Southern Legislative Conference: Why Focus on Distraction in Transportation? Chairman Deborah A. P. Hersman

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2 Southern Legislative Conference: Why Focus on Distraction in Transportation? Chairman Deborah A. P. Hersman

3 Eliminate Distraction in Transportation 3

4 Eliminate Distraction in Transportation 4

5 Distraction: Not just a highway problem Highway Largo, Maryland (2002) Alexandria, Virginia (2004) Munfordville, Kentucky (2010) Gray Summit, Missouri (2010) Rail Clarendon, Texas (2002) Chatsworth, California (2008) Marine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2010) Aviation NWA 188 (2009) Mosby, MO (2011) 5

6 6 Largo, MD - February 2002

7 7 Clarendon, TX - May 2002

8 8 Alexandria, VA - November 2004

9 9 Chatsworth, CA - September 2008

10 10 Minneapolis, MN - October 2009

11 Munfordville, KY - March

12 12 Philadelphia, PA - July 2010

13 13 Gray Summit, MO - August 2010

14 14 Mosby, MO - April 2011

15 Recommendation to the states to ban the nonemergency use of PEDs for all drivers 15

16 Recommendation to CTIA Encourage development of technology to disable PEDs use by drivers, when vehicle is in motion. Should allow for emergency use and should identify seating positions so as not to interfere with passenger use. 16

17 Attentive Driving: Countermeasures to Distraction Washington, DC March 27,

18 What We Have Learned Distraction risks are universal Portable electronic devices pose cognitive, manual, auditory, and visual distractions

19 Risk for Teens

20 Future of Technology A recent headline in the New York Daily News read Driving while wearing Google Glass: Could the futuristic device join handheld cell phones, texting as illegal? Another headline in The Verge read California woman gets ticket for driving with Google Glass 20

21 What Can be Done? Legislate Educate Enforce 21

22 How can NTSB help? Steve Blackistone State and Local Liaison (202) Nicholas Worrell Safety Advocate (202)

23 No call, no text, no update is worth a human life. 23

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25 Driving and Texting A brief description of Virginia s new distracted driving law.

26 Virginia The Path to Making Texting While Driving a Primary Offense Mid-2000s Virginia Had Little Focus On or Regulation Of Distracted Driving

27 Resistance to Legislation and Regulation Rationales: Personal Freedom Why Punish Individuals When There Was No Accident Concern About Empowering Police to Stop Drivers

28 Small Steps to Prohibit Distracted Driving Prohibit cell phone use and restrict passengers and hours of driving for 16 and 17 year olds Prohibit texting while driving

29 New Laws Above Adopted as Secondary Offenses No one can be stopped because of violating one of the new laws

30 Attempts to Improve Traffic Safety and Reduce Deaths Failed Prohibit Hand Held Cell Phones Require Seat Belt Use by Back Seat Passengers Stop for Pedestrians in Crosswalks Prohibit Open Containers of Alcohol Administrative Suspensions of License Following DUI Arrest Making Secondary Offense Primary Violations, eg. Drivers using Seat Belts

31 Very Few Charged with Distracted Driving Offenses Most charged because of an accident

32 Despite Resistance, Legislation Introduced to Make Texting While Driving a Primary Offense Recommended by High School Students

33 After Several Years, Legislation Regarding Primary Offense Passed in 2013 Factors Were: Persistence Education Advocacy

34 The Most Significant Factors, However, Were: Overwhelming Public Support Media Coverage of Fatalities

35 2013 Legislation on Texting While Driving Bill as Passed General Assembly Governor s Amendments

36 Enforcement Articulable Suspicion Obtaining a Confession Absent a Confession Search and Seizure

37 Driver Distraction: Past, Present, & Future David Strayer Cognition and Neural Sciences Department of Psychology

38 Automobile Dashboard in 50 s and 60 s

39 Today s Automobile Dashboard

40 Multi-tasking and Driving Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves. -- Albert Einstein FACT: Most simply cannot successfully perform two or more tasks simultaneously without declines in performance

41 The Driver Distraction Triad Eyes off the Road Visual High Moderate Low Cognitive Mind off the Drive Manual Hands off the Wheel

42 Workload, Distraction, & Impairment Cognitive Workload Attention required to perform a non-driving task Cognitive Distraction Diversion of attention from driving in dual-task conditions Impaired Driving Impairments to driving from dual-task performance

43 Observational Study Cell Phone No Phone Failed to Stop Stopped Appropriately Cell Phone Usage 10.2% OR: 2.21 (95% CI 2.09 to 2.33)

44 Overview of AAA Project Most comprehensive study undertaken on cognitive distraction Systematic analysis, 3 studies, 150 participants, 8 conditions Analysis of different sources of distraction Driving simulator Instrumented vehicle Develop taxonomy of cognitive distraction (e.g., Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Wind Scale) Category 1 -- Undistracted driver Category 5 -- Highest level of cognitive distraction

45 Measures of Cognitive Distraction Secondary Subjective Primary Physiological Workload

46 Sources of Cognitive Distraction

47 Driving Simulator and Instrumented Vehicle

48 Cognitive Distraction Scale

49 The Future of In-vehicle Technology Examination of speech-based in-vehicle interactions What speech-based activities are safe/unsafe? Siri, Entune, Sync, Onstar Internet search to support navigation Dinner reservations (e.g., OpenTable) Facebook/twitter updates Quality of synthetic speech voice recognition

50 Summary and Conclusions Three sources of Driver Distraction Visual Manual Cognitive Cognitive Distraction Inattention blindness Impaired recognition memory, suppressed ERPs Impaired scanning (tunnel vision)

51 Fini

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