PUR Cognitive Psychology I. 7 th lecture Jakub Franc

Transcription

1 Cognitive Psychology I 7 th lecture Jakub Franc

2 What Can You Expect Today Introduction into Cognitive Psychology Cognitive processes Mental representations Cognitive styles Flow Credit: nytimes.com (2)

3 What Can You Expect Later Today Memory Attention Cognitive map CLT (3)

4 Cognition People think (4)

5 Cognitive Psychology Scientists think about how people think (5)

6 Studying Cognitive Psychology People think about how scientists think about how people think (6)

7 Cognitive Psychology Studying processes associated with cognition of outer world and own self Topics: attention, consciousness, perception, thinking, memory, mental representation, imagery, language, problem solving, learning, creativity, developmental changes, AI...

8 Cognitive Science Higgins, Chomsky Need of common interdisciplinary language psychology logic neurophysiology linguistics computer science information theory Start of connectionism Credit mcgill.ca

9 Cognitive Psychology and HCI UI as a counterpart of cognitive processes Hick's law, Fitt's law, KLM, Flow, memory processes, vision, gestalt principles,... Interdisciplinary cooperation Respecting cognitive diversity Cognitive psychology knowledge HCI

10 Thinking Convergent employing already known solutions = reproductive Divergent creative, aims to discover something new = productive

11 Thinking Discursive (rational) conscious procedure, every thought step is done with full awareness Intuitive crops up suddenly, solution after certain period of latency

12 Mental Representation Information coding, storing and recalling House

13 Mental Representation Information coding, storing and recalling l l l Analog (Kosslyn) l Retaining perceptional properties Propositional (Anderson, Bower, Pylyshyn) l Propositional code - abstract form of preconceptions, predicates meaningful units that are foundations of knowledge Dual coding (Paivio) l Difference in coding concrete and abstract constructs

14 Cognitive Styles Explain differences in cognitive processes selection of perceived stimuli information processing storing and coding Define experience structuralization Partly inborn, in adulthood resistant to change 30 cognitive styles identified

15 C.G. Jung Typology Extraversion, introversion Perception Thinking Feeling Intuition Credit:artrosengarten.wordpress.com

16 C.G. Jung Followers MBTI

17 C.G. Jung Followers Cognitive Style Perception type perceives and stores information about details disregards connections Intuitive type disregards details and individual things understands relations and connections Credit: interweb.in

18 Field Independency / Dependency (Witkin) Inspired by interest in outer world perception differences Field dependents rely on instant visual perception longer time need for stimuli identification worse analytical and creative skills Field independents fast perception, analysis and situation insight nonconventional thinking Credit: bradharper.com

19 Reflexivity a Impulsivity (Kagan) Reflexive slow and precise deep thinking out carefully considering alternatives Impulsive high cognitive rate inaccuracy, high error rate Credit: sodahead.com

20 Visualizer and Verbalizer (Richardson) Comes out of Paivio's theory Fixated in age of 6-8, No changes at all after age of 17 Visualizer prefers pictorial information Varbalizer prefers textual information

21 Levelers and Sharpeners (Klein) Levelers accent/overestimate past experience disregard minor differences Sharpeners accent/overestimate differences and changes flexible

22 Cognitive Complexity and Simplicity (Tripodi a Bieri) Cognitive complexity high differentiating ability uses large variety of distinct dimensions Cognitive simplicity low differentiating ability lower variability in cognitive processing

23 Flow Concept Mihály Csíkszentmihályi (1990) study of human activities and their impact on personality integration and self-actualization extensive multicultural research (N= ) very important concept for HCI Credit: educonline.com

24 Typical Flow Activities sport (jogging) car driving playing musical instrument painting, calligraphy solving intellectual problems, puzzle solving, software development... Credit: blog.bioethics.net

25 Flow Characteristics Being absorbed by the activity, full concentration (other needs go aside) Ecstatic feeling (being out of day-to-day reality) Distorted sense of time, no time Confidence of being capable to achieve the goal Equanimity (overcoming ego) Activity related satisfaction Meaningfulness The activity itself becomes motivating

26 Skills and Challenge Credit: mommypoppins.com, yourblogonline.info

27 Conditions of Flow 1. Clear goals allowing structure 2. Perceived skills and perceived challenge balance 3. Immediate feedback

28 Flow Channel Credit: austega.com

29 Flow and Performance Improved performance Improved creativity Ability to solve problems on high-level Positive aspects of satisfaction

30 Autotelic Personality Higher ability to achieve flow Curiosity Persistence Low self-centeredness Intrinsic reasons Put themselves in stimulating situations

31 What Breaks Flow Impaired equilibrium between skills and challenge Disturbing elements draining attention away (phone) Imperfect tools draining attention away from the subject of activity How much time do we spend on activities involving UI?

32 Occurrence of Flow 15% population never experience flow 15% - 20% daily (even more than once) no relation to intelligence more frequent in working than leisure activities

33 Literature Sternberg, R. J.: Kognitivní psychologie Parkin, A. J.: Essential Cognitive Psychology Nakonečny, M.: Encyklopedie obecne psychologie. Sedlákova, M.: Vybrane kapitoly z kognitivni psychologie. Csíkszentmihályi, M.: Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.

34 Thank for your attention See you after the break