Plant Biology, Carbon Dioxide and Health

Transcription

1 Plant Biology, Carbon Dioxide and Health Lewis H. Ziska, PhD, USDA-ARS Health in a Changing Climate Bon Secours St Mary s Hospital Richmond, VA, February 10, 2018

2 Plants are essential to life. Light Nutrients Water Carbon Dioxide The rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 will alter global plant biology.

3 CO2, climate, plants and public health Direct Effects Allergies Contact dermatitis Indirect Effects Nutrition Medicine / Narcotics

4 Plant-based Allergies. Weeds and Grasses Trees Ragweed

5 From the lab to the real world

6 Ragweed in real 4me. Using macro-climatic differences in CO 2 and temperature along an urban-rural gradient to study initial growth, productivity and species dynamics of fallow farm soil Urban areas = Harbinger of climate change For each site: o C CO2 1. Dig Plots 2. Move soil 3. Make uniform 4. Monitor

7 Daytime Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Urbaniza4on and climate change. Daytime Air Temperature ( o C) Location Rural Suburban Urban Night-time Temperature ( o C) Location Rural Suburban Urban Change in season length (days) Urban-Rural h ozone average (nl O 3 l -1 of air) Location Rural Suburban Urban What about other meteorological variables? Day of Year (2004) 8-h daytime ozone season Overall: Urban-induced increases in carbon dioxide, air temperature and growing season are consistent with most IPCC near-term scenarios. With the exception of N deposition, other variables did not differ consistency, but N low relative to soil N.

8 Got ragweed? Ragweed Pollen (grains m -3 ) Farm, rural 2006 site County Park, semi-rural Downtown, urban Day of Year Urban locale had longer growing season (milder winter), warmer temperatures, and more carbon dioxide. Ziska et al. 2003, JACI, 111:

9 Scaling Up: Warming should increase with increasing latitude. Is a climate signal apparent with respect to length of ragweed pollen season? Climate signal: From June 21st to first frost.

10 Frost Free Days, Pollen Season and Latitude PNAS, 108:

11 Tomorrow the world? REKJAVIK, Fairbanks, ICELAND AK Turku, Finland TOTAL SEASONAL POLLEN TOTAL SEASONAL SEASONAL POLLEN POLLEN TOTAL YEAR YEAR YEAR

12 2. CO 2, plants and contact dermatitis Can rising CO 2 alter plant based dermatitis?

13 Poison Ivy and CO2

14 Poison ivy plants grow faster at elevated CO ul/l 570 ul/l

15 Poison ivy allergenicity Ambient saturated* a - monoene b - monoene diene* triene* Unsaturated: saturated cogeners Ambient ** Elevated Elevated Duke University, USDA study, PNAS 103:

16 CO2, climate, plants and public health Direct Effects Allergies: CO 2 and changing season length has, and will likely continue to exacerbate plant based aero-allergens. Contact dermatitis: CO 2 can stimulate the growth of poison ivy and can alter its chemistry to make a more virulent form of urushiol, the oil that causes contact dermatitis.

17 CO2, climate, plants and public health Indirect Effects Nutrition Medicine / Narcotics

18 Nutritional Effects Rising CO 2 by itself will have negative effects on nutrition.

19 Iron (Fe) % Protein 86Y8 Hokuriku 193 Rice FACE System, Nipponbare Tsukuba Japan _ X = % CO 2 ; P < 0.001*** CO 2 x cultivar; P = 0.48 Takanari Wuyunjing 23 Lemont Bekoaoba IR 72 Hoshiaoba Yangdao 6 hao Liang You 084 Wuyunjing 21 Milyang 23 Yliangyou Zhonghua 11 Koshihikari Yongyou Momiroman _ X = % CO 2 ; P < 0.001*** CO 2 x Cultivar; P = 0.03* Wuyunjing 21 Wuyunjing 23 86Y8 Yliangyou Lemont Nipponbare Hokuriku 193 IR 72 Milyang 23 Hoshiaoba Bekoaoba Momiroman Koshihikari Zhonghua 11 Takanari Yliangyou 84 Yangdao 6 hao Yongyou Percent change relative to ambient CO 2 Percent change relative to ambient CO 2

