The Interaction Effects of the Factors Influencing Knowledge and. Consciousness of the Infectious Diseases: Bangladeshi Population

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1 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) The Interacton Effects of the Factors Influencng Knowledge and Conscousness of the Infectous Dseases: Bangladesh Populaton Behzad Noor 1, J. A. M. S. Rahman 2, Mr Abdullah Shahneaz 3*, Rashadur Rahman 4, Shafqul Alam 5 1. Assstant Professor, Department of Busness Admnstraton, Shanto-Maram Unversty of Creatve Technology, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2. Professor, Department of Populaton Scence and Human Resources Development, Unversty of Rajshah, Bangladesh 3. Lecturer, Department of Busness Admnstraton, Shanto-Maram Unversty of Creatve Technology, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh 4. Lecturer, Department of Busness Admnstraton, Shanto-Maram Unversty of Creatve Technology, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh 5. Lecturer, Department of Busness Admnstraton, Shanto-Maram Unversty of Creatve Technology, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh * E-mal of the correspondng author: major.navana@yahoo.com. Cell: Abstract In ths study tabular system of data along wth the lnear probablty models were used to predct the condton of nfectous dseases and to dentfy the mpact of nfluental factors that affect knowledge and conscousness about nfectous dseases of the studed populaton (Here two most mportant nfectous dseases are consdered as HIV/AIDS and Hepatts B) level of the people. It can be mentoned that wth 10% ncrease n the respondent s educatonal attanment, the conscousness level could also be ncreased by 1.26%. However, 10% ncrease n the habt of watchng TV can ncrease the conscousness about HIV/AIDS by 1.26% whch s same as the probablty of the ncrement of educatonal attanment. In the case of the conscousness about Hepatts B1 (HB1) vrus t can be seen that the wth the habt of takng protected drnkng water as well as wth the hgher educatonal enrollment the conscousness level about HB1 s enhanced. It can be mentoned that wth 10% ncrease n the respondent s habt of takng protected water, the habt of takng HB1 vaccne could also be ncreased by 1.36%. However, wth 10% ncrement n the educatonal attanment can also be able to ncrease the probablty of takng HB1 vaccne whch s effectve protecton measurement n terms of keepng oneself free from HB1 by 0.97%. Keywords: Hepatts B1, HIV/AIDS, Lnear Probablty Model (LPM). Introducton An nfectous dsease s a clncally evdent dsease resultng from the presence of pathogenc mcrobal agents, ncludng pathogenc vruses, pathogenc bactera, fung, protozoa, multcellular parastes, and aberrant protens known as prons. These pathogens are able to cause dseases n anmals and/or plants. Infectous pathologes are usually qualfed as contagous dseases (also called communcable dseases) due to ther potentalty of transmsson from one person or speces to another [1]. Transmsson of an nfectous dsease may occur through one or more dverse pathways ncludng physcal contact wth nfected ndvduals. These nfected agents may also be transmtted through lquds, food, body fluds, contamnated objects, arborne nhalaton, or through vector borne spread [2]. The term nfectvty descrbes the ablty of an organsm to enter, survve and multply n the host, whle the nfectousness of a dsease ndcate the comparatve ease wth whch the dsease 84

