Molecular Cloning and Immunologic Reactivity of a Novel Low Molecular Mass
|
|
- Sara Ward
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This information is current as of November 23, Molecular Cloning and Immunologic Reactivity of a Novel Low Molecular Mass Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rhea N. Coler, Yasir A. W. Skeiky, Thomas Vedvick, Teresa Bement, Pamela Ovendale, Antonio Campos-Neto, Mark R. Alderson and Steven G. Reed J Immunol 1998; 161: ; ; References Subscription Permissions Alerts This article cites 45 articles, 28 of which you can access for free at: Why The JI? Submit online. Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Submit copyright permission requests at: Receive free -alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: Downloaded from by guest on November 23, 2018 The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD Copyright 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: Online ISSN:
2 Molecular Cloning and Immunologic Reactivity of a Novel Low Molecular Mass Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1 Rhea N. Coler,* Yasir A. W. Skeiky, Thomas Vedvick, Teresa Bement, Pamela Ovendale, Antonio Campos-Neto, Mark R. Alderson, and Steven G. Reed 2 * Polypeptide Ags present in the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were purified and evaluated for their ability to stimulate PBMC from purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive healthy donors. One such Ag, which elicited strong proliferation and IFN- production, was further characterized. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was determined and used to design oligonucleotides for screening a recombinant M. tuberculosis genomic DNA library. The gene (Mtb 8.4) corresponding to the identified polypeptide was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The predicted m.w. of the recombinant protein without its signal peptide was 8.4 kda. By Southern analysis, the DNA encoding this mycobacterial protein was found in the M. tuberculosis substrains H37Rv, H37Ra, Erdman, and C strain, as well as in certain other mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Pasteur). The Mtb 8.4 gene appears to be absent from the environmental mycobacterial species examined thus far, including Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Recombinant Mtb 8.4 Ag induced significant proliferation as well as production of IFN-, IL-10, and TNF-, but not IL-5, from human PBMC isolated from PPD-positive healthy donors. Mtb 8.4 did not stimulate PBMC from PPD-negative donors. Furthermore, immunogenicity studies in mice indicate that Mtb 8.4 elicits a Th1 cytokine profile, which is considered important for protective immunity to tuberculosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Mtb 8.4 is an immunodominant T cell Ag of M. tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), 3 is, according to the World Health Organization, the world s leading killer of adults. Thirty million deaths due to TB are expected in the next decade (1). Tuberculosis thus remains a major public health problem not only in developing countries, but also in industrialized countries where a resurgence has been noted, particularly in association with HIV infection (2). The majority of M. tuberculosis infections in humans appears to be asymptomatic, subclinical, or latent. Only 5 to 10% of infected immunocompetent individuals will develop active disease during their lifetimes, and some of these cases develop as many as 4 to 5 decades after the initial infection event. If left untreated, serious complications and death typically result. The only currently available vaccine against TB is the live attenuated bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), derived from Mycobacterium bovis. Based on the results of many clinical trials in developing countries, the efficacy of BCG in eliciting protective immunity has been reported to vary from 0 to 80% (3 5). In addition to this variability, BCG, being a live attenuated vaccine, can *Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and Infectious Disease Research Institute and CORIXA Corporation, Seattle, WA Received for publication January 5, Accepted for publication April 30, The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1 This work is supported by Grant AI25038 from the National Institutes of Health. R.N.C. was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Biotechnology Fellowship Grant GM Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Steven G. Reed, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia Street, Suite 464, Seattle, WA Abbreviations used in this paper: TB, tuberculosis; BCG, bacillus Calmette-Guerin; PPD, purified protein derivative; CF, culture filtrate; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; SI, stimulation index. also potentially cause serious disease in immunocompromised persons. There is clearly a need for a more safe and effective vaccine. The development of a vaccine based on defined Ags of M. tuberculosis is an area of great interest. Past studies in animals have shown that effective protection against virulent challenge with M. tuberculosis occurs following immunization with living attenuated mycobacteria (BCG, R1Rv, or Mycobacterium microti) (6 8). When the same mycobacteria are heat killed and injected in the presence or absence of adjuvant, however, a protective response against a virulent challenge is not observed (9). Previous studies have also reported increased resistance against challenge with M. tuberculosis in several animal disease models after vaccination with different mycobacterial subfractions or with culture filtrate proteins (10 18). As is the case for many intracellular pathogens, cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in host protection against TB. Recent studies have reported that acquired resistance in animals is mediated by specific populations of sensitized T lymphocytes (19). In particular, CD4 Th1 and CD8 lymphocytes, which produce IFN-, have been shown to be important for protection of mice (20 22). Similarly, humans who have a mutation in the gene for IFN- R are more susceptible to mycobacterial infections, providing further evidence of the importance of IFN- in the response to mycobacterial infection (23, 24). Moreover, there has been some evidence that proteins actively secreted by M. tuberculosis during its growth may induce cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity (13, 18, 25, 26) by causing expansion of specific IFN- -producing T lymphocytes that are capable of recognizing and exerting antimicrobial effects against macrophages containing intracellular mycobacteria. We have characterized M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins that are immunodominant T cell Ags, capable of eliciting proliferation and IFN- production from human PBMC of PPD Copyright 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists /98/$02.00
3 The Journal of Immunology 2357 healthy individuals. T cell responses against such Ags may be protective in the specific host immune response, thus providing necessary candidates for the development of an antimycobacterial subunit vaccine. This report describes the purification and biologic activity of a protein obtained from the culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv, as well as cloning, DNA sequence, expression, and preliminary immunologic characterization of this novel immunoreactive T cell Ag of M. tuberculosis, Mtb 8.4. Materials and Methods Mycobacterial strains M. tuberculosis strains H37Rv and Erdman were gifts from Dr. Sean Skerritt, Seattle Veterans Affairs Hospital, Seattle, WA; C strain was a gift from Dr. Lee Riley, University of California, Berkeley CA; M. bovis BCG and Mycobacterium leprae (Pasteur) were obtained from Genesis, Auckland, New Zealand. Other species of mycobacteria were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA): M. tuberculosis H37Ra (ATCC 25177), Mycobacterium vaccae (ATCC 15483), Mycobacterium avium avium (ATCC 35718), Mycobacterium chelonae (ATCC 14472), Mycobacterium fortuitum (ATCC 6841), Mycobacterium gordonae (ATCC 14470), Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (ATCC 19981), and Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC 19420). Purification of secreted polypeptides Culture supernatants were prepared from 2- to 3-wk log phase cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Rv grown in a synthetic medium (1.5% glucose, 1% basal medium Eagle s amino acid solution (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), 1% MEM nonessential amino acid solution (Life Technologies), 1% basal medium Eagle s vitamin solution (Life Technologies), 0.05g/L ferric ammonium citrate, 4g/L K 2 HPO 4, 2g/L citric acid, 1.2g/L MgCl 2, 0.6g/L K 2 SO 4, 2g/L NH 4 Cl, 0.72g/L NaOH) at 37 C. Culture supernatant was harvested and filtered through a m cellulose acetate membrane (Corning Glassworks, Corning, NY). The filtrate was concentrated 50 with an Amicon Centriprep-3 concentrator (Beverly, MA) and submitted for quantitation of bacterial endotoxin using a Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (LAL; BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD). The protein concentration of the culture filtrate (CF) was determined using a commercial bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA; Pierce, Rockford, IL). Fractionation of the CF was performed using a microbore Vydac C18 column (Vydac, Hesperia, CA) and a standard linear gradient of 0.5%/min. increase from 20 to 50% buffer B (80% acetonitrile/0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)). Aliquots of different fractions were submitted for immunologic assay and for N-terminal protein sequencing. Amino-terminal sequencing Amino acid identifications were performed on polypeptide(s) in positive fractions. Individual fractions were dried onto Biobrene-treated glass fiber filters (Perkin-Elmer/Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The filters were loaded onto a Perkin-Elmer/Applied Biosystems Procise 492 protein sequencer, and the polypeptides were sequenced from the amino terminal using traditional Edman chemistry. The amino acid sequences obtained were compared with known amino acid sequences in the GenBank using the DNAStar system. Preparation of M. tuberculosis genomic DNA library Genomic DNA from M. tuberculosis Erdman was sheared and blunt ended with Klenow, and EcoRI adapters were ligated to these ends before ligation into bacteriophage ZAP II arms (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Phage were packaged using Gigapack II packaging extracts according to the manufacturer s instructions (Stratagene). Molecular cloning of rmtb 8.4 Ag Degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized (Life Technologies) based on the deduced N-terminal amino acid sequence and used as probes to screen the M. tuberculosis Erdman library. Two micrograms of purified oligonucleotide probes were labeled with 32 P by incubation at 37 C for 30 min and inactivated by incubation at 65 C. Unincorporated nucleotides were removed using a nucleotide removal kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA). Nitrocellulose filters (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, NH) were placed over phage plaques (20,000 plaque-forming units/plate 4 plates), were then blocked with prehybridization solution for 2 h at 60 C and probed with denatured 32 P-labeled degenerate oligonucleotides for 20 h at 48 C. The filters were washed twice at room temperature for 20 min in 6 SSC and once at 48 C in 6 SSC/0.1% SDS. Positive plaques were purified, and excision of the pbsk( ) phagemid was performed using the manufacturer s protocol (Stratagene). DNA sequencing Sequence analysis was done by the Taq dye terminator technique with an ABI 373-A Stretch DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Perkin-Elmer). The sequence of the 1.4-kb insert of pbsk( ) was determined using M13 forward and reverse primers (Stratagene), and a number of internal synthetic oligonucleotides derived from initial sequence data which were used to join nonoverlapping fragments. Similarities to any previously reported DNA or protein sequences were determined with the BLAST and Swiss- Prot databases, respectively. Subcloning and expression of Mtb 8.4 The coding portion of Mtb 8.4 was PCR amplified using two oligonucleotides designed to make a PCR product that would begin 3 to the possible secretory sequence and would continue to the stop codon. The 5 primer included sequence coding for six histidine residues for ease of purification with Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen), as well as an NdeI restriction enzyme site for subcloning. The 5 primer sequence (Mtb His) was 5 -CA ATTACATATGCATCACCATCACCATCACGATCCCGTGGACGCG GTC. The 3 primer included coding for a stop codon and an EcoRI restriction enzyme site. The 3 primer sequence (Mtb End) was 5 -CAAGAATTCTTAATAGTTGTTGCAGGA. The 1.4-kb DNA fragment encoding the Mtb 8.4 gene was purified from an agarose gel after EcoRI digestion and used as template for subcloning. Standard PCR reactions were conducted in a Peltier thermal cycler (DNA Engine PTC-200; MJ Research, Watertown, MA). The reaction amplifications were performed for 30 cycles at 94 C for 1 min, 60 C for 30 s, and 72 C for 1.5 min. The resulting PCR fragment was ligated with T4 DNA ligase in NdeI/EcoRI-digested pet 17b plasmid vector (Novagen, Madison, WI) and was transformed into Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue and BL-21 (DE3) plyse (Novagen) by the standard procedures for DNA manipulation and protein expression, respectively (27). To obtain E. coli BL21 lysates, single colonies were inoculated into 2 yeast tryptone (YT) broth and grown to an OD of 0.5 at 560 nm. isopropyl- -D-galactopyranoside was then added, and growth was continued for an additional 3 h. The bacteria were harvested by centrifugation and lysed in the presence of protease inhibitors and lysozyme, using a sonicator. The induced target protein was identified by SDS-PAGE in the insoluble inclusion body. The purification of rmtb 8.4 was performed by metal chelate column chromatography using Ni-NTA resin according to the manufacturer s recommendations (Qiagen). Southern analysis Genomic DNA from several mycobacterial species was prepared using the detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Sigma, St. Louis, MO). DNA was extracted using phenol:chloroform and precipitated. One microgram of DNA was then digested using PstI or SalI, electrophoresed in a 1.5% agarose gel, and transferred onto a nylon membrane (Schleicher and Schuell). The Mtb 8.4 insert DNA was 32 P radiolabeled by the random hexamer priming method (28) and used to probe the mycobacterial DNAs. After hybridization for 18 h at 65 C, the blots were washed at 60 C, twice for 15 min with 2 SSC, once for 30 min with 2 SSC/0.2%SDS, and once for 10 min with 0.2 SSC. After drying at room temperature, blots were mounted for autoradiography at 80 C for 24 h. Production of rabbit polyclonal serum against the rmtb 8.4 Ag The rmtb 8.4 Ag (150 g) was emulsified in a mixture of 100 g of muramyl dipeptide and 1 ml of IFA (Life Technologies) as adjuvants and injected intramuscularly at multiple sites into a New Zealand rabbit (R&R Rabbitry, Stanwood, WA). A s.c. booster injection of 100 g of rag with 1 ml of IFA was given 6 wk later, and 25 g in PBS was given 3 wk later. The rabbit was sacrificed 1 wk following the last boost, and serum was collected and stored at 20 C. PAGE and immunoblotting Samples of crude E. coli protein extracts were separated by SDS-15% PAGE before being stained with Coomassie brilliant blue or transferred onto nitrocellulose sheets. The samples blotted on nitrocellulose were probed with polyclonal rabbit serum against the purified rmtb 8.4 protein or against M. tuberculosis H37Rv CF proteins. The detecting agent was protein A-conjugated 125 I.
4 2358 CLONING AN IMMUNOREACTIVE T CELL Ag of M. tuberculosis FIGURE 1. Fractionation of the log phase culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis H37Rv grown in synthetic medium. The CF was concentrated 50- fold, lyophilized, and resuspended in 0.1% TFA/20% acetonitrile. Fractionation was performed by HPLC using a microbore Vydac C18 column. The gradient for sample elution was a linear 0.5%/min. increase from 20 to 50% buffer B (80% acetonitrile/0.05% TFA). Sixteen fractions were collected and submitted for immunologic assay and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. These results are representative of four independent experiments. Immunologic evaluation of HPLC fractionated peaks and rmtb 8.4 The fractionated polypeptides from reverse phase HPLC and the rmtb 8.4 Ag were screened for their ability to induce T cell proliferation and IFN- production in PBMC preparations from PPD healthy individuals. The donor cells were obtained from ethnically diverse individuals (Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Asian, and Hispanic) who all tested with PPD indurations of 20 mm. PBMC were prepared from heparinized blood by Ficoll density gradient (d 1.077) centrifugation or apheresis. PBMC were adjusted to cells per well in 96-well flat-bottom plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA) using RPMI 1640 containing 10% human serum. HPLC fractions were added in triplicate at dilutions of 1:40 and 1:120, while rmtb 8.4 and CF were titrated at concentrations of 20 g/ml to g/ml. PHA and tetanus toxoid were used as positive controls. Plates were cultured for 5 to 6 days at 37 C in 5% CO 2 and then 50 l of the culture supernatants were removed for determination of cytokine levels. The cultures were each pulsed with 1 Ci of [ 3 H]thymidine for 18 h, harvested, and incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine was counted in a gas scintillation counter. Cytokine assays FIGURE 2. A and B, Analysis of the in vitro proliferation response of PBMC from two PPD donors (D7, D131). PBMC were stimulated in triplicate with each of the 16 fractions collected from microbore Vydac C18 HPLC. The fractions were each diluted at 1:40 or 1:120 in RPMI 1640/10% human serum for immunologic assay. [ 3 H]TdR incorporation is reported as counts per minute. The following controls were assayed but not included in the figure: medium D7, 200 cpm, and D131, 152 cpm; tetanus toxoid D7, 3010 cpm, and D131, 1985; PHA D7, 6523, and D131, Data are representative of two independent experiments. The production of cytokines was quantified by sandwich ELISA. Briefly, ELISA plates (Corning) were coated for 4 h at room temperature with 50 l/well cytokine capture mab (1 g/ml for IFN-, IL-5, and IL-10; 2 g/ml for TNF- ; PharMingen, San Diego, CA) in 0.1 M NaHCO 3 / Na 2 CO 3 buffer (ph 9.6). After blocking overnight at 4 C (5% (W/V) nonfat dried milk for IFN- and 1% BSA for IL-5, IL-10, and TNF-, samples or standards were added for 2 h at room temperature. Plates were washed with PBS, 0.05% Tween (PBS-Tween) and then incubated for 2 h at room temperature with 100 l/well of second Ab (rabbit anti-human polyclonal Ab; Immunex, Seattle, WA) diluted 1:3000 in PBS-10% normal goat serum for IFN- ; biotinylated detecting Ab in PBS-Tween, 0.1% BSA at 0.5 g/ml for IL-5 and IL-10; and at 1 g/ml for TNF- (PharMingen). After washing, plates were incubated with goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase in PBS-Tween, 5% nonfat dried milk (IFN- ) or with streptavidinperoxidase in PBS-Tween, 0.1% BSA (IL-5, IL-10, and TNF- ). Plates were developed using TMB substrate (3,3,5,5 -tetramethylbenzidine, Kirkegaard and Perry, Gaithersburg, MD). OD was determined at 450 nm using 570 nm as a reference wavelength. Cytokine concentration was evaluated using the respective standard curves. Immunogenicity studies BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized in the footpads with 15 to 30 g of the rmtb 8.4 Ag formulated in IFA as adjuvant. Mice were also immunized with saline or IFA alone as control. Draining lymph nodes were removed 9 days later, and cells were plated at /well for proliferation assays and at /well for cytokine assays. The lymph node cells were cultured in the presence of anti-il-4r (Immunex) at 3 g/ml. The anti-il-4r Ab was added to the cultures because it presumably blocks the uptake of secreted IL-4 by activated T cells, thereby increasing the accuracy of quantitating IL-4 without affecting proliferation or IFN- production. The lymph node cells were restimulated in vitro with rmtb 8.4 at 1, 5, and 25 g/ml. Plates were cultured for 3 days at 37 C in 5% CO 2. Supernatants were then taken for cytokine ELISA, or plates were pulsed
