Blood Groups. Prepared by the one and only Mr.Yeung BIO30S

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1 lood Groups Prepared by the one and only Mr.Yeung IO30S

2 lood types were discovered Discovered by Karl Landsteiner Won Nobel Prize 1930 Why is finding out your blood type important? ut now How did he discover them?

3 What he did He had a bunch of different vials of blood nd then he just mixed them together

4 Like so What about? It CLUMPED! It CLUMPED too!

5 So what do you think..? What about? No Clumping eh? What the?? CLUMPING?

6 So what do we have? We have some that clump. nd some that don t clump

7 What he found was Clumping was due to an immune response caused by antibodies There were antibodies that were specific to some certain type of blood, which caused the clumping He then found out the antigens ( & ) on the surface of the red blood cells stimulated the antibody response He classified the 4 blood types,,, O

8 So what he found was O ntigens No antigens for antibodies to bind ntibody Either one can bind

9 lood groups There are antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The antigens represent the type of blood an individual has In addition, in the plasma of the blood, there are antibodies that were specific to the antigens Type antigen will agglutinate with antibody. The combination of both causes CLUMPING! Or agglutination

10 lood types What does it mean to have different blood types? Defined by the type of antigens (foreign stuff or anything that triggers WC to take action) attached If I have type blood, I have antigen If I have type blood, I have antigen If I have type blood, I have both + antigen If I have type O blood, I have No antigen

11 lood types Other than the antigens (bad guys that cause an immune response (antibodies to take action) You also have antibodies (good guys seeks out the antigens) The antibody acts as special police in our blood stream and binds on to anything that they are specific to. So an antibody will stop and bind to antigens and antibody will stop and bind to antigens

12 So what he found was O ntigens No antigens for antibodies to bind ntibody Either one can bind

13 lood types In blood, if they bind together If antibody binds with antigen (type blood) it will agglutinate or clump together. If antibody binds with antigen (type blood) it will agglutinate or clump together If antibody binds with antigen in blood it will gglutinate or clump together

14 So what he found was O ntigens No antigens for antibodies to bind Clumping! ntibody Clumping! Clumping! Either one can bind No Clumping cause There is no binding

15 lood types In real life If clumping occurs in our blood stream it will cause serious complications. That s why When you receive blood, they always make sure that your blood is compatible

16 lood types There are 4 main blood types,,, O Type has antigen, and antibodies Type has antigen, and antibodies Type has and antigen, and NO antibodies Type O has NO antigen and and antibodies

17 How do you find out your blood type? Since there are only two antibodies that stimulate a response in our blood, we use type and type antibody to test our 4 combinations Place a drop of blood on to antibody and see if there is a reaction. Place a drop of blood on to antibody and see if there is a reaction. If there is a reaction in antibody, and not in then you know it is blood type because there is only antigen on the red blood cell.

18 lood Typing My blood ntibody ntibody ntibody ntibody GGLUTINTION TYPE LOOD My blood Type

19 lood Typing What type is this? My blood My blood ntibody ntibody ntibody ntibody gglutination Type lood

20 lood Typing What about My blood My blood ntibody ntibody ntibody Clumping ntibody Clumping Type

21 lood Transfusion What about My blood My blood ntibody ntibody ntibody No Clumping ntibody No Clumping What blood type is this? Type O O doesn t have any antigens

22 Reaction of lood when mixed with and ntibodies Sample Mixed with nti Sample Mixed with nti ntigens present in Red lood Cells No Clumping No Clumping None O lood Type No Clumping Clumping Clumping No Clumping Clumping Clumping and

23 Questions 1. What causes clumping to occur in blood transfusion? 2. What are the 4 blood types? 3. What antibody(ies) is found on blood type O? 4. What is your blood type if there is clumping in the anti-, and anti- serum? 5. What is your blood type if there is no clumping in both your anti- and anti- serum? 6. How can you cause someone s blood to clump if you knew his blood type. 7. There is clumping in anti- but not anti- serum, what blood type do you have? 8. What antibodies are found on type blood?

24 The Rh (Rhesus) Factor In addition to the and antigens found on the red blood cells, there is another protein factor that is also found. The Rh is inherited from our parents and is independent from the and antigens. The Rh will give your blood type + if it is present, or - if it is not present. + blood would have all 3 antigens (,, and Rh) Someone with Rh (+) blood will NOT have the nti-rh antibody while someone without Rh (-) will have the nti-rh antibody in its blood plasma.