2 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) s transmtted to other hosts [3]. Among the almost nfnte vertes of organsms, relatvely few cause dseases n other healthy ndvduals [4]. Infectous dseases results from nterplay between those few pathogens and the defense of the hosts they nfect. The appearance and severty of dseases resultng from any pathogens depends upon the ablty of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ablty of the host to resst the pathogen. Infectous mcroorgansms, or mcrobes, are therefore classfed as ether prmary pathogens or as opportunstc pathogens accordng to the status of host defense. Prmary pathogens cause dsease as a result of ther presence or actvty wthn the normal, healthy host, and ther ntrnsc vrulence (the severty of the dseases they cause) s, n part, a necessary consequence of ther need to reproduce and spread. Many of the most common prmary pathogens of humans only nfect humans, however many serous dseases caused by organsms acqured from the envronment or whch nfect no-human hosts. Organsms whch cause an nfectous dsease n a host wth depressed resstance are classfed as opportunstc pathogens. An opportunstc dseases requres mparment of the host defenses, whch may occur as a result of genetc defects (such as Chronc granulomatous dsease), exposure to the ant-mcrobal drugs or mmunosuppressve chemcals (as mght occur followng posonng or cancer chemotheraphy), exposure to onzng radaton, or as a result of an nfectous dsease wth mmunosuppressve actvty (such as measles or HIV dseases). The most famlar classfcaton of nfectous dsease for most of us s characterzed by the causatve organsm. Pathogenc organsm, bactera, vruses, fung, and parastes have propertes that can cause dsease. We wll lmt our dscusson to bactera and vruses because they are the nfectous agents that are most lkely to be used by terrorsts. One of the major morphologc characterzatons of bactera s determned by whether the bactera gram stans. For example, anthrax and botulsm are both caused by gram-postve bacll whle plague s caused by gram-negatve bactera. Mcrobologcal Classfcaton of Infectous Dseases Bacteral Gram-Negatve Gram-Postve DNA Vrus Vral RNA Vrus Enveloped vs Non-Enveloped Fungal Parastc Dssemnated Localzed Protozoa Helmnths Bactera are also morphologcally classfed by ther shape and arrangement. In addton to the morphologcal classfcaton, bactera can be classfed bochemcally. Vruses are the smallest of the nfectous agents. They range n sze from 20 to 200 nana meters, whch s a sze that cannot be easly seen by lght mcroscopy. Vruses contan ether DNA or RNA and are ether enveloped or non- enveloped, whch are mportant factors for classfyng the vrus. The entre nfectous vrus s called a vron. For example, smallpox s a DNA vrus and s a member of the genus orthopoxvrus. The orthopoxvruses are among the largest and most complex of all vruses wth the vron havng a dameter of about 200 nm. Monkeypox, vaccna, and cowpox are also members of ths genus. These vruses can also nfect humans. 85

3 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) Sources of Data The data of ths study was taken from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographc and Health Survey (BDHS 2007). The BDHS 2007 s a natonally representatve survey from 10,996 women age and 3,771 men aged from 10,400 household coverng 361 sample ponts (cluster) throughout Bangladesh 134 urban areas and 227 n the rural areas. The daya has collected from these sx admnstratve dvsons for the country- Barsal, Chttagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshah and Sylhet. The present study utlzes the BDHS data, 2007 ever-marred women of age are consdered by the study. Our study sample s Result and Dscusson Data were come from Bangladesh Demographc and health Survey (BDHS 2007). Here 7680 data were consdered n ths study. Some basc characterstcs of ths populaton are Followng tables show the result of assocaton of dfferent attrbutes wth ther correspondng cross tabulaton, calculated ch-square and tabulated ch-square value wth ther correspondng d.f., ρ value, the sgnfcance level of assocaton at 5% and fnally the mean and standard devaton value of each group to enclose the average number of respondents n each of the group wth ther varaton for the dfferent ndependent varables. Table-1: Dstrbuton of fnal say on usng condom as a securty measure for Preventng Contamnaton of HIV/ AIDS wth Educatonal Attanment Educatonal Attanment Illterate 1019 Reducng Chance of HIV/AIDS by Usng Condom Calculated 2 λ and ρvalues No Yes Total 2 = (26.2%) Lterate 2874 (73.8%) Total (14.5%) 3209 (85.5%) (20.5%) 6083 (79.5%) 7648 λ cal d.f.= 1 ρ = 0.00 Sgnfcance level of assocaton at 5% Sgnfcant Mean Standard devaton (100%) (100%) (100%) From the above Table 1 t can be notced that mammoth number (26.2%) of llterate respondents responded as they ddn t use condom as the protecton measure at the tme of ntercourse and on the other hand majorty (85..5%) lterate respondents use condom at the tme of sexual ntercourse. It reflects the fact that wth the educaton a person comes to know many nformaton regardng the securty of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS wthout whch t s almost mpossble to keep the protecton level ntact. 86

