An Introduction to Chemical- Free Mold Remediation

Transcription

1 An Introduction to Chemical- Free Mold Remediation (Duration: 5 hours) U.S. Green Building Council Professional Development Course: EPP Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. 1

2 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. is a U.S. Green Building Council Education Provider. Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. is committed to enhancing the ongoing professional development of the green building industry through top-quality, third-party reviewed education courses. The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) Education Provider Program has approved the technical and instructional quality of this course. The review process and criteria were established by the USGBC Professional Development Committee. * A current listing of all approved courses can be found online at Education Provider Program details can be found at * USGBC has not reviewed and does not endorse any products, services, credentials or certifications associated with the course. Neither USGBC nor Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) participated in the development or delivery of this course. Neither organization endorses this course as test preparation for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Accredited Professional Exam, nor do they guarantee that course attendees will successfully pass the LEED Accredited Professional Exam after completing this course.

3 Chemical-Free Mold Remediation This free online course has been developed for the U.S. Green Building Council Education Provider Program as a public service by: Gary Rosen, Ph.D., LEED AP & Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Course is hosted at: Buildings.org There are no prerequisites for the course. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 2

4 Course Description This Free On-Line Course provides an introduction to safe, chemical-free techniques for persons doing mold remediation work. Targeted towards builders, facility managers and mold remediation contractors, this course augments the recommended mold remediation procedures covered by US EPA and OSHA guidelines. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 3

5 Review Quizzes After each section there will be a short review quiz. Please check your progress before moving on to the next section by taking the quiz. If you do not score 80% or better, please review the material in the previous section and retake the quiz. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 4

6 Course Description The course will explore: Chemical-free remediation procedures that reduce the spread of construction dusts to preserve and/or restore good indoor air quality. The important relationship between a clean, moldfree AC and duct system to good indoor air quality. Mold sampling/ testing for post remediation assessment. Alternatives to sampling for post remediation assessment. Special attention will be paid to mold in buildings of sensitivity such as schools. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 5

7 Chemical-Free Mold Remediation Almost 1 in 3 children and a significant number of adults suffer from asthma, respiratory allergies and/or chemical sensitivities. These populations are all mold sensitive. Mold toxin, allergen, and irritant levels that affect sensitive individuals may be as low as 1-2% the levels that affect the general population. Schematic of AC duct system. Hidden mold contamination in the AC or duct system can be a major source of irritation. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 6

8 Chemical-Free Mold Remediation With many children and adults spending up to 90% of their time inside, we must rethink the idea of how clean the work site has been left after mold removal and cleanup (mold remediation.) Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 7

9 Course Learning Objectives Implement proper cleaning /removal methods for mold and other water damage related contaminants, that are suitable for mold sensitive individuals such as children and the elderly. Create work plans for material removal that minimize construction dusts to simplify post-remediation cleaning, assessment and reduce costs. Example of mold resistant drywall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 8

10 Course Learning Objectives Determine when hidden mold is a problem and when it is not. Differentiate between cleaning agents in mold remediation work. Which are appropriate for healthy, safe mold clean up and which are not. Defect in AC ducting insulation that led to contaminated ductwork. Understand the limitations of relying on mold testing to determine if mold work has been properly performed. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 9

11 Chemical-Free Mold Remediation Is the work site, after mold removal, clean enough for mold sensitive children? Clean enough for chemically sensitive or immune compromised adults? Has the mold contamination spread to the AC and duct system? What about residual chemicals called biocides left by the remediation process in order to keep on killing so mold does not return? Mold behind bathroom vanity. Remove & replace with new drywall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 10

12 Chemical-Free Mold Remediation Using biocide chemicals to keep on killing Are they really needed? Chemicals that keep on killing is that what we want in our homes, offices or schools? Chemical-free mold remediation avoids the use of such biocides & by carefully controlling the spread of contaminants during demolition work actually reduces job costs while improving the resultant indoor air quality. Mold resistant (in this case blue colored) drywall used in wet areas can keep mold from returning. Mold resistant drywall is safe. Spraying with biocides is not. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 11

13 Chemical-Free Mold Remediation Are you concerned about the health and well being of occupants in buildings under your charge? At the same time are you interested in reducing the time and effort involved in mold clean up work? If so this course is for you. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 12