5 The Journal of Immunology 2359 FIGURE 3. Nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the translated product of the Mtb 8.4 gene. The 110-residue amino acid sequence is shown below the corresponding open reading frame beginning at nucleotide number 969. The molecular mass of the predicted protein is 10.8 kda. The translation initiation codon ATG is indicated at position 969, and the mature amino terminus is indicated at position The potential ribosome-binding site at position 953 is denoted by SD for Shine-Dalgarno. The putative Mtb 8.4 Pribnow boxes ( 35 and 10 sequences) are marked at positions 919 and 945, respectively. The stop codon is at position with 1 Ci of [ 3 H]thymidine for 18 h, harvested, and [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation was counted in a gas scintillation counter. Results Identification of T cell Ags in M. tuberculosis culture filtrate The CF of M. tuberculosis has previously been reported to contain Ags that elicit specific immune responses or protection in animals infected with M. tuberculosis (12 17). To study the PBMC responses to such proteins, CF from M. tuberculosis that tested negative for endotoxin by Limulus amebocyte lysate assay was separated into 16 fractions on a microbore column using a slow gradient (Fig. 1) and evaluated immunologically using PBMC from PPD individuals (Fig. 2). As shown, fractions 8 through 16 at a 1:40 dilution were able to stimulate proliferation of PBMC from both of the PPD individuals to a strong degree (Fig. 2). Direct determination of N-terminal amino acid sequences on individual protein fractions was performed. Several fractions revealed amino acid sequences of proteins that have already been described, such as the Ag 85 complex (F8) (29, 30), MPT64 (F16) (31 33), and the 45/47-kDa Ag complex (F14) (9, 34, 35). The amino-terminal analysis of native protein(s) from one such fraction of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv culture filtrate (F 13) revealed the novel sequence Asp-Pro-Val-Asp-Ala-Val-Ile-Asn-Thr-Thr-Cys- Asn-Tyr-Gly-Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asn. The protein was named Mtb 8.4, based on the molecular mass in its mature form. This polypeptide sequence was the only one detected in the particular chromatography fraction of interest. for the Mtb 8.4 protein are shown in Figure 3. An open reading frame of 330 nucleotides coded for a protein of 110 amino acids with a consensus signal peptide of 28 amino acids (residues ) and a predicted molecular mass of 10.8 kda. The DNA sequence contained an open reading frame starting with an ATG codon at nucleotide 969 and ending with a termination codon (TTA) at nucleotide The N-terminal sequence of the Cloning of the Mtb 8.4 gene Several overlapping degenerate oligonucleotides were designed based on the amino-terminal sequence data of the native Mtb 8.4 polypeptide. One of the oligonucleotides, TGYAAYTAYGGI CARGTIGTIGCSGCSCTSA (where Y C T; I deoxyinosine; R A G; S C G), representing the amino acids Cys-Asn-Tyr-Gly-Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Ala-Leu, was used to clone a recombinant gene with an insert size of 1.4 kb. The nucleotide sequence of Mtb 8.4 and the predicted amino acid sequence coding FIGURE 4. Southern hybridization pattern with random hexamer Mtb 8.4 probe to SalI-digested DNA from various mycobacterial species. Lanes: 1, M. tuberculosis H37Ra; 2, M. tuberculosis H37Rv; 3, M.tb. Erdman; 4, C strain; 5, M. bovis BCG; 6, M.leprae; 7, M. smegmatis; 8, M. vaccae; 9, M. gordonae; 10, M. chelonae; 11, M. fortuitum; 12, M. scrofulaceum; 13, M. avium. The numbers at the left indicate the size of standard DNA fragments in kilobase pairs. Data are representative of two independent experiments.
6 2360 CLONING AN IMMUNOREACTIVE T CELL Ag of M. tuberculosis observed in M. avium avium, but the probe did not hybridize to any SalI fragments from M. leprae, M. smegmatis, M. vaccae, M. gordonae, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, orm. scrofulaceum. FIGURE 5. Expression and purification of E. coli expressed rmtb 8.4 Ag. Crude 15% SDS-PAGE separated proteins of noninduced, induced, and purified Mtb 8.4 (1 g/track) were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Molecular weight markers in kda, lane M; recombinant E. coli lysates before (lane 1) and after (lane 2) induction with isopropyl- -D-galactopyranoside to express rmtb 8.4 containing an amino-terminal six-histidine affinity tag and the purified r8.4 Ag (lane 3). purified culture filtrate polypeptide and the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned DNA corresponding to Mtb 8.4 without its hydrophobic secretory region were identical. Given the known amino terminal sequence of the purified culture filtrate Ag and the characteristics of the signal peptide sequence, it is feasible that the signal peptidase recognition sequence (Ala-X-Ala) (31) is located in front of the N-terminal region of the mature form of the protein at nucleotide The structural gene encoding the mature Mtb 8.4 protein, Mtb 8.4, derived from M. tuberculosis Erdman is thus found at nucleotide residues A potential ribosomebinding site (GGAAGG) is located at nucleotide residue Putative Pribnow boxes ( 35 and 10 sequences), similar to the E. coli promoter-like consensus sequences, are located at nucleotide residues 919 and 945, respectively. Presence of Mtb 8.4 in various mycobacterial species To determine the distribution of Mtb 8.4 within species belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex, M. avium and M. bovis BCG, as well as in environmental mycobacterial species, the 279-bp NdeI/EcoRI Mtb 8.4 fragment from pet/mtb 8.4 was used as a probe in a Southern hybridization analysis of digested total genomic DNA from various mycobacterial strains (Fig. 4). This experiment indicated that the Mtb 8.4 gene is present as a single copy in the mycobacterial genome. The probe hybridized to SalI fragments of approximately 4.4 kb in the M. tuberculosis substrains H37Rv, H37Ra, Erdman, and the C strain, as well as in M. bovis BCG (Pasteur). Hybridization to a fragment of 8kbwas Expression and immunoblotting analysis of rmtb 8.4 Recombinant Mtb 8.4 lacking its hydrophobic, putative signal peptide sequence was expressed in E. coli with six consecutive His residues at the amino-terminal portion immediately following the initiator Met residue (N-terminal HIS-TAG) of the pet plasmid vector (pet-17b) and a T7 RNA polymerase expression system (Novagen). Crude protein extracts of Mtb 8.4 and purified rmtb 8.4 were subjected to SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue (Fig. 5). To further characterize native and recombinant Mtb 8.4, a Mtb 8.4 antiserum was raised in a rabbit and used as a probe in an immunoblot assay. Figure 6A shows that although the rabbit anti-mtb 8.4 serum reacted with a single band in the CF, it did not detect the Mtb 8.4 molecule in the M. tuberculosis lysate H37Rv. This finding suggests that the Mtb 8.4 protein may be rapidly processed and exported from the bacilli after synthesis. The absence of general protease degradation of the lysate during preparation was substantiated by probing another blot with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against the M. tuberculosis protein Ag 85B. This antiserum recognized recombinant 85B, native 85B in CF, and a single band in the M. tuberculosis H37Rv lysate (data not shown). A rabbit antiserum raised against M. tuberculosis H37Rv CF proteins was also used in Western blot analysis. This antiserum reacted with numerous proteins in the M. tuberculosis H37Rv lysate and the CF, as well as with rmtb 8.4, thus confirming the presence of the native Mtb 8.4 in the culture supernatant during growth (Fig. 6B). Preimmune rabbit serum had no reactivity with rmtb 8.4 (data not shown). PBMC reactivity to rmtb 8.4 To determine the immunologic properties of rmtb 8.4, PBMC isolated from PPD healthy individuals were stimulated with a range of concentrations of purified rmtb 8.4 ( g/ml). Individual donors were found to elicit different responses, but a 10 g/ml concentration was found to be optimum for a number of donors (data not shown). The data in Figure 7A demonstrate that PBMC from 7 of the 10 donors with prior exposure to M. tuberculosis proliferated in response to rmtb 8.4, with stimulation indices (SI) 5. The mean proliferative response of the PPD healthy PBMC to rmtb 8.4 was SI The differences between the mean responses of PPD healthy donors to the medium control and to the rmtb 8.4 Ag were statistically significant ( p 0.05). All of the PPD healthy donors responded to CF with an SI of 5, and 90% of these donors stimulated the PBMC with an SI of 10. None of the 10 healthy PPD donors responded to rmtb FIGURE 6. Immunoblot analysis of M. tuberculosis H37Rv lysate, CF, and rmtb 8.4. Mycobacterial Ags were separated by 15% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose. These proteins were probed with polyclonal rabbit serum produced against rmtb 8.4 (A); M. tuberculosis H37Rv-secreted protein sera (B). Lanes: 1, M. tuberculosis H37Rv lysate (10 g); 2, CF(2 g); 3, rmtb 8.4 (50 ng). The results from one of three comparable experiments are shown.