25 lood transfusion Now we know our blood have antigens and antibodies in it how can we make transfusing blood safer? We know blood type can be transfused with blood type, but what about the others? Let s think

26 lood Stream with Type - blood nti- antibody In your blood stream If your blood type is -, you will have anti- antibody and anti-rh. So what can be donated to this blood stream? Type? Type? Type? Type O?

27 lood Stream with Type - lood Transfuse with Type? What is on surface of Type - blood? antigen What is in Type - blood? nti- antibody nti antibody nti Rh antibody CLUMP!

28 lood transfusion in - blood Transfuse with Type -? What is on the surface of Type - blood? & antigen antibody CLUMP!

29 lood transfusion with Type O Type O? O What is on Type O- blood? No antigens antibody NO CLUMPING! O

30 Therefore You can only donate either the same blood type to the individual or type O- blood.

31 What about if your blood is Type?

32 lood Type transfusion Your blood stream nti- antibody If your blood type is +, you will have anti- antibody. So what can be donated to this blood stream? Type + -? Type + -? Type + -? Type O+ O-?

33 Transfuse with Type - Type -? What is on the surface of Type - blood? antigen CLUMP! nti- antibody in Type blood will clump with the antigen on - blood

34 lood type - transfusion Type -? What is on Type - blood? & antigen CLUMP!

35 lood type O- transfusion O Type O-? What is on Type O- blood? No antigen nti ntibody in type blood NO CLUMPING! O

36 Therefore You can only donate type - and - blood and type O- and O+ blood to type + blood.

37 What about type +? Who can donate to type +? What does type + blood contain? & antigen and Rh Factor, and no antibodies ny blood can donate to type + Or known as Universal Recipient ecause there are no antibodies to clump

38 What about type O? Who can donate to type O-? What does type O blood contain? No antigens but both & antibodies O O O O Only type O can receive type O blood because type O has oth antibodies. It will cause clumping if any or or both & blood comes in contact with type O.

39 ut who can type O donate to? Since type O- doesn t have any antigens type O- can donate to any blood type because other blood types do not have the antibodies GINST type O- O

40 Summary Universal Donor Universal Recipient

42 lood type percentages in Canada Source: Canadian lood services Total reak down from each blood type + 36% 42% - 6% + 7.6% 9% - 1.4% + 2.5% 3% - 0.5% O+ 39% 46% O- 7% Universal Recipient Universal Donor

Rh Factor Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Occurs during pregnancies If Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ (got it from the father), the blood from the child could

43 Rh Factor Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Occurs during pregnancies If Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ (got it from the father), the blood from the child could cross the placenta and transfuse into mother. The foreign blood of the child with Rh+ antigen will cause the mother to make antibodies against the antigen.

44 Doesn t affect the current baby, because the mother does not have the antibodies yet. ut in later pregnancies, the new developed antibodies could cross the blood lining and get into the baby s blood stream. Causing swelling and anemia by attacking the baby s red blood cells

47 Treatment to Rh problem Inject mother with Rh immunoglobulin (antibody) at 28 weeks gestation and within 72 hours of delivery. Prevents antibodies from being formed in the mother.

48 Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+

49 During delivery, the baby s blood enters the mother s blood stream Causing antibodies against the Rh factor to form

50 In later pregancies, the antibody developed from the previous pregnancy Could enter the baby s blood stream causing anemia and swelling.

51 Questions 1. Your blood typing test shows clumping in your anti- serum but not anti-, what blood type do you have? 2. Your blood typing test shows clumping in both your anti- and anti- serum, what blood type do you have? 3. Your blood typing test did not show any clumping in both anti- and anti- serum, what blood type do you have? 4. You want to donate blood to your brother who has type blood, what blood type do you have to be to donate blood to him? 5. You want to donate blood to your sister who has type blood, what blood type do you have to be? 6. What are antigens and antibodies in blood clumping sense? 7. You have type O blood, who can you donate your blood to? 8. What kind of antibodies do you have in type blood, type O blood and type blood? 9. What kind of antigens are found on the surface of type,,, and O red blood cells? 10. You did a blood transfusion on a patient, and his blood clumped. You found out he has type blood, what could have been the blood types that caused this clumping?

52 nswers 1. O or O or O- 4. ll 5. O negatives 6. +/ O- 8. O- 9. +/- O+/ /- O+/-

Blood Groups. Prepared by the one and only Mr.Yeung BIO30S

Blood Groups. Prepared by the one and only Mr.Yeung BIO30S lood Groups Prepared by the one and only Mr.Yeung IO30S lood types were discovered Discovered by Karl Landsteiner Won Nobel Prize 1930 Why is finding out your blood type important? ut now How did he discover