Motivation Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation Psychological Hedonism Cognitive Evaluation Theory Reduction-Augmentation Theory Type-T Personality
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1 SHMD319
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3 Motivation Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation Psychological Hedonism Cognitive Evaluation Theory Reduction-Augmentation Theory Type-T Personality Surplus Energy Theory Maslow s Need Hierarchy
4 = Direction & Intensity of one s effort (Sage, 1977) Direction of effort: Approaching/Avoiding situation Intensity of effort: How much effort Persistence of effort: How long one carries on
5 Intrinsic Enjoyment Satisfaction Feelings of mastery & competence Extrinsic Trophies Medals Money Prizes Can be tangible or intangible
6 How would the motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) affect sports performance???
7 Does not explain all behaviour in sport. Enjoyment of certain sports despite discomfort/pain??? We do what we find pleasant & avoid the unpleasant
8 Superior to extrinsic motivation greater effort & persistence Is extrinsic motivation unnecessary? Can be useful as initial encouragement where no motivation is present
9 If overused, it may lead to the performer only participating if they will be externally rewarded.
10 Extrinsic motivation may be useful when there is no motivation (initial encouragement) This will reduce intrinsic motivation and may lead to drop in participation.
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12 Verbal Comments Technical Information Increase perception of competence, thus Increase intrinsic motivation
13 Mom: I ll give you R50 for every A. Encouraging extrinsic reward Child: As long as she pays, I ll study. Extrinsic motivation Mom: Your grades were great! Let s celebrate by going out for dinner. Informative feedback Child: I love doing well. Intrinsic motivation
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15 Need Drive/Stimuli Action
16 Need Drive/Stimuli Action
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18 Primary Needs which are intrinsic to human beings and are necessary for survival Food Water Rest Shelter Secondary Needs that society teaches us we need as necessary for life Recognition Achievement Love Belonging
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20 Need Drive/Stimuli Action
21 Secondary: Status Primary: Stimulation
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23 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs NEED SELF- ACTUALIZATION ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
24 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
25 Need for stimulation Pain tolerance Sensation seeking
26 Movement may be classified as a physiological need Each individual has an optimal level op stimulation affect the selection of sport activities
27 Participants in contact sports have a higher pain tolerance Pain tolerance mainly based on inherited factors
28 Those with strong nervous systems are capable of suppressing incoming sensory stimuli (reducers) Weak nervous system react with greater intensity to the same stimuli (augmenters)
29 Participate in sport to experience STRESS SRESS = pleasant EUSTRESS Sport participants are more likely to be sensation seekers
30 We Do Sports to Blow off Steam!!!
31 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Learning environment = characterized by consistency, routine, & familiarity Recommended teaching/coaching style Acceptance, sensitive, positive, non-threatening & encouraging SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
32 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
33 People want to be part of a group This need can be a strong motivator for continued sport participation Social value of sport = most important reward Coaches should take this into account and allow for social interaction
34 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
35 Participation in sport helps satisfy the need to be recognized and appreciated A personal greeting from the coach at the beginning of a practice session can contribute to satisfy this need
36 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs NEED FOR SELF- ACTUALIZATION SELF-ACTUALIZATION MEANS ACTUALIZING ONE S POTENTIAL BECOMING ALL ONE IS CAPABLE OF BECOMING
37 To 'become what we are capable of becoming Many people never reach this stage Sport provides opportunities to become the best one can be
38 Fastest man on no legs Blade Runner Broke Paralympic record 400m 8 GOLD medals Feb 2013 Charged With Murder
39 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs NEED SELF- ACTUALIZATION ESTEEM NEEDS LOVE, AFFECTION, AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
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