7 The Journal of Immunology 2361 FIGURE 7. The effect of rmtb 8.4 and CF on PBMC. PBMC from control PPD and PPD healthy individuals (PPD H) were cultured with CF (10 g/ml) and rmtb 8.4 (10 g/ml) for 72 or 120 h. Tetanus toxoid ( cpm) and PHA ( cpm) were used as positive controls. In vitro proliferation was measured by [ 3 H]TdR incorporation and is reported as SI; i.e., mean cpm of test Ag/mean cpm of medium alone ( cpm) (A). Supernatant levels of IFN- were determined by ELISA from 120 h cultures of donor PBMC (B). The horizontal dotted line represents the threshold for positivity (A) or the cut-off of the assay (B). The number of donors in each experimental group is 10. Data from individual donors are plotted and are representative of at least two independent experiments. Statistical analyses between the mean responses of PPD and PPD donor PBMC were performed by the Student s t test, and a p value of 0.05 was chosen as the level of significance. 8.4 (10 g/ml) with an SI of 5 (Fig. 7A). The mean levels of proliferative responses to rmtb 8.4 were significantly different in the PPD and PPD healthy donors ( p 0.05). To assay cytokine production elicited by rmtb 8.4, supernatants were removed from 24-h or 5-day cultures of donor PBMC (PPD and PPD healthy individuals) stimulated with rmtb 8.4 to assay for IFN-, as well as for TNF-, IL-5, and IL-10 production. IFN- production by PBMC from PPD healthy individuals in response to rmtb 8.4 varied between individuals ( pg/ml), with 8 of the 10 PPD donor PBMC eliciting IFN- levels 10 pg/ml. The difference in mean levels of IFN- production in the reactivity of PPD healthy donors to the medium control and to the rmtb 8.4 was statistically significant by the paired Student s t test ( p 0.05). In contrast, this cytokine was undetectable in the culture supernatants of cells from PPD individuals. A large variation in IFN- production ( pg/ml) was also observed in the PPD PBMC stimulated with CF (Fig. 7B). Concentrations of IL-5 were undetectable above background in the culture supernatants of rmtb 8.4-stimulated PBMCs from PPD healthy donors (Fig. 8C). Concentrations of IL-10 in supernatants of 10 g/ml rmtb 8.4-stimulated PPD PBMCs were high (mean, 2135 pg/ml 80) compared with the levels of 1000 pg/ml reported in the literature for M. tuberculosis-stimulated PBMC from healthy tuberculin reactors (36, 37). The elicitation of IFN-, TNF-, and IL-10 was shown to be dependent on the concentration of rmtb 8.4 used to stimulate the PPD healthy PBMC (Fig. 8, A C). Interestingly, the overall profile of cytokine production (IFN-, TNF-, and IL-10) elicited by rmtb 8.4 was very similar to that observed for CF (data not shown). Mtb 8.4-specific TNF-, IL-5, and IL-10 cytokine production was undetectable in PBMC from PPD donors (data not shown). Immunogenicity of rmtb 8 Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with rmtb 8.4 formulated in IFA demonstrated that this M. tuberculosis protein is a potent immunogen. SI of 8.9 to 45 were measured in popliteal lymph node cells (Fig. 9A). Additionally, IFN- elicitation was substantial and varied between 3 and 68 ng/ml according to the concentration of rmtb 8.4 used for in vitro restimulation. (Fig. 9B). The Th2 cytokine, IL-4, could not be detected in any of the supernatants taken from lymph node cells cultured with Mtb 8.4. Discussion Our understanding of the immunologic basis for protective immunity to TB and the experimental observation that immunization of mice with live but not heat-killed M. tuberculosis can induce protection (9) has provided us with a valuable approach to screening for potential protective Ags that would comprise a subunit vaccine against M. tuberculosis. We have applied an Ag discovery approach involving identification of native Ags released by live mycobacteria using PBMC from healthy PPD individuals, followed by a similar evaluation of purified recombinant proteins. We thus report herein the identification and molecular cloning of an immunoreactive human T cell Ag of M. tuberculosis. This Ag, Mtb 8.4, was one of several novel proteins identified in the culture filtrate of viable M. tuberculosis, based on their ability to elicit human T cell responses. The antigenic repertoire of an outbred human population is both diverse and heterogeneous. It is possible, nevertheless, that a few Ags could elicit protective immunity against TB, particularly if the component T cell epitopes demonstrate indiscriminate reactivity and evoke responses with different host MHC. One of the requirements of a candidate vaccine Ag, therefore, is recognition by the immune system during the course of infection by the majority of individuals of the target population. To fulfill this requirement, we used PBMC from a panel of ethnically diverse, healthy, PPD donors who have no history of TB, and the majority of whom have not been BCG immunized, to assess our candidate M. tuberculosis Ags. The parameters used as indicators of T cell responses included Ag-specific proliferation and the measurement of IFN- production to identify what are likely to be CD4 lymphocytes of
8 2362 CLONING AN IMMUNOREACTIVE T CELL Ag of M. tuberculosis FIGURE 8. A D, Cytokine production by PBMC isolated from PPD healthy individuals. PBMC were stimulated in triplicate with rmtb 8.4 at 20 to g/ml for 120 h. After culture, supernatants were harvested and analyzed for IFN-, TNF-, IL-5, and IL-10. Data from three PPD donors are plotted. The mean of two experiments that varied by 10% is shown. the Th1 phenotype that are considered to play an important role in the response against virulent M. tuberculosis. Our preliminary screening has identified Mtb 8.4 as an Ag that is recognized with T cell proliferation and IFN- production by 70% of the donors tested. Given that IFN- can be produced by both T cells and NK cells, it was interesting to observe correlation between proliferation and IFN- levels, suggesting that the IFN- recorded was T cell derived. Equally important was the finding that PPD healthy donors who elicited proliferation SI 10 to rmtb 8.4 also correlated with relatively low levels ( 100 pg/ml) of IFN- production, indicating that the former test was representative of the active T cell repertoire. The ability of rmtb 8.4 to elicit cytokine production from PPD donors even at extremely low Ag concentrations is impressive and suggests that at low expression levels some Ags are able to trigger vigorous immune responses. When rmtb 8.4 was titrated and used to stimulate PBMC from PPD donors, the production of IFN-, IL-10, and TNF-, but not IL-5, were each found to be Ag dependent (Fig. 8). IL-10 is produced by both of the Th cell subpopulations in humans (38, 39). Clinical and experimental data in animals and humans suggest, likewise, that TNF- can play both a protective and immunopathologic role in TB (40 44). Nevertheless, the overall pattern of cytokine production, indicative of a CD4 Th1-like pattern, appears to be induced by rmtb 8.4. Immunogenicity studies in mice have indicated that rmtb 8.4 induces a substantial amount of Ag-specific proliferation (Fig. 9A). Cytokine secretion patterns (IL-4 and IFN- ) in mice have also indicated that a Th1 lineage of cells develops upon stimulation with rmtb 8.4, even in the presence of IFA, an adjuvant that is reported to induce both IFN- and IL-4 from a mixed Th cell profile with M. tuberculosis Ags (Fig. 9B). A central issue in the broad spectrum of T cell cytokine responses produced in response to M. tuberculosis and the outcome of infection is that Th1 cells are crucial for protection early in the disease process (45, 46). Later on, during the chronic phase of the disease, a mixed T cell profile is observed with concomitant production of IFN-, IL-4,
9 The Journal of Immunology 2363 FIGURE 9. The effect of rmtb 8.4 on murine lymph node cells. C57BL/6 mice were immunized in the footpads with 30 g of the rmtb 8.4 formulated in IFA as adjuvant. Draining lymph nodes were removed 9 days later, and cells were restimulated with rmtb 8.4. Proliferation was measured 3 days later by incorporation of [ 3 H]TdR (A). Medium alone, cpm; IFA control, ( cpm). Draining lymph node cells were cultured in the presence of anti-il-4r and restimulated with rmtb 8.4. Supernatant levels of IL-4 and IFN- were determined by ELISA (B). Data are representative of three independent experiments. and IL-5 (47 49). Mechanisms by which containment of the disease occurs is incompletely understood, but IFN- production by Th1 CD4 T cells is considered essential. Given that rmtb 8.4 elicits high levels of IFN- without any IL-4, rmtb 8.4 may be considered as a component in the development of a subunit M. tuberculosis vaccine. The distribution of Mtb 8.4 in M. tuberculosis substrains and other mycobacterial strains was examined in this study. Southern blot experiments demonstrated the presence of Mtb 8.4 in the M. tuberculosis substrains Ra, Rv, Erdman, and C strain, as well as in M. avium and M. bovis BCG Pasteur. The hybridization studies showed a difference in the genomic DNA restriction enzyme pattern only within the M. avium species. The difference observed could be the result of either different localization of Mtb 8.4 on the chromosome or a chromosomal mutation of the SalI site or a product of both possibilities. Given that Southern analysis has shown that Mtb 8.4 is present in M. bovis BCG, it was important that the majority of our donors had not previously received BCG vaccination, to ensure that the T cell responses measured were in recognition of relevant Ags encountered by the host immune system during previous infection with M. tuberculosis. Like Mtb 8.4, various Ags such as ESAT-6 (17, 37), the Ag 85 complex (15, 49), and MPT64 (30 32), have been previously identified in viable mycobacteria and recorded to elicit T cell responses in animal models or from healthy M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, but not TB patients (49). The question remains whether Mtb 8.4 is also recognized only by individuals with latent infection vs those with active disease. Such a finding would argue that the host immune system develops a protective response against Mtb 8.4 and would determine its utility as an agent for differentiating the two infection outcomes. This study has revealed that Mtb 8.4 is an immunoreactive T cell Ag in individuals with latent M. tuberculosis infection. Mtb 8.4 may play an important role in determining the outcome of infection with pathogenic mycobacteria, given that it is one of the Ags encountered by the host immune system during
