Table S1. Malaria-positive Malaria-negative Placental viral load Peripheral viral load CD4+ T-cell count

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1 Table S1. Unadjusted and adjusted effect of placental viral load, peripheral viral load, and CD4+ T- cell count on prevalence of low birthweight and excluding observations with PTD, stratified by maternal malaria status. METRIC Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 73 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 2 13 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , , 1 28

2 Table S2. Unadjusted and adjusted effect of placental viral load, peripheral viral load, and CD4+ T- cell count on prevalence of low birthweight and excluding observations with HIV-positive infants (HIVinfected in utero), stratified by maternal malaria status. METRIC Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 81 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 97 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , ,

3 Table S3. Unadjusted and adjusted effect of placental viral load, peripheral viral load, and CD4+ T- cell count on prevalence of preterm delivery and excluding observations with HIV-positive infants (HIV-infected in utero), stratified by maternal malaria status. METRIC Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 71 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 53 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , ,

4 Table S4. Unadjusted and adjusted effect of placental viral load, peripheral viral load, and CD4+ T- cell count on prevalence of preterm delivery, stratified by diagnostic method for maternal malaria. Peripheral blood smear-positive Peripheral blood smear-negative Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 52 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 32 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , , 1 24 Placental blood-positive Placental blood-negative Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 58 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 36 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , , 1 22 Histology-positive Histology-negative Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 66 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 46 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , ,

5 Table S5. Unadjusted and adjusted effect of placental viral load, peripheral viral load, and CD4+ T- cell count on prevalence of low birthweight, stratified by diagnostic method for maternal malaria. Peripheral blood smear-positive Peripheral blood smear-negative Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 43 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 59 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , , 1 17 Placental blood-positive Placental blood-negative Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 52 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 51 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , , 1 16 Histology-positive Histology-negative Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 50 Per 1 0-log 10 increase , , , , 1 56 Per 100-cell/µl decrease , , , ,

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