Respiration and Circulation

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1 Respiration and Circulation lood Key Concepts What does the do? How do the parts of the differ? What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an in the efore column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. fter you ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. efore Statement fter 5. ll are red. 6. lood plasma is just water. Find the Main Idea Find and underline the main idea in each paragraph. Review the underlined ideas to help you study this lesson. Reading Check 1. Explain In what ways does your protect you? Functions of lood Have your ever had an injury that caused bleeding? lood is a red liquid that is a little thicker than water. You learned that your circulatory system works closely with all your other body systems to maintain homeostasis. lood is the link that connects the circulatory system with all the other body systems. lood transports substances around your body. It helps protect your body from infection. lood also helps keep your body s temperature steady. Transportation lood transports many substances through your body. You have read that carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from your lungs. lood also picks up nutrients in the small intestine and carries them to all body. It transports hormones that are produced by the endocrine system. lood carries waste products to the excretory system. Most of the substances are dissolved in the liquid part of. Protection Some fight infection. They help protect you from harmful organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. lood also contains materials that help repair torn vessels and heal wounds. When you get a cut or a scrape, materials in your help protect your body from losing too much. 272 Respiration and Circulation Reading Essentials

Temperature Regulation lood helps your body stay at a temperature of about 37 C. When your body temperature is too high, vessels near the surface of your skin widen.

2 Temperature Regulation lood helps your body stay at a temperature of about 37 C. When your body temperature is too high, vessels near the surface of your skin widen. This increases flow to your skin s surface and releases more thermal energy into the air. Your body cools down. When your body temperature lowers, vessels at your skin s surface get narrower. This decreases flow to your skin s surface and reduces the amount of thermal energy that is lost to the air. Your body warms up. Parts of lood lood is a tissue because it is made up of different kinds of that work together. The figure shows s four main parts: red, white, platelets, and plasma. Most adults have about 70 ml of per kilogram of body weight. n average adult has about five to six liters of. Key Concept Check 2. Name three functions of the. Platelets Red White Plasma Red lood Cells Every cubic milliliter of your contains four to six million red, or erythrocytes (ih RITH ruh sites). Red are made mostly of iron-rich protein molecules called hemoglobin (HEE muh gloh bun). In the alveoli of the lungs, oxygen attaches to the hemoglobin. The hemoglobin releases the oxygen when red enter the capillaries and get close to body. Look at the red in the figure above. How would you describe their shape? You might say that they look like doughnuts without holes. This flattened disk shape gives red more surface area. They can carry more oxygen than they could if they were round like a ball. Red wear out after a few months, so your body produces new red all the time. Visual Check 3. Locate the four main parts of. Circle an example of each of them. Make a four-door book to organize information about the parts of and their functions. Red Platelets White Plasma Reading Essentials Respiration and Circulation 273

Visual Check 4. Identify two things that make up a clot. White lood Cells Your contains several kinds of white, or leukocytes (LEW kuh sites). White protect your body from illness and infection.

3 Visual Check 4. Identify two things that make up a clot. White lood Cells Your contains several kinds of white, or leukocytes (LEW kuh sites). White protect your body from illness and infection. Some attack viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that might invade your body. Most white last only a few days. Your body is always replacing them. You have fewer white 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter than red. Pl atelets What happens if you get a cut? The cut, or wound, bleeds for a short time. Then the clots, as shown below. Platelets are small, irregularly shaped pieces of in the that plug wounds and stop bleeding. Platelets produce proteins that help make the plug stronger. Without platelets, would not stop flowing through the wound. Your contains 150,000 to 440,000 platelets per cubic millimeter. Red Key Concept Check 5. Describe How do the parts of differ? ctivated platelets White cell Step 1 Platelets rush to the tear and form a plug to stop the bleeding. Step 2 web of fibrin forms around the platelets to hold them in place. Step 3 More platelets and red are caught in the fibrin web, forming a clot. Plasma The yellowish, liquid part of, called plasma, transports. Plasma is 90 percent water. It helps thin the. lood has to be thin to move through small vessels. Plasma contains many dissolved molecules that travel along in the. They include salts, vitamins, sugars, minerals, proteins, and cellular wastes. Plasma also helps control the activities of in your body. Plasma carries chemical messengers that control the amounts of salts and glucose that enter. 274 Respiration and Circulation Reading Essentials