10 2364 CLONING AN IMMUNOREACTIVE T CELL Ag of M. tuberculosis M. tuberculosis infection and given that it elicits abundant levels of the Th1 cytokine IFN-. As resistance to TB depends on Ag-specific T cell activation of macrophages, and as the IFN- pathway has been shown to be crucial in the human response to mycobacterial infection, the elicitation of high levels of IFN- by rmtb 8.4 in M. tuberculosis-sensitized donors is significant. Acknowledgments We thank Dan Hoppe for automated DNA sequence analysis, Steve Johnson for preparation of some mycobacterial cultures, Jeffrey Guderian for assistance with Southern analysis, Mike Lodes for library preparation, and Dave Lewinsohn for collection of donor cells. References 1. Kochi, A The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization. Tubercle 72:1. 2. Enarson, D. A., and J. F. Murray Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. In Tuberculosis W. M. Rom and S. Garay, eds. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, pp Hopeful, P. C Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the epidemiology, clinical features, management and control of tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18: Colditz, G. A., T. F. Brewer, C. S. Berkey, M. E. Wilson, E. Burdick, H. V. Fineberg, and F. Mosteller Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. JAMA 271: Fine, P. E. M., J. A. C. Sterne, J. M. Ponnighaus, and R. J. W. Rees Delayed-type hypersensitivity, mycobacterial vaccines and protective immunity. Lancet 344: Fine, P. E The BCG story: lessons from the past and implications for the future. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11(Suppl. 2): Dubos, R. J., and C. H. Pierce Differential characteristics in vitro and in vivo of several substrains of BCG. IV. Immunizing effectiveness. Am. Rev. Tuberc. 74: Bloch, H., and W. Segal Viability and multiplication of vaccines in immunization against tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulm. Dis. 71: Orme, I. M Induction of nonspecific acquired resistance and delayed-type hypersensitivity, but not specific acquired resistance, in mice inoculated with killed mycobacterial vaccines. Infect. Immun. 56: Laqueyrerie, A., P. Militzer, F. Romain, K. Eiglmeier, S. Cole, and G. Marchal Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the apa gene coding for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 45/47-kilodalton secreted antigen complex. Infect. Immun. 63: Crowle, A. J Immunization against tuberculosis: what kind of vaccine? Infect. Immun. 56: Pal, P. G., and M. A. Horwitz Immunization with extra-cellular proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces cell-mediated immune responses and substantial protective immunity in a guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 60: Hubbard, R. D., C. M. Flory, and F. M. Collins Immunization of mice with mycobacterial culture filtrate proteins. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 87: Andersen, P Effective vaccination of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with a soluble mixture of secreted mycobacterial proteins. Infect. Immun. 62: Horwitz, M. A., B. E. Lee, B. J. Dillon, and G. Harth Protective immunity against tuberculosis by vaccination with major extracellular proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: Roberts, A. D., M. G. Sonnenberg, D. J. Ordway, S. K. Furney, P. J. Brennan, J. T. Belisle, and I. M. Orme Characteristics of protective immunity engendered by vaccination of mice with purified culture filtrate antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunology 85: Haslov, K., A. Andersen, S. Nagai, A. Gottschau, T. Sorensen, and P. Andersen Guinea pig cellular immune responses to proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 63: Orme, I. M Immune responses in animal models. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 215: Leveton, C., S. Barnass, B. Champion, S. Lucas, B. De Souza, M. Nicol, D. Banerjee, and G. Rook T-cell-mediated protection of mice against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 57: Flynn, J. L., and B. R. Bloom Role of T1 and T2 cytokines in the response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ann N. Y. Acad. Sci. 795: Flynn, J. L., J. Chan, K. J. Triebold, D. K. Dalton, T. A. Stewart, and B. R. Bloom An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Exp. Med. 178: Andersen, P., A. B. Andersen, A. L. Sorensen, and A. Nagai Recall of long-lived immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J. Immunol. 154: Newport, M. J., C. M. Huxley, S. Huston, C. M. Hawrylowicz, B. A. Oostra, R. Williamson, and M. Levin A mutation in the interferon- -receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: Jouanguy, E., F. Altare, S. Lammhamedi, P. Revy, J. Emile, M. Newport, M. Levin, S. Blanche, E. Seboun, A. Fischer, and J. Casanova Interferon- -receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette-Guerin infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: Andersen, P., D. Askgaard, A. Gottschau, J. Bennedsen, S. Nagai, and I. Heron Identification of immunodominant antigens during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand. J. Immunol. 36: Andersen, P., and I. Heron Specificity of a protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 61: Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook, eds Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. 28. Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132: Nagai, S., H. G. Wiker, M. Harboe, and M. Kinomoto Isolation and partial characterization of major protein antigens in the culture fluid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 59: Rambukkana, A., P. K. Das, J. D. Burggraaf, S. Yong, W. R. Faber, J. E. Thole, M. Harboe Heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody-reactive epitopes on mycobacterial 30-kilodalton-region proteins and the secreted antigen 85 complex and demonstration of antigen 85B on the Mycobacterium leprae cell wall surface. Infect. Immun. 60: Yamaguchi, R., K. Matsuo, A. Yamakazi, C. Abe, S. Nagai, K. Terasaka, and T. Yamada Cloning and characterization of the gene for immunogenic protein MPB64 of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect. Immun. 57: Oettinger, T., A. Holm, I. M. Mtoni, A. B. Andersen, and K. Haslov Mapping of the delayed-type hypersensitivity-inducing epitope of secreted protein MPT64 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 63: Roche, P. W., N. Winter, J. A. Triccas, C. G. Feng, and W. J. Britton Expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT64 in recombinant M. smegmatis: purification, immunogenicity and application to skin tests for tuberculosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 103: Dobos, K. M., K. Swiderek, K. Khoo, P. J. Brennan, and J. T. Belisle Evidence for glycosylation sites on the 45-kilodalton glycoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 63: Espitia, C., R. Espinosa, R. Saavedra, R. Mancilla, F. Romain, A. Laqueyrerie, and C. Moreno Antigenic and structural similarities between Mycobacterium tuberculosis 50- to 55-kilodalton and Mycobacterium bovis BCG 45- to 47-kilodalton antigens. Infect. Immun. 63: J Zhang, M., Y. Lin, D. V. Iyer, J. Gong, J. Abrams, and P. Barnes T-cell cytokine responses in human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 63: Sorensen, A. L., S. Nagai, G. Houen, P. Andersen, and A. B. Andersen Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 63: Yssel, H., R. de Waal Malefijt, M. G. Roncarolo, J. S. Abrams, R. Lahesmaa, H. Spits, and J. E. de Vries IL-10 is produced by subsets of human CD4 T cell clones and peripheral blood T cells. J. Immunol. 149: Del Prete, G., M. De Carli, F. Almerigogna, M. G. Giudizi, R. Biagiotti, and S. Romagnani Human IL-10 is produced by both type 1 helper (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) T cell clones and inhibits their antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production. J. Immunol. 150: Flesch, I. E. A., and S. H. E. Kauffmann Activation of tuberculostatic macrophage functions by -interferon, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor. Infect. Immun. 58: Hirsch, C. S., J. J. Ellner, D. G. Russell, and E. A. Rich Complement receptormediated uptake and tumor necrosis factor- -mediated growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol. 152: Barnes, P. F., S. J. Fong, P. J. Brennan, P. E. Twomey, A. Mazumder, and R. L. Modlin Local production of tumor necrosis factor and interferon- in tuberculous pleuritis. J. Immunol. 142: Cadranel, J., C. Philippe, J. Perez, B. Milleron, G. Akoun, R. Ardaillou, and L. Baud In vitro production of tumor necrosis factor and prostaglandin E2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from tuberculosis patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 81: Flynn, J. L., M. M. Goldstein, J. Chan, K. J. Triebold, K. Pfeffer, C. J. Lowenstein, R. Screiber, J. W. Mak, and B. R. Bloom Tumor necrosis factor- is required in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Immunity 2: Del Prete, G. F., M. De Carli, C. Mastromauro, R. Biagiotti, D. Macchia, P. Falagiani, M. Ricci, and S. Romagnani Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara canis expand in vitro human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. J. Clin. Invest. 88: Haanen, J. B. A. G., R. de Waal Malefijt, P. C. M. Res, E. M. Kraakman, T. H. M. Ottenhoff, R. R. P. de Vries, and H. Spits Selection of a human T helper type 1-like T cell subset by mycobacteria. J. Exp. Med. 174: Boom, W. H., R. S. Wallis, and K. A. Chervenak Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis-reactive CD4 T-cell clones: heterogeneity in antigen recognition, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity for mononuclear phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 59: Barnes, P. F., J. S. Abrams, S. Lu, P. A. Sieling, T. H. Rea, and R. L. Modlin Patterns of cytokine production by mycobacterium-reactive human T cell clones. Infect. Immun. 61: Havlir, D. V., R. S. Wallis, W. H. Boom, T. M. Daniel, K. Chervenak, and J. J. Ellner Human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. Infect. Immun. 59:665.
