NC Pol RNA RNA DNA D C T RNA. retroviruses/ Gag Pol Env. E/psi. E/psi RNA. MA CA NC MA Env CA 2-4

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1 55 pp RN nm RN D T retroviruses/ ag Pol Env ag 4 6 M N M Env TEL FX sakuragi@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp N Pol PR RT IN 6 RN DN RN DN Retro 2. E/psi 9000 RN E/psi RN RN 2-4 E/psi

154 55 T T T T T 5 cap- 9kbRN+ poly TR R/5 5/L SL1 SL2 SL3

2 T T T T T 5 cap- 9kbRN+ poly TR R/5 5/L SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4 Poly Signal Primer Binding Site Splicing Donor ag T DIS DLS

pp.153 160 2005 155 RN 3. 1970 RN 5 2 4 9 10 HIV-1 RN RN 3 8 7 4.

3 pp RN RN HIV-1 RN RN RN in vitro RN ag N HIV-1 Dimer Linkage Sequences DLS Dimer Initiation Site DIS 5 16 in vitro RN vitro Heat hill RN 100% vitro HIV-1 E/psi RN DLS 100nm

4 E/DLS Model1 Model2 Model3... B Native Heat Dimer Native Heat Dimer Monomer in vitro RN DIS/DLS

5 pp in vitro 5. DIS/DLS DIS/DLS 3 DIS/DLS E/psi E/DLS DDN 1 E/DLS E/DLS DDN DDN RN DIS/DLS RN DIS/DLS DIS/DLS E/DLS DDN E/DLS DIS/DLS 3 Env E/DLS stn E/DLS RN stn Env HIV in vitro HIV-1 DIS/DLS E/psi DIS/DLS DDN E/DLS

158 55 DDN E/DLS DDN E/psi E/DLS E/DLS DIS/DLS E/DLS

6 DDN E/DLS DDN E/psi E/DLS E/DLS DIS/DLS E/DLS HIV-1 E/psi DIS/DLS DIS/DLS E/psi DIS/DLS DIS/DLS

7 pp m 16 Prof. Nito Panganiban 1 lford, R. L., S. Honda,. B. Lawrence, and J. W. Belmont. RN secondary structure analysis of the packaging signal for Moloney murine leukemia virus. Virology 183: 611-9, Bender, W., and N. Davidson. Mapping of poly() sequences in the electron microscope reveals unusual structure of type oncornavirus RN molecules. ell 7: , Bieth, E.,. abus, and J. L. Darlix. study of the dimer formation of Rous sarcoma virus RN and of its effect on viral protein synthesis in vitro. Nucleic cids Res 18: , anaani, E., K. V. Helm, and P. Duesberg. Evidence for 30-40S RN as precursor of the 60-70S RN of Rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl cad Sci S 70: , Darlix, J. L.,. abus, M. T. Nugeyre, F. lavel, and F. Barre-Sinoussi. is elements and trans-acting factors involved in the RN dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1. J Mol Biol 216: , Frankel,. D., and J.. Young. HIV-1 fifteen proteins and an RN. nnu Rev Biochem 67: 1-25, Hu, W. S., and H. M. Temin. enetic consequences of packaging two RN genomes in one retroviral particle pseudodiploidy and high rate of genetic recombination. Proc Natl cad Sci S 87: , Hoglund, S.,. Ohagen, J. oncalves,. T. Panganiban, and D. abuzda. ltrastructure of HIV-1 genomic RN. Virology 233: , Kung, H. J., J. M. Bailey, N. Davidson, P. K. Vogt, M. O. Nicolson, and R. M. Mcllister. Electron microscope studies of tumor virus RN. old Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 39: , Riggin,. H., M. Bondurant, and W. M. Mitchell. Physical properties of moloney murine leukemia virus high-molecular- weight RN a two subunit structure. J Virol 16: , Roy,., N. Tounekti, M. Mougel, J. L. Darlix,. Paoletti,. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann, and J. Paoletti. n analytical study of the dimerization of in vitro generated RN of Moloney murine leukemia virus MoMuLV. Nucleic cids Res 18: , Sakuragi, J.,. Iwamoto, and T. Shioda. Dissociation of enome Dimerization from Packaging Functions and Virion Maturation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J.Virol 76, 2002.

8 pp Sakuragi, J., T. Shioda, and. T. Panganiban. Duplication of the Primary Encapsidation and Dimer Linkage Region of HIV-1 RN Results in the ppearance of Monomeric RN in virions. J Virol 75: , Sakuragi, J., S. eda,. Iwamoto, and T. Shioda. Possible role of dimerization in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome RN packaging. J Virol 77: , Sakuragi, J. I., and. T. Panganiban. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RN outside the primary encapsidation and dimer linkage region affects RN dimer stability in vivo. J Virol 71: , Skripkin, E., J.. Paillart, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann, and. Ehresmann. Identification of the primary site of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RN dimerization in vitro. Proc Natl cad Sci S 91: , nalysis on primate lentivirus genome dimerization in virion. Jun-ichi Sakuragi Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka niversity. Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita ity, Osaka , Japan sakuragi@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp The genomic RN of retrovirus, including the primate lentivirus such as HIV, always form dimers in matured virions. It is likely that the presence of two genomes in one virion is advantageous for survival, providing an extra template that can be used when one RN molecule is damaged, and/or giving genetic variety to their progeny. However, these ideas might not fully explain why the virion have to carry multiple identical RNs in spite of the severe limitation of the space. We developed and utilized a novel system to investigate viral RN dimerization in virion clearly and simply without affecting RN packaging. The results of precise mapping of dimerization functional region strongly suggested that the RN dimerization is one of the essential steps of RN packaging.

Multiple Regions of Harvey Sarcoma Virus RNA Can Dimerize In Vitro

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Apr. 1995, p. 2486 2490 Vol. 69, No. 4 0022-538X/95/$04.00 0 Copyright 1995, American Society for Microbiology Multiple Regions of Harvey Sarcoma Virus RNA Can Dimerize In Vitro YA-XIONG