14 Course Outline 1. Indoor mold growth and its impact on health. 2. Hidden mold? Does it make sense to always remove hidden mold? 3. Verifying the quality of mold remediation work. 4. Mold remediation standards highlights. 5. Good remediation practices that do not use harmful chemicals and avoid toxic/ allergenic dust creation making postremediation cleanup & verification easier. Water stain. Evidence of earlier flood. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 13

15 Course Audience Facility managers Builders Mold remediation contractors desiring to enhance their understanding of chemical-free (green) remediation techniques as well as better control job costs. Checking inside AC supply plenum for hidden mold Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 14

16 Limitations This course will introduce you to chemical-free mold remediation techniques and help you judge remediation effectiveness without overly relying on mold testing. The course is not meant to replace a trained, qualified professional. Remediation jobs that are complex, should be under the control of a professional mold consultant and should include air sampling. Occupant and worker safety always come first regardless of the expense. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 15

17 Limitations An Introduction to Chemical Free Mold Remediation does not provide the knowledge base for you to do your own mold remediation work. It is an introduction. For those that wish to perform mold remediation work, we recommend our free online Certification Course which is a follow on to the current introductory course. Please see: Chemical Free Mold Remediation for Builders & Facility Managers: Certification Buildings.org Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 16

18 Intro to Mold & Health Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 17

19 Why Study Health Effects of Mold? Q. What does studying the health effects of mold have to do with remediation work? A. After remediation, one very important test or assessment of work quality is how people feel upon re-occupancy. Clean fiberglass lined ducting. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 18

20 Post Remediation Occupancy Many if not most mold sensitive occupants or chemically sensitive occupants become more ill after mold remediation work. This is because the job site is often left contaminated not only with microbial contaminants but also with biocide contaminants (poisons) used in the mold remediation work. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 19

21 Why Study Health Effects of Mold? We study the health effects of mold to understand how mold growth could be affecting occupant health before remediation. Identifying if there is a mold problem. Defining how serious the problem is. Wall dry out equipment to avoid mold growth after a flood. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 20

22 Why Study Health Effects of Mold? Similarly, we study the health effects of mold to understand if the job site after remediation Is still causing mold related health problems. Or Is ready for reoccupancy by the most sensitive individuals. Mold growth in linen closet due to leaking AC coolant line in the adjacent closet. Hidden mold inside walls was much more extensive than visible mold. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 21

23 Most Common Routes of Exposure Inhalation Breathing mold contaminated air Skin Sitting on mold contaminated furniture Ingestion Eating mold contaminated food Dirty, poor quality air filter. Often found in homes of people sick from mold illness. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 22

24 Sensitization When there is a mold problem and people are exposed to higher levels of indoor mold some people become sensitized to mold. Even if mold remediation work brings the levels back down to where they were before occupants may still complain of ailments. This can be real and not hypochondria. What are these ailments? Dehumidifier being installed after a leak to avoid a mold problem. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 23

25 Ailments from Mold Diverse Ailments from mold problems and from bad mold remediation work can be diverse including neurological disorders, respiratory problems and other: Headaches, Short term memory loss, Asthma like symptoms, Sinus problems, Skin rashes, Stomach aches Chemical sensitivity Organ transplant complications Others Poorly sealed air handler. Mold on outside surface. Mold inside AC. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 24

26 Published by the Surgeon General Neurological problems are problems that affect the brain. In our book Environmentally Friendly Mold Remediation Techniques Chapter 2 we review recently declassified U.S. Army research published by the US Surgeon General that mold neurotoxins have been used in bio-warfare. The US Army research includes studies on human subjects showing that neurological disorders from exposure to biowarfare agents made from mold toxins correlate with common neurological disorders we see in mold sensitive people occupying Sick Buildings. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 25

27 Neurological Disorders While the majority of the medical establishment rejects claims that elevated indoor mold results in any neurological problems. Virtually everyone in the mold business knows that headaches are one of the most common ailments found in people working or living in buildings sick from mold contamination. Headaches are neurological by definition. Water leaking into wall under improperly installed window resulting in heavy mold inside insulated wall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 26