T-Cell Epitope Mapping of the Three Most Abundant Extracellular Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Outbred Guinea Pigs
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, May 1999, p. 2665 2670 Vol. 67, No. 5 0019-9567/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. T-Cell Epitope Mapping of the Three Most Abundant
More informationA Multicistronic DNA Vaccine Induces Significant Protection against Tuberculosis in Mice and Offers Flexibility in the Expressed Antigen Repertoire.
Company LOGO A Multicistronic DNA Vaccine Induces Significant Protection against Tuberculosis in Mice and Offers Flexibility in the Expressed Antigen Repertoire. Fayaz Ahmad Mir, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann,
More informationSkin Test Performed with Highly Purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis Recombinant Protein Triggers Tuberculin Shock in Infected Guinea Pigs
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, June 2005, p. 3301 3306 Vol. 73, No. 6 0019-9567/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/iai.73.6.3301 3306.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Skin Test
More informationMedical Bacteriology- Lecture 10. Mycobacterium. Actinomycetes. Nocardia
Medical Bacteriology- Lecture 10 Mycobacterium Actinomycetes Nocardia 1 Mycobacterium Characteristics - Large, very weakly gram positive rods - Obligate aerobes, related to Actinomycetes - Catalase positive
More informationNature Methods: doi: /nmeth Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Subtiligase-catalyzed ligations with ubiquitin thioesters and 10-mer biotinylated peptides. (a) General scheme for ligations between ubiquitin thioesters and 10-mer, biotinylated
More informationHIV-1 p24 ELISA Pair Set Cat#: orb54951 (ELISA Manual)
HIV-1 p24 ELISA Pair Set Cat#: orb54951 (ELISA Manual) BACKGROUND Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) can be divided into two major types, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). HIV-1 is related to
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 / Capsid Protein p24 ELISA Pair Set
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 / Capsid Protein p24 ELISA Pair Set Catalog Number : SEK11695 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Valkenburg et al. 10.1073/pnas.1403684111 SI Materials and Methods ELISA and Microneutralization. Sera were treated with Receptor Destroying Enzyme II (RDE II, Accurate) before ELISA
More informationMedical Bacteriology- lecture 13. Mycobacterium Actinomycetes
Medical Bacteriology- lecture 13 Mycobacterium Actinomycetes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Large, very weakly gram positive rods, Obligate aerobes, related to Actinomycetes, non spore forming, non motile
More informationCFP-10/ESAT-6 antigens in tuberculosis
CVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 6 January 2010 Clin. Vaccine Immunol. doi:10.1128/cvi.00287-09 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions.
More informationSupplementary Data 1. Alanine substitutions and position variants of APNCYGNIPL. Applied in
Supplementary Data 1. Alanine substitutions and position variants of APNCYGNIPL. Applied in Supplementary Fig. 2 Substitution Sequence Position variant Sequence original APNCYGNIPL original APNCYGNIPL
More informationTB Nurse Case Management San Antonio, Texas July 18 20, 2012
TB Nurse Case Management San Antonio, Texas July 18 20, 2012 IGRA s and Their Use in TB Nurse NCM Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD July 18, 2012 Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make: No conflict
More informationLuminescent platforms for monitoring changes in the solubility of amylin and huntingtin in living cells
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Molecular BioSystems. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Contents Supporting Information Luminescent platforms for monitoring changes in the
More informationChapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Bio40C schedule Lecture Immune system Lab Quiz 2 this week; bring a scantron! Study guide on my website (see lab assignments) Extra credit Critical thinking questions at end of chapters 5 pts/chapter Due
More informationViral Genetics. BIT 220 Chapter 16
Viral Genetics BIT 220 Chapter 16 Details of the Virus Classified According to a. DNA or RNA b. Enveloped or Non-Enveloped c. Single-stranded or double-stranded Viruses contain only a few genes Reverse
More informationGene Vaccine Dr. Sina Soleimani
Gene Vaccine Dr. Sina Soleimani Human Viral Vaccines Quality Control Laboratory (HVVQC) Titles 1. A short Introduction of Vaccine History 2. First Lineage of Vaccines 3. Second Lineage of Vaccines 3. New
More informationImmunization with Heat-Killed Mycobacterium vaccae Stimulates CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells Specific for Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Nov. 1997, p. 4525 4530 Vol. 65, No. 11 0019-9567/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology Immunization with Heat-Killed Mycobacterium vaccae Stimulates CD8
More informationThird line of Defense
Chapter 15 Specific Immunity and Immunization Topics -3 rd of Defense - B cells - T cells - Specific Immunities Third line of Defense Specific immunity is a complex interaction of immune cells (leukocytes)
More informationMedical Virology Immunology. Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University
Medical Virology Immunology Dr. Sameer Naji, MB, BCh, PhD (UK) Head of Basic Medical Sciences Dept. Faculty of Medicine The Hashemite University Human blood cells Phases of immune responses Microbe Naïve
More informationTB Intensive San Antonio, Texas November 11 14, 2014
TB Intensive San Antonio, Texas November 11 14, 2014 Interferon Gamma Release Assays Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD November 12, 2014 Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make: No conflict of
More informationMolecular Characterization and Human T-Cell Responses to a Member of a Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb39 Gene Family
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, June 1999, p. 2941 2950 Vol. 67, No. 6 0019-9567/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Molecular Characterization and Human T-Cell
More informationIslet viability assay and Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion assay RT-PCR and Western Blot
Islet viability assay and Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion assay Islet cell viability was determined by colorimetric (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using CellTiter
More informationMouse Cathepsin B ELISA Kit
GenWay Biotech, Inc. 6777 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: 858.458.0866 Fax: 858.458.0833 Email: techline@genwaybio.com http://www.genwaybio.com Mouse Cathepsin B ELISA Kit Catalog No. GWB-ZZD154
More informationBiotechnology-Based Vaccines. Dr. Aws Alshamsan Department of Pharmaceutics Office: AA87 Tel:
Biotechnology-Based Vaccines Dr. Aws Alshamsan Department of Pharmaceutics Office: AA87 Tel: 4677363 aalshamsan@ksu.edu.sa Objectives of this lecture By the end of this lecture you will be able to: 1.