4 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) Table-2: Dstrbuton of fnal say on usng condom as a securty measure for Preventng Contamnaton of HIV/ AIDS wth the Habt of Watchng TV Varable Watchng TV No 887 Reducng Chance of HIV/AIDS by Usng Condom Calculated 2 λ and ρvalues No Yes Total 2 λ = (23.6%) Yes 3344 (43.7%) Total 4231 (100%) 2868 (76.4%) 4304 (56.2%) 7167 (100%) 3755 (100%) 7648 (100%) cal d.f.= 1 ρ = 0.00 Sgnfcance level of assocaton at5% Sgnfcant Mean Standard devaton Here from Table 2 t can be realzed that wth the habt of watchng TV the habt of usng condom at the tme sexual ntercourse ncreased. It reflects that electronc meda as TV has t s own part to provde varous nformaton about varous lfe threatenng nfectous dseases as HIV/AIDS by telecastng varetes of nformatve program and medcal talk show. Table-3: Dstrbuton of fnal say on usng condom as a securty measure for Preventng Contamnaton of HIV/AIDS wth the economc status of the respondents Reducng Chance of Varable HIV/AIDS by Usng Condom Economc Status No Yes Total Calculated 2 λ and ρvalues Sgnfcance level of assocaton at 5% Mean Standard devaton Hgh Economc Status Low Economc Status 3052 (81.3%) 703 (18.7%) 3755 (100%) λ = cal d.f.= 1 Sgnfcant ρ = 0.00 Here from Table 3 t can be vable that the majorty of the respondents wth hgh economc status (72.1%) are used to use condom at the tme of sexual ntercourse but for the respondents wth low economc t can easly be 87

5 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) seen that the majorty of 81.3% are not used to use condom at the tme pf sexual ntercourse. Ths reflects that wth the enhancement n economc status a person become more and more conscous as they consder so many protectons to keep themselves away from the pandemc. Table-4: Dstrbuton of fnal say on usng condom as a securty measure for Preventng Contamnaton of HIV/ AIDS wth the place of resdence of the respondents Varable Place of Resdence Reducng Chance of HIV/AIDS by Usng Condom No Yes Total Calculated 2 λ and ρvalues d.f.= 1 ρ = 0.00 Sgnfcance level of assocaton at 5% Mean Standard devaton Urban Rural Sgnfcant λcal = (51.1%) (48.9%) (100%) Now, from Table 4 t s notfed that urban people are more frequent n usng condom (58.7%) at the tme of ntercourse than those of the rural people (48.9%). Ths happens because many rural people are not been able to collect the up to date nformaton regardng the protecton process of the nfectous dseases lke HIV/AIDS and that s why they don t have the know-how about those conscousness orented knowledge. To predct the fnal say on use of condom as securty measure for the respondents a lnear probablty model has been ft. A set of ndependent and dependent varables are defned as: R E yes, = 0, otherwse respondentsusecondomat thetmesexual 1, respondents = 0, otherwse lterate ntercourse WT 1, If the respondent watches TV = 0, otherwse 88

6 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) WI PR 1,f = 0, otherwse respondentsrch 1,f respondents lves n urban area = 0, otherwse The ftted lnear probablty model s dsclosed to predct Fnal say on the conscousness on nfectous dsease for elgble respondents. The model s represented bellow: R = 0.126E WT SE = (0.012) (0.014) t = (11.124) (11.122) ρ = (0.000) (0.000) } The lnear probablty model for explanng respondent s habt of watchng TV s herewth bellow: WT = 0.247WI PR E SE = (0.012) (0.010) (0.012) t= (22.062) (18.428) (8.569) ρ = (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) } Smlarly the lnear probablty model for explanng respondents educaton can be ftted as E = 0.191WI PR SE = (0.011) (0.009) t = (16.295) (2.318) ρ = (0.000) (0.002) Here evdently R can be explaned by Eas respondent s conscousness level has been explaned by respondent s educatonal level. Agan, WT refers respondent s habt of watchng TV through whch the conscousness level can be explaned. Here, t s notced that respondent s conscousness about the contamnaton of HIV/AIDS s furnshed by both educatonal attanment and the habt of watchng TV as through the proper educaton a person could notch up the nvarable nformaton about the pandemc and through the proper channel of nformaton by the electronc meda as TV a person can be able to rch hs or her bank of knowledge. From equaton 3, t can be seen that the coeffcent of educatonal status s postve and respondent s habt of watchng TV s also postve. That means wth ncrease of educatonal attanment as well as the habt of watchng TV the conscousness level about HIV/AIDS s enhanced. It can be mentoned that wth 10% ncrease n the respondent s educatonal attanment, the conscousness level could also be ncreased by 1.26%. However, 10% ncrease n the habt of watchng TV can ncrease the conscousness about HIV/AIDS by 1.26% whch s 89