4 lood Types Do you know someone who has donated? Doctors use donated to help people who have lost too much from an injury or surgery. transfusion is the transfer of one person s to another person. ll human has the same four parts red, white, platelets, and plasma. ut you cannot receive a transfusion from just anyone. Different people have different types. The O System You inherited your type from your parents. lood type refers to the type of proteins, or antigens, on red. The table below shows the four human types:,,, and O. s you can see, type have the antigen. Type have the antigen. Type have both and antigens. Type O have no antigens. Visual Check 6. Solve Which type has more types of clumping proteins than the others? lood Type Type Type Type Type O ntigens on red If different antigens are introduced through a transfusion, the red will clump together and no longer function. Clumps form because of clumping proteins in plasma, shown in the table above. The type of clumping proteins in your determines what type you could safely get in a transfusion.,, and O types have clumping proteins in their plasma. person with type has anti- clumping proteins that attack type antigens and cause type red to clump together. Type has no clumping proteins. People with type can receive any type because it has no clumping proteins. Type O has anti- and anti- proteins. People with type O can donate to anyone. Percentage of US population with this type Clumping proteins in plasma nti- nti- None nti- and anti- lood type(s) that can be RECEIVED in a transfusion or O or O or or or O O only This type can DONTE TO these types or or only or or or O Reading Check 7. State What usually happens when two different types of mix? Reading Essentials Respiration and Circulation 275

5 Reading Check 8. Determine What kinds of antigens are found in +? Math Skills If percentages refer to the same factor, they can be added or subtracted. For example, you could add the percentages of people with each of the four types: 42% + 10% + 4% + 44% = 100% You could also subtract to find the percentage of people who do not have type O : 100% - 44% = 56% 9. Use Percentages Forty-four percent of people have type O. If 7 percent of people have type O and are Rh negative, what percent has type O Rh positive? Visual Check 10. Explain Why doesn t flow smoothly in a person with sickle-cell disease? The Rh Factor nother protein found on red is a chemical marker called the Rh factor. Some people have this protein on their red. People who have this protein are Rh positive. People without this protein are Rh negative. If Rh positive mixes with Rh negative, clumping can result. lood types usually have a plus (+) or a negative ( ) sign to show whether the person is Rh positive or negative. For example, a person with an + type has red with antigens and the Rh factor. Someone with O has no antigens and no Rh factor. lood Disorders Sometimes a person s does not function as it should. People with hemophilia do not have a protein needed to clot. They bleed at the same rate as other people. However, their bleeding does not stop as quickly as it does for other people. People with anemia have low numbers of red or have red that do not contain enough hemoglobin. Their might not carry as much oxygen as their bodies need. one marrow is the soft tissue in the center of bones. It produces red. Cancer of the bone marrow is called leukemia. Leukemia can slow or prevent cell formation. Leukemia can lead to anemia and a damaged immune system. People who inherit sickle-cell disease have red shaped like crescents, or sickles (old-fashioned farm tools with curved blades). s shown in the figure below, sickleshaped do not move through vessels as easily as normal, disk-shaped do. They form clumps that can block vessels. Sickle can keep oxygen from reaching tissues and cause sickle-cell anemia. Normal red Sickle 276 Respiration and Circulation Reading Essentials

6 Mini Glossary plasma: the yellowish, liquid part of that transports Rh factor: a protein found on red that is a chemical marker platelets: small, irregularly shaped pieces of in the that plug wounds and stop bleeding 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence using your own words to explain the role of platelets in the formation of clots. 2. Fill in the table below to identify the parts of. Parts of lood What They Do Red protect from illness and infection Platelets What do you think Reread the statements at the beginning of the lesson. Fill in the fter column with an if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. Did you change your mind? thin the ; carry dissolved molecules around the body 3. I magine that you have one of the disorders discussed in this lesson. Write a paragraph to explain your disorder and tell how it affects your. ConnectED Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson s resources. END OF LESSON Reading Essentials Respiration and Circulation 277

Respiration and Circulation

Respiration and Circulation lood Functions of lood Have your ever had an injury that caused bleeding? lood is a red liquid that is a little thicker than water. You learned that your circulatory system