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Complete but curtailed T-cell response to very-low-affinity antigen Dietmar Zehn, Sarah Y. Lee & Michael J. Bevan Supp. Fig. 1: TCR chain usage among endogenous K b /Ova reactive T cells. C57BL/6 mice
More informationMonitoring tuberculosis progression using MRI and stereology
Monitoring tuberculosis progression using MRI and stereology TB the problem Estimated number of new cases in 2007 2 million deaths; 9 million new cases p.a. TB kills someone every 15 secs, 9,153 cases
More informationSupplemental Figure 1 ELISA scheme to measure plasma total, mature and furin-cleaved
1 Supplemental Figure Legends Supplemental Figure 1 ELISA scheme to measure plasma total, mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9 concentrations. 4 Plasma mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9s were measured by a sandwich
More informationIdentification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific genomic regions encoding antigens inducing protective cellular immune responses
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 47, June 2009, pp. 498-504 Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific genomic regions encoding antigens inducing protective cellular immune responses
More informationImmunology - Lecture 2 Adaptive Immune System 1
Immunology - Lecture 2 Adaptive Immune System 1 Book chapters: Molecules of the Adaptive Immunity 6 Adaptive Cells and Organs 7 Generation of Immune Diversity Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors - 8 CD markers
More informationInfluenza A H1N1 HA ELISA Pair Set
Influenza A H1N1 HA ELISA Pair Set for H1N1 ( A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 ) HA Catalog Number : SEK11684 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product and the
More informationTSH Receptor Monoclonal Antibody (49) Catalog Number MA3-218 Product data sheet
Website: thermofisher.com Customer Service (US): 1 800 955 6288 ext. 1 Technical Support (US): 1 800 955 6288 ext. 441 TSH Receptor Monoclonal Antibody (49) Catalog Number MA3-218 Product data sheet Details
More informationTB Intensive Tyler, Texas December 2-4, 2008
TB Intensive Tyler, Texas December 2-4, 2008 Interferon Gamma Releasing Assays: Diagnosing TB in the 21 st Century Peter Barnes, MD December 2, 2008 TOPICS Use of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs)
More informationN α -Acetylation of yeast ribosomal proteins and its effect on protein synthesis
JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 74 (2011) 431 441 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/jprot N α -Acetylation of yeast ribosomal proteins and its effect on protein synthesis Masahiro Kamita
More informationHuman Cathepsin D ELISA Kit
GenWay Biotech, Inc. 6777 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92121 Phone: 858.458.0866 Fax: 858.458.0833 Email: techline@genwaybio.com http://www.genwaybio.com Human Cathepsin D ELISA Kit Catalog No. GWB-J4JVV9
More informationhuman Total Cathepsin B Catalog Number: DY2176
human Total Cathepsin B Catalog Number: DY2176 This DuoSet ELISA Development kit contains the basic components required for the development of sandwich ELISAs to measure natural and recombinant human Total
More informationInfluenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu 2009) Hemagglutinin / HA ELISA Pair Set
Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu 2009) Hemagglutinin / HA ELISA Pair Set Catalog Number : SEK001 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product and the assay
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Divergent TLR7/9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish
SUPPLEMENTARY INFOATION Divergent TLR7/9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and non-pathogenic AIDS-virus infections Judith N. Mandl, Ashley P. Barry, Thomas H. Vanderford,
More informationTechnical Bulletin No. 172
CPAL Central Pennsylvania Alliance Laboratory QuantiFERON -TB Gold Plus Assay Contact: J Matthew Groeller, MPA(HCM), MT(ASCP), 717-851-4516 Operations Manager, Clinical Pathology, CPAL Jennifer Thebo,
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Normal T lymphocyte populations in Dapk -/- mice. (a) Normal thymic development in Dapk -/- mice. Thymocytes from WT and Dapk
Supplementary Figure 1. Normal T lymphocyte populations in Dapk -/- mice. (a) Normal thymic development in Dapk -/- mice. Thymocytes from WT and Dapk -/- mice were stained for expression of CD4 and CD8.
More information3. Lymphocyte proliferation (fig. 15.4): Clones of responder cells and memory cells are derived from B cells and T cells.
Chapter 15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Specific
More informationReceived 5 April 2006/Returned for modification 12 June 2006/Accepted 6 September 2006
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Dec. 2006, p. 6865 6876 Vol. 74, No. 12 0019-9567/06/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/iai.00561-06 Copyright 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Differences in the
More informationPerspective in novel TB vaccine development Mohamed Ridha BARBOUCHE M.D., Ph.D. Department of Immunology Institut Pasteur de Tunis
Perspective in novel TB vaccine development Mohamed Ridha BARBOUCHE M.D., Ph.D. Department of Immunology Institut Pasteur de Tunis Existing TB Vaccine is not effective for global TB epidemic control BCG
More informationCHAPTER 4 RESULTS. showed that all three replicates had similar growth trends (Figure 4.1) (p<0.05; p=0.0000)
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Growth Characterization of C. vulgaris 4.1.1 Optical Density Growth study of Chlorella vulgaris based on optical density at 620 nm (OD 620 ) showed that all three replicates had similar
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Pang et al. 10.1073/pnas.1322009111 SI Materials and Methods ELISAs. These assays were performed as previously described (1). ELISA plates (MaxiSorp Nunc; Thermo Fisher Scientific)
More informationProf. Ibtesam Kamel Afifi Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
By Prof. Ibtesam Kamel Afifi Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology Lecture objectives: At the end of the lecture you should be able to: Enumerate features that characterize acquired immune response
More informationAPPLICATION OF IMMUNO CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS IN PLEURAL TUBERCULOSIS
APPLICATION OF IMMUNO CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS IN PLEURAL TUBERCULOSIS Hadizadeh Tasbiti.AR, Yari.SH, Bahrmand.AR, Karimi.A,Fateh.A, Sayfi.M Tuberculosis Dept.Pasteur Institute of Iran.Tehran.Iran 1 INTRODUCTION
More information2009 H1N1 Influenza ( Swine Flu ) Hemagglutinin ELISA kit
2009 H1N1 Influenza ( Swine Flu ) Hemagglutinin ELISA kit Catalog Number : SEK001 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product and the assay is run as
More informationHuman Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 / Glycoprotein 120 ELISA Pair Set
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 / Glycoprotein 120 ELISA Pair Set Catalog Number : SEK11233 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product
More informationThe Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL11 cell wall lipid transporter is important for
Supplemental materials The Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL11 cell wall lipid transporter is important for biofilm formation, intracellular growth and non-replicating persistence Catherine C. Wright, 1
More informationTNF-alpha ELISA. For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures.
TNF-alpha ELISA For the quantitative determination of TNF-alpha in serum, plasma, buffered solution or cell culture medium. For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures. Catalog Number:
More informationNOTES. Memory T Lymphocytes Generated by Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccination Reside within a CD4 CD44 lo CD62 Ligand hi Population
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Nov. 2005, p. 7759 7764 Vol. 73, No. 11 0019-9567/05/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/iai.73.11.7759 7764.2005 Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. NOTES
More informationOverview of the Expressway Cell-Free Expression Systems. Expressway Mini Cell-Free Expression System
Overview of the Expressway Cell-Free Expression Systems The Expressway Cell-Free Expression Systems use an efficient coupled transcription and translation reaction to produce up to milligram quantities
More informationPBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human
Anti-CD19-CAR transduced T-cell preparation PBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human AB serum (Gemini) and 300 international units/ml IL-2 (Novartis). T cell proliferation
More informationTanaffos (2004) 3(10), NRITLD, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Iran
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Tanaffos (24) 3(1), 25-31 24 NRITLD, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Iran The Study of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Profiles (IL-1, IL-12, IL-4, and IFNγ) in
More informationTB Intensive Houston, Texas October 15-17, 2013
TB Intensive Houston, Texas October 15-17, 2013 Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA s) Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD October 16, 2013 Lisa Armitige, MD, PhD has the following disclosures to make: No conflict
More informationJ. D. Trujillo,* N. M. Kumpula-McWhirter, K. J. Hötzel, M. Gonzalez, and W. P. Cheevers
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Sept. 2004, p. 9190 9202 Vol. 78, No. 17 0022-538X/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9190 9202.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Glycosylation
More informationThe Adaptive Immune Responses
The Adaptive Immune Responses The two arms of the immune responses are; 1) the cell mediated, and 2) the humoral responses. In this chapter we will discuss the two responses in detail and we will start
More informationExosomes function in antigen presentation during an in vivo Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Exosomes function in antigen presentation during an in vivo Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection Victoria L. Smith, Yong Cheng, Barry R. Bryant and Jeffrey S. Schorey Supplementary Figure 1: Unprocessed
More informationInfluenza B Hemagglutinin / HA ELISA Pair Set
Influenza B Hemagglutinin / HA ELISA Pair Set Catalog Number : SEK11053 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product and the assay is run as summarized
More information7.012 Quiz 3 Answers
MIT Biology Department 7.012: Introductory Biology - Fall 2004 Instructors: Professor Eric Lander, Professor Robert A. Weinberg, Dr. Claudette Gardel Friday 11/12/04 7.012 Quiz 3 Answers A > 85 B 72-84