7 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) same as the probablty of the ncrement of educatonal attanment. It has been found that the respondent s ncome, place of resdence and educatonal attanment play the pvotal role n explanng the habt of watchng TV. Wth 10% ncrease of respondent s ncome the probablty of growng habt of watchng TV s also ncreased by 2.4% and 10% mprovement n the respondent s place of resdence s elgble for makng an ncrement over the probablty of growng the habt of watchng TV. Here, the result mples that the electronc meda whch s one of the vtal sources of knowledge about HIV/AIDS could only be afforded by those who have a certan enhancement level of educaton and of those who have comparatvely a better place of resdence (.e., those who lve n urban area). Furthermore, the respondent s ncome and the place of resdence hghly and sgnfcantly nfluence educatonal attanment of the respondents. That s, the respondents who have the hgh level of ncome and to those who have a hgher status of lvng has the hgher probablty to have the hgher level of educatonal attanment. From equaton 5 t s clear that for 10% ncrease n respondent s ncome and 10% mprovement n the place of resdence allow to acqure a better educatonal background s essental for gatherng the nformatve news about the nfectous dseases lke HIV/AIDS. So, thorough the three equatons of lnear probablty model t has been clear that educaton, ncome, and lvng areas are the most mportant and sgnfcant factors those affect conscousness level of a respondents postvely. So, t s oblgatory to mprove the educatonal attanment whch brng the opportunty to lve n the upgraded zone. No, from equaton 4 and 5 t can be revealed as: WT = 0.247WI > WT = 0.247WI > WT = 0.247WI > WT = 0.467WI PR PR PR E (0.191WI WI PR ) PR PR...(6) From equaton 6 t s clear that the habt of watchng TV hghly depended on ncome and the place of resdence. That s, a person who wll have a better ncome wth a better place of resdence wll be facltated by the habt of havng the latest news and vews about any nfectous dseases or any latest part through the process of beng connected wth electronc meda. Agan, from the equaton 3, 5 and 6 we can solve the followng equaton: R > R = 0.126E > R > R = 0.126(0.19WI = (0.023WI = (0.0818WI WT PR ) (0.467WI PR WI PR ) PR )...(7) PR ) From (7) number equaton t s clear that ncome and place of resdence has a very pvotal contrbuton ncreasng the conscous level about HIV/AIDS. It s qute clear that wth the ncrease of ncome and havng been an urban resdent a person could be able to know many mportant nformaton regardng varous dseases through explorng vertes of nformaton as electronc meda, mass meda, nternet and lke. So, through the

8 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) process of acqurng a hgher level of educaton, ncreasng ncome and stayng n urban area a person could be more conscous. Here the rural people become the vctm of not havng the suffcent amount of sources of knowledge. In ths connecton dfferent GOs and NGOs are supposed to work together to provde vertes of necessary nformaton to the grass root people. Sgnfcance and Dssemnaton of the Result The socal norms and polcy envronment nfluence the rsky and safe behavour of people. In turn, polcy nterventons also can effectvely change socetal norms and behavours to promote preventons programs of varous nfectous dseases at the aggregate level. Chldhood and adult mortalty can be reduced dramatcally through mproved management of nfectous dseases and preventon va ntroducton of vaccnes and behavour modfcaton. New technology are provdng opportuntes for rapd, practcal dagnostc tests whch wll mprove management; vaccnes whch can provde preventon opportuntes; optons for treatment nclude an enhanced super ORS ; and novel antmcrobal therapes. Understandng the control of nfectous dseases requres and understandng of basc mechansms and from the perspectve our desre s to undertake studes of how certan bactera affect human beng, how they spread to people, what type of carelessness (.e., causes of the prevalence of nfectous dseases) the general people possess that allow those dseases to be grpped, and how people could protect themselves from those dseases. Based on contnung challenges, opportuntes, and relatve strengths, our study has dentfed ntally the followng actons for nfectous dseases to eradcate t s catastrophc effect: 1. To defne the epdemology and burden of selected nfectous dseases and dentfy effectve strateges for preventon and control. These nclude tuberculoss, darrhea, ALRI (pneumona), typhod fever, dengue malara, kala azar, and drug resstance nfectons. 2. To develop and/ or evaluate rapd or smple dagnostc tests to mprove case detecton and survellance. 3. To defne the need for selected vaccnes, e.g., hepatts B, and evaluate promsng new vaccnes for enterc (rotavrus, cholera, ETEC, typhod) and respratory nfectons (H nfluenzas, pneumona, vral nfluenza, RSV), dengue, and tuberculoss. Conduct trals of relevant new vaccnes ncludng phase 1, 2 and 3 trals. 4. To enhance the capacty to nvestgate, study, and manage outbreaks of communcable dseases n the regons. 5. To asssts wth technology transfer to allow other countres to manage the mergng nfectous dseases, especally related to cholera and rotavrus (world wde), and HIV/AIDS n the regon. 6. To explot the huge database that have been generated on genomes of bacteral, vral and parastc pathogens to understand and dssect dfferences n pathogenc mcroorgansms solated n ths part of the world. Apart of that we do beleve that many more mplacable and ndspensable fndngs wth correspondng polcy mplcatons wll be delvered through ths study whch wll hopefully help the Government and non-government nsttutons to rebuld ther plan of acton for the purpose of draggng people out from the vulnerablty of nfectng wth varous lfe threatenng nfectous dseases. References 1. Dorland's Illustrated Medcal Dctonary 2004 WB Saunders 2. "Infectous dsease." McGraw-Hll Encyclopeda of Scence and Technology. The McGraw-Hll Companes, Inc.,