20 Vitamin B1 _ X = % CO 2 ; P < 0.001*** CO 2 x Cultivar; P =0.87 Vitamin B5 _ X = % CO 2 ; P < 0.001*** CO 2 x Cultivar; P =0.72 Percent change (relative to ambient CO 2 ) Takanari Liang You 84 Yangdao Yangdao 6 hao 6 hao Zhonghua 11 Yliangyou Wuyunjing 21 Wuyunjing 21 Takanari Zhonghua 11 Koshihikari Koshihikari Liang You 84 Wuyunjing 23 Wuyunjing 23 Yongyou Tocopherol Vitamin B5 Yongyou Vitamin B2 alpha-tocopherol Yliangyou Liang You 84 Vitamin B9 Vitamin B9 _ Yliangyou X 10= % Wuyunjing 23 _ X = % CO 2 ; P < 0.001*** CO 2 x Cultivar; P =0.84 Vitamin B6 CO 2 ; P < 0.001*** Takanari Percent change relative to ambient CO CO 2 x Cultivar; P =0.67 r 2 = 0.84 P<0.001*** _ X = % Vitamin B1 CO 2 ; P = 0.03* Vitamin B2 CO 2 x Cultivar; P = 0.21 Zhonghua 11 Liang You 84 Yangdao 6 hao Koshihikari Yliangyou Takanari Yongyou Wuyunjing 23 Wuyunjing 21 Yongyou Wuyunjing 23 Takanari Yangdao 6 hao Ratio Yongyouof Molecular Weight (N to Vitamin) Yangdao 6 hao Koshihikari Zhonghua 11 Wuyunjing 21 Wuyunjing 21 Koshihikari Zhonghua 11 Yliangyou Liang You Percent decline relative to ambient CO 2

21 Nutrition and Food Allergens 5 "Georgia Green" Ara h1 (mg g -1 ) * "Virginia Jumbo" * ppm CO ppm CO 2 Ziska et al Crop Science, 56:

22 Increasing atmospheric CO 2, plant biology and medicine.

23 Pharmacological Depots Cocaine Atropine Caffeine Codeine Morphine Nicotine Scopolamine Thebaine

24 CO 2 and malaria: Medicine In 2012, ~650,ooo died from malaria 90% in Africa, 90% < 5 years old. ACTs

25 CO 2 and artemesinin. 11 Wild Artemisia annua Herbarium Samples Artemisinin Content (mg g -1 ) Estimated Artemisinin (mg g -1 ) CO C:N Ratio R = 0.86 Decade Data from FACE study in China. More CO 2, the higher The C:N ratio. Zhu et al. 2015, Climatic Change 132:

26 CO 2, plants and narcotics. Effects unknown Growth Increases Google Me

27 CO 2 and a Medicine/Narcotic. Morphine Used wild poppy (P. setigerum) as a test case. Heroin

28 Averages P-value Variable CO2 Effect Capsule No *** Capsule Wt. (g) *** Latex (mg) *** Morphine (%) Concentration of other alkaloids did not increase with increasing CO 2.

29 Climate change, plants and public health Indirect Effects Nutrition: Strong evidence that the nutritional value of food crops will decline. Other nutritional aspects, including food allergies remain undetermined. Medicine / Narcotics: Strong evidence that plant derived pharmacological compounds will be affected. Consequences are unknown.

30 Now What? We acknowledge the synergy between plant biology, carbon dioxide, climate and public health. At USDA-ARS, Our entire budget has declined by 25% since Yet, potential for basic and applied research and impact of potential research in the context of public health is enormous. What can we do to work together? Anyone have any research $$$? Anyone? Anyone? Bueller?