More informationVaTx1 VaTx2 VaTx3. VaTx min Retention Time (min) Retention Time (min)
a Absorbance (mau) 5 2 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 2 3 4 5 6 VaTx2 High Ca 2+ Low Ca 2+ b 38.2 min Absorbance (mau) 3 2 3 4 5 3 2 VaTx2 39.3 min 3 4 5 3 2 4. min 3 4 5 Supplementary Figure. Toxin Purification For
More informationUpdate on TB Vaccines. Mark Hatherill South African TB Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) University of Cape Town
Update on TB Vaccines Mark Hatherill South African TB Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) University of Cape Town 1 Robert Koch s Therapeutic TB vaccine 1890: Purified Tuberculin Protein 1891: First negative reports
More informationAperto Cell Lysis and Protein Solubilization Users Manual
Aperto Cell Lysis and Protein Solubilization Users Manual Revision 2 THIS MANUAL APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING PRODUCTS: 3A8600 Aperto, 5X Cell Lysis Buffer. 20mL 3A8610 Aperto, 5X Cell Lysis Buffer. 100mL
More informationSupplementary Materials for
immunology.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2/16/eaan6049/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans governs the tissue-trafficking potential of memory CD8 + T cells Jossef
More informationRAISON D ETRE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:
RAISON D ETRE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: To Distinguish Self from Non-Self Thereby Protecting Us From Our Hostile Environment. Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Innate immunity: (Antigen nonspecific) defense
More informationMouse Myeloperoxidase/MPO ELISA Kit
OriGene Technologies, Inc 9620 Medical Center Dr., Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850 Phone: 1.888.267.4436 Fax: 301-340-9254 Email: techsupport@origene.com Web: Mouse Myeloperoxidase/MPO ELISA Kit Catalog
More informationSupplemental Information. T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism
Immunity, Volume 33 Supplemental Information T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism Franziska Petermann, Veit Rothhammer, Malte
More informationChapter 15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization
Chapter 15 Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization Adaptive Immunity: The third line of defense Third line of defense acquired and specific. Dual System of B and T lymphocytes- Immunocompetence Antigen
More informationMultivalent combinations of DNA vaccines encoding Ag85 complex proteins
Journal of Vaccines and Immunity ISSN: 1113-3376 Vol. 1 (2), pp. 023-027, May, 2017. Available online at www.globalacademicsjournals.org Global Academics Journals Full Length Research Paper Multivalent
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Adaptive immune response biologic response modifiers and, 735 737 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for hepatitis, 825 826 Albinterferon for hepatitis,
More information1. Overview of Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 17A: Adaptive Immunity Part I 1. Overview of Adaptive Immunity 2. T and B Cell Production 3. Antigens & Antigen Presentation 4. Helper T cells 1. Overview of Adaptive Immunity The Nature of Adaptive
More informationCHAPTER 4 IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 4 IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES Nitroblue Tetrazolium Chloride (NBT) Reduction test NBT reduction test was evaluated by employing the method described by Hudson and Hay,1989 based upon principle that
More informationCOURSE: Medical Microbiology, PAMB 650/720 - Fall 2008 Lecture 16
COURSE: Medical Microbiology, PAMB 650/720 - Fall 2008 Lecture 16 Tumor Immunology M. Nagarkatti Teaching Objectives: Introduction to Cancer Immunology Know the antigens expressed by cancer cells Understand
More informationEffect of oral exposure of Mycobacterium avium intracellular on the protective immunity induced by BCG
J. Biosci., Vol. 10, Number 4, December 1986, pp. 453-460. Printed in India. Effect of oral exposure of Mycobacterium avium intracellular on the protective immunity induced by BCG SUJATHA NARAYANAN, C.
More informationPhysiology Unit 3. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY The Specific Immune Response
Physiology Unit 3 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY The Specific Immune Response In Physiology Today The Adaptive Arm of the Immune System Specific Immune Response Internal defense against a specific pathogen Acquired
More informationHuman Leptin ELISA Kit
Product Manual Human Leptin ELISA Kit Catalog Numbers MET-5057 MET-5057-5 96 assays 5 x 96 assays FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY Not for use in diagnostic procedures Introduction Leptin is a polypeptide hormone
More informationEvaluation and Treatment of TB Contacts Tyler, Texas April 11, 2014
Evaluation and Treatment of TB Contacts Tyler, Texas April 11, 2014 Interferon Gamma Release Assays: Understanding the Test David Griffith, BA, MD April 11, 2014 David Griffith, BA, MD has the following
More informationHost-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis
Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis CNRS - Toulouse, France My presentation will focus on host-cell pathogen interactions in tuberculosis. However, I would first like offer a brief introduction
More informationPhosphate buffered saline (PBS) for washing the cells TE buffer (nuclease-free) ph 7.5 for use with the PrimePCR Reverse Transcription Control Assay
Catalog # Description 172-5080 SingleShot Cell Lysis Kit, 100 x 50 µl reactions 172-5081 SingleShot Cell Lysis Kit, 500 x 50 µl reactions For research purposes only. Introduction The SingleShot Cell Lysis
More informationLYMPHOCYTES & IMMUNOGLOBULINS. Dr Mere Kende, Lecturer SMHS
LYMPHOCYTES & IMMUNOGLOBULINS Dr Mere Kende, Lecturer SMHS Immunity Immune- protection against dangers of non-self/invader eg organism 3 components of immune system 1 st line: skin/mucosa/cilia/hair/saliva/fatty
More informationUnit 5 The Human Immune Response to Infection
Unit 5 The Human Immune Response to Infection Unit 5-page 1 FOM Chapter 21 Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Preview: In Chapter 21, we will learn about the branch of the immune system
More informationTumors arise from accumulated genetic mutations. Tumor Immunology (Cancer)
Tumor Immunology (Cancer) Tumors arise from accumulated genetic mutations Robert Beatty MCB150 Mutations Usually have >6 mutations in both activation/growth factors and tumor suppressor genes. Types of
More informationCONVENTIONAL VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
CONVENTIONAL VACCINE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM Lethal germ Dead mouse LIVE VACCINES Related but harmless germ gives protection against lethal pathogen. Examples are the original pox vaccine and some TB vaccines
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Choi YL, Soda M, Yamashita Y, et al. EML4-ALK mutations in
More informationTransient Ribosomal Attenuation Coordinates Protein Synthesis and Co-translational Folding
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Transient Ribosomal Attenuation Coordinates Protein Synthesis and Co-translational Folding Gong Zhang 1,2, Magdalena Hubalewska 1 & Zoya Ignatova 1,2 1 Department of Cellular
More informationHIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA Catalog Number:
INTENDED USE The RETRO-TEK HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA is supplied for research purposes only. It is not intended for use in the diagnosis or prognosis of disease, or for screening and may not be used as a
More informationImprove Protein Analysis with the New, Mass Spectrometry- Compatible ProteasMAX Surfactant
Improve Protein Analysis with the New, Mass Spectrometry- Compatible Surfactant ABSTRACT Incomplete solubilization and digestion and poor peptide recovery are frequent limitations in protein sample preparation
More informationcolorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet
colorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet For the quantitative detection of human IL5 in serum, plasma, cell culture supernatants and urine. general information Catalogue Number Product Name Species cross-reactivity
More informationcolorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet
colorimetric sandwich ELISA kit datasheet For the quantitative detection of human TNF-alpha in serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. general information Catalogue Number Product Name Species cross-reactivity
More informationStudy Guide 23, 24 & 47
Study Guide 23, 24 & 47 STUDY GUIDE SECTION 23-3 Bacteria and Humans Name Period Date 1. One bacterial disease that is transmitted by contaminated drinking water is a. Lyme disease b. gonorrhea c. tuberculosis
More informationSupplementary Fig. 1. Identification of acetylation of K68 of SOD2
Supplementary Fig. 1. Identification of acetylation of K68 of SOD2 A B H. sapiens 54 KHHAAYVNNLNVTEEKYQEALAK 75 M. musculus 54 KHHAAYVNNLNATEEKYHEALAK 75 X. laevis 55 KHHATYVNNLNITEEKYAEALAK 77 D. rerio
More informationHuman Urokinase / PLAU / UPA ELISA Pair Set
Human Urokinase / PLAU / UPA ELISA Pair Set Catalog Number : SEK10815 To achieve the best assay results, this manual must be read carefully before using this product and the assay is run as summarized
More informationThe Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Outline PART 1: INNATE DEFENSES 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep
The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Outline PART 1: INNATE DEFENSES 21.1 Surface barriers act as the first line of defense to keep invaders out of the body (pp. 772 773; Fig. 21.1; Table
More informationAdaptive Immunity: Humoral Immune Responses
MICR2209 Adaptive Immunity: Humoral Immune Responses Dr Allison Imrie 1 Synopsis: In this lecture we will review the different mechanisms which constitute the humoral immune response, and examine the antibody
More informationNori Rabbit IL-2 ELISA Kit DataSheet
Nori Rabbit IL-2 ELISA Kit DataSheet IL-2 is an interleukin, a type of cytokine immune system signaling molecule. IL-2 is a T cell stimulatory cytokine best known for inducing T cell proliferation, the
More informationDidactic Series. Latent TB Infection in HIV Infection
Didactic Series Latent TB Infection in HIV Infection Jacqueline Peterson Tulsky, MD UCSF Positive Health Program at SFGH Medical Director, SF and North Coast AETC March 13, 2014 ACCREDITATION STATEMENT:
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Tryptic digestion protection experiments - PCSK9 with Ab-3D5 (1:1 molar ratio) in 50 mm Tris, ph 8.0, 150 mm NaCl was incubated overnight at 4 o C. The
More information