DISTRACTION AN ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE. Steve Reed Loughborough Design School

Transcription

1 DISTRACTION AN ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE Steve Reed Loughborough Design School

2 WHAT IS DISTRACTION? Anything that takes a driver s attention away from his/her primary task driving! Multi-tasking is rarely safe while driving (unexpected events do happen) Distraction can be either initiated or unexpected 07/06/17 Steve Reed 2

3 ATTENTION Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources. Anderson, John R. (2004). Cognitive psychology and its implications Pay Attention... Implies the allocation of a limited resource, effort/cost and choice 07/06/17 Steve Reed 3

4 ATTENTION There is limited attention capacity it can be used flexibly to enable simultaneous tasks. These theories are referred to as Central Resource Capacity models Example: Driving a car and talking to a passenger Task A: Driving car If either task gets more demanding then the resource available for the other may be insufficient Task B: Talking with passenger Limited Attentional Capacity. 07/06/17 Steve Reed 4

5 THERE IS LIMITED ATTENTION CAPACITY It can be used flexibly to enable simultaneous tasks. These theories are referred to as Central Resource Capacity models Example: Driving a car and talking on a phone and using a navigation device If either task gets more demanding then the resource available for the other may be insufficient Task B: Talking on phone Task A: Driving car 07/06/17 Steve Reed 5

6 ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY IS MORE FLEXIBLE WHEN DIFFERENT MODES ARE INVOLVED Resource Visual Auditory Mental Tactile Etc. 07/06/17 Steve Reed 6

7 ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY IS MORE FLEXIBLE WHEN DIFFERENT MODES ARE INVOLVED Resource Visual Auditory Mental Tactile Etc. 07/06/17 Steve Reed 7

8 ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY IS MORE FLEXIBLE WHEN DIFFERENT MODES ARE INVOLVED Resource Visual Auditory Mental Tactile Etc. 07/06/17 Steve Reed 8

9 ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY IS MORE FLEXIBLE WHEN DIFFERENT MODES ARE INVOLVED Resource Visual Auditory Mental Tactile Etc. 07/06/17 Steve Reed 9

10 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR OUR ATTENTION CAPACITY? Adding more mirrors? Providing another video channel to monitor? Always delivering information to a driver in the same format? Good feedback from EU project that haptic (i.e. vibrating seat or steering wheel) is both well received and provides better information than another buzzer Too many information sources using the same mode can create issues 07/06/17 Steve Reed 10

11 STRESS AND DRIVING 07/06/17 Steve Reed 11

12 HOW MUCH WILL HIGH LEVELS OF STRESS DEGRADE HUMAN PERFORMANCE? Stress and errors seem to be tightly linked When errors are made, they cause stress When high levels of stress exits, errors are made etc. Which comes first error or stress? 07/06/17 Steve Reed 12

13 NOT ALL STRESS IS BAD 07/06/17 Steve Reed 13

14 Human performance varies with arousal in a predictable parabolic curve - low arousal, people are lethargic and perform badly. As arousal increases, performance also increases - but only to an optimum point - after which increasing arousal actually decreases performance. Arousal (in this context) can also be thought of as stress, which is felt as an inner motivating tension 07/06/17 Steve Reed 14

15 Yerkes-Dodson (1908) Law Performance Motorway driving Optimal performance Motorway Choke! Arousal (stress)

16 DISTRACTION IN NUMBERS 07/06/17 Steve Reed 16

17 Measuring Visual Distraction Very Difficult - best approach is to assess glance behaviour (Victor et al., 2005) Glance duration Glance frequency NHTSA propose design guidelines for limiting glance behaviour: Glances totalling more than 2 seconds for any purpose increase near-crash/crash risk by at least two times that of normal, baseline driving NHTSA, The Impact of Driver Inattention on Crash Risk: An Analysis using the 100-car Naturalistic Driving Study, National Highway Safety Administration

18 Distraction and Accidents 100 car study findings 42,300hrs of driving (2million miles) 15 police reported crashes 67 other crashes 761 near-crashes 8,395 other incidents 8.3% of the drivers were distracted at the time of their crash Drivers spent 14.5% of driving in a distracted condition

19 Looked at: Nomadic devices - i.e. satellite navigation systems (Tom Toms etc.).

20 Looked at: Forward collision warning Adaptive cruise control combined Lane departure warning (not built in) Navigations systems (not built in)

21 Recommendations Remove distractions

22 Recommendations Remove distractions Provide feedback in different modes

23 Recommendations Remove distractions Provide feedback in different modes Use training to profile drivers and determine Yerkes-Dodson point

24 Recommendations Remove distractions Provide feedback in different modes Use training to profile drivers and determine yerkes-dodson point Company culture

25 Recommendations Remove distractions Provide feedback in different modes Use training to profile drivers and determine yerkes-dodson point Company culture Review systems and operating processes

26 QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS Steve Reed Loughborough Design School 07/06/17 Steve Reed 26