response. Experiences influence the kinds of emotions we experience. The Biological System Biological core of emotions that evolved early in the history of the brain (the subcortical level). Innate system in all of us. Because of it, we can react spontaneously and automatically to some stimuli without thinking about them.

23 Emotion Discuss in groups if facial expressions are universal and explain why or why not. What is the facial feedback hypothesis? If you use facial muscles associated with certain emotions, you will be more likely to feel that emotion. What experiment looked at this phenomenon?

24 Intelligence

25 Intelligence What is the definition of intelligence being used in the class? Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

26 Intelligence What is the difference between achievement and aptitude tests? Achievement tests look at what you ve learned Aptitude tests look at the person s potential for success

27 Intelligence T/F: People with higher intelligence live longer True, why? They have ability to manage a healthy lifestyle and keep with with treatment regimens.

28 Intelligence In groups, come up with a brief timeline of the history of IQ tests and how they ve changed.

29 Intelligence In partners or groups, compare and contrast Spearman s, Gardner s and Carroll s theories of intelligence.

30 Intelligence What do twin studies tell us about genetics and intelligence? There is an interaction between heredity and environment that determines our intelligence levels