9 Informaton and Knowledge Management ISSN (Paper) ISSN X (Onlne) 3. Glossary of Notfable Condtons Washngton State Department of Health 4. Ths secton ncorporates publc doman materals ncluded n the text: Medcal Mcrobology Fourth Edton: Chapter 8 (1996). Baron, Samuel MD. The Unversty of Texas Medcal Branch at Galveston 5. Kenneth J. Ryan and C. George Ray, Sherrs Medcal Mcrobology Fourth Edton McGraw Hll Infectous and Epdemc Dsease n Hstory 7. Dobson, Andrew P. and E. Robn Carter (1996) Infectous Dseases and Human Populaton Hstory (full-text pdf) Boscence; Smallpox and Vaccna. Natonal Center for Botechnology Informaton. 9. Smallpox: The Trumph over the Most Terrble of the Mnsters of Death 10. Multdrug-Resstant Tuberculoss. Centers for Dsease Control and Preventon. 11. Davd W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medcne", Heart Vews 4 (2). 12. Watts, D. J. (2006) Sx Degrees: the Scence of a Connected Age. London: Wllam Henemann 13. Smallpox and Vaccna. Natonal Center for Botechnology Informaton. 14. Watts, D. J. (2006) Sx Degrees: the Scence of a Connected Age. London: Wllam Henemann Bography of the Authors: Md. Behzad Noor has completed Masters from the Department of Human Resource Development (HRD), Unversty of Rajshah, Bangladesh and stood Frst Class Frst. He has completed M. Phl. under the aforesad Department, Unversty of Rajshah, Bangladesh. Presently he s workng as an Assstant Professor, Department of Busness Admnstraton, Shanto-Maram Unversty of Creatve Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mr Abdullah Shahneaz was born n Shefa Kunjoo 42, Kaz Nazrul Islam Road, Court Para, Kushta-7000, Bangladesh on 1 st January, He s pursng PhD (wth full scholarshp) from Jahangrnagar Unversty, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He receved Masters n Development Studes, 2010 from Islamc Unversty, Kushta, Bangladesh, Masters n Economcs,2007(11th Stand) and Bachelor (Hon s) n Economcs, 2006,from Natonal Unversty, Gazpur, Bangladesh. At present he s workng as a lecturer n Economcs n the Department of Busness Admnstraton n Shanto Maram Unversty of Creatve Technology, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Rashadur Rahman was born n House No # 34, Road No # 08,Sector No #11, Uttara Model Town,Dhaka-1230., Bangladesh on January 15, 1978.He receved Masters of Busness Admnstraton (MBA),Major n Marketng,2004 and Bachelor of Busness Admnstraton (B.B.A), Major n Marketng,2001 from Dhaka Unversty, Dhaka, Bangladesh. At present he s workng as a Sr. lecturer of department of busness admnstraton n Shanto Maram unversty of Creatve technology, uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Shafqul Alam has been graduated n Management from Bangalore Unversty Inda, and completed master s n Human Resource Management from Angla Ruskn Unversty Cambrdge, UK. Currently he has been workng as a lecturer of busness faculty at Shanto Marum Unversty of Creatve Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh. Prevously he was a faculty at CLA UK, London Captal College UK, Graduate Tranee program at Tesco PLC UK and a research assocate at Cambran proposed Unversty n Dhaka, Bangladesh. 92

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