28 Neurological Disorders Other neurological problems often found particularly in children occupying sick buildings, including both schools and homes, are: Behavioral and sleep disorders; Light sensitivity; and especially Inability to concentrate and lack of short term memory. When insulation in a wall gets wet, you always get mold growth because the wall is very slow to dry out. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 27

29 Headaches and such Scientific studies that prove mold causes these neurological problems are lacking. There are not many moms and dads that volunteer their children for the neurotoxin studies. However, toxin binding therapy is often very successful at reducing or even eliminating many childhood and adult neurological disorders from mold toxins. We feel that if you can reduce Electron micrograph of mold. There are many kinds of indoor mold with hundreds of toxins and irritants. or eliminate such disorders with toxin binders that goes a long way to proving the problems originated from mold toxins. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 28

30 Toxin Binding Treatments Mold remediation contractors often take the prescription drug Cholestyramine (Questran) to help eliminate mold toxins from the body. It is an FDA approved treatment for lowering cholesterol but just so happens to bind very well to mold toxins which are then eliminated from the body via bowl movements. For more information Cholestyramine Cholestyramine chemical structure Note: Drug treatments for mold related problems do not work if the individual remains in a mold contaminated location. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 29

31 Headaches and Such Understand that while we all know that smoking causes cancer, this also was never actually scientifically proven. The health problems from smoking became established fact on the basis of years of clinical evidence by leading medical doctors. Not due to scientific (which means laboratory) proof. So our best advice is to consider the possibility of mold if people complain Notice how different this mold looks compared to the mold on the previous page. Mold varies enormously from species to species and so do the toxins and allergens they produce. about headaches (or other neurological problems) when they occupy indoor spaces that are or have been water damaged. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 30

32 Respiratory Problems Respiratory symptoms from mold exposure are the most common problems from mold exposure. The US EPA has performed extensive research into mold, water damage and child respiratory health. Dirt and mold inside old air handler. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 31

33 Respiratory Problems The latest government (US EPA) research shows mold problems can cause childhood asthma and that proper remediation can reduce asthma symptoms by 10 fold. See table below. A summary of this work performed by the US EPA and funded by the National Institute of Health can be found on the next page. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 32

34 Respiratory Problems Children living in moldy homes were studied. Dust in these homes was analyzed by DNA profiling. There was an 80% likelihood of finding an asthmatic child in a home with mold problems. Furthermore, successful remediation of the moisture and mold in these homes significantly (to 90%) reduced the asthmatic child s need for hospital admissions during follow-up. Hole at the top of AC closet allowing air handler to suck moldy attic air into AC closet These are unbelievably powerful findings. Mold can cause childhood asthma and proper remediation can dramatically reduce asthma attacks! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 33

35 Potential Health Effects We ve touched on neurological and respiratory problems from mold exposure that can affect mold sensitive people. There are actually quite a few potential health effects from mold: Allergic reactions Irritant effects Disease/ Infections Toxic effects mvoc s Glucans Aspergillus mold - a common outdoor mold also found inside water damaged structures Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 34

36 Antibodies & Allergic Responses About 10% of the population has allergic antibodies to fungal allergens. Half of those (5%) would be expected to show allergic responses. Dirty/ moldy fiberglass duct liner in AC. Encapsulate (seal) liner or replace with new. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 35

37 Antibodies & Allergic Responses Only 5% expected to show allergic responses. That is a very small percent of total occupants that would be sensitive to fungal allergens. But for a school or business or if that were you or your child 5% is a huge number. We can t just ignore 5% of the population. Best to properly remediate. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 36

38 Common Allergic Reactions Allergic responses are most commonly experienced as Allergic asthma Allergic rhinitis ( hay fever ) Allergic Fungal Sinusitus Fiberglass lined AC plenum that was cleaned, sealed and then encapsulated (painted with protective coating/ sealant). Now perfect. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 37

39 Timing of Allergic Reactions Allergic reactions can be immediate or delayed. Reactions can result from inhaling or touching mold or mold spores. Mold spores and fragments, whether dead or alive, can produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Repeated or single exposure may cause previously non-sensitive individuals to become sensitive. Mold on furniture Mold on furniture Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 38

40 Asthma Asthma Molds can trigger asthma attacks in persons allergic (sensitized) to molds. After mold filled air handler was removed cleaning, sealing and encapsulating plenum. Now like new. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 39

41 Hay Fever Like Symptoms Hay fever-type symptoms Sneezing Runny nose Red eyes Skin rash (dermatitis) Re-installing air handler after acid washing components. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 40

42 Sinusitus Acute sinusitis lasts a month or less. Condition is usually a bacterial infection. Chronic sinusitis lasts three months or longer Chronic sinusitis is one of the most commonly diagnosed chronic illnesses in the United States, affecting 30 million to 40 million Americans each year. Often fungal based. 35 million Americans diagnosed with chronic sinusitus Some useful information at: Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 41

43 Mold as a Cause of Sinusitus Such health problems are very prevalent in mold workers and people who live, work or go to school in moldy buildings. Health food stores generally have knowledge of how to avoid and/or treat fungal overgrowth ailments with products such as Yeast Fighters (fights yeast and mold) and Pro-Biotics. For more information on Pro-Biotics see: Note: Treatments for mold related problems do not work if the individual is constantly exposed to mold. Exposure levels must be reduced. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 42

44 Mold as a Cause of Sinusitus It is our observation that many times fungal based Chronic Sinusitus is a result of excessive use of antibiotics that strip the sinuses of good bacteria which when present help protect sinuses from colonization by fungi (yeast and mold.) Similarly over use of antibiotics results in the digestive system being stripped of good bacteria with resulting yeast overgrowth that causes reduced immune system function and digestive problems. In such cases persons are much more susceptible to fungal problems. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 43

45 Chronic Sinusitus The signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis include: Facial pain and pressure especially in the forehead, temples, cheeks, nose and behind the eyes Difficulty breathing through the nose Drainage of a thick, yellow or greenish discharge from the nose or down the back of the throat Reduced sense of smell or taste Nasal obstruction or congestion Aching in your upper jaw and teeth Headache, Teeth pain Bad breath (halitosis) Ear pain Fatigue, Cough, Nausea Sore throat Source: Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 44

46 Mold as a Cause of Sinusitus Airborne fungus. Chronic Sinusitis is often due to an inflammatory reaction to certain types of airborne fungi. Source: When you see the term airborne fungi the first thing that should come to mind is mold problems with the AC. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 45

47 Cause of Mold Illness Mold on fiberglass lined duct insulation is, in our experience, the #1 cause of mold related illness. Susceptible persons include children, asthmatics, the elderly, immune compromised and those heavily treated with antibiotics for other ailments such as sinus infections and adolescent acne. Special attention must always be given to inspecting the AC and ducting for problems when occupants complain about mold related illness. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 46

48 Airborne Mold White mold on fiberglass insulation in AC supply plenum (yellow arrow). Mold growing on AC insulation is dispersed into the air 24/7. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 47

49 Fungal Infection Opportunistic fungal infections are of great concern to people who are immune compromised or immune suppressed such a those with HIV or receiving cancer chemotherapy. Example Aspergillosis: where mold actually grows inside the lungs. Again, make sure there is no mold growing on fiberglass linings of air conveyance systems. Aspergillis mold growing in a lung. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 48

50 Organ Transplants Opportunistic mycoses can cause significant complications in organ transplant recipients. The incidence of invasive fungal infections varies from 2-14% in renal transplant recipients to higher rates, ranging from 7-42% in liver, 15-35% in lung and heart-lung and 40-49% in small bowel transplant recipients The vast majority of these infections are due to Candida (35-91%) or Aspergillus (9- Opening to attic behind AC supply plenum allowing mold spores to be sucked from attic into building. 52%) species. ticle/522009_4 Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 49

51 Respiratory Infections Serious fungal (respiratory) infections that can affect healthy people can be caused by a few pathogenic fungi, that are not typically encountered indoors: Cryptococcus: associated w/bird droppings Histoplasma: associated w/bat droppings Workers cleaning very dirty areas, such as attics where birds or bats have roosted, could be at risk if not adequately protected. Only disinfectants safe for household use are recommended. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 50

52 Mycotoxins Some molds can produce toxic substances called Mold spore mycotoxins. Mycotoxins can be on the surface of mold spores or in the mold stalks. Over 200 mycotoxins have been identified from common indoor molds. Mycotoxins are not inactivated (killed) by Mold stalk typical disinfectants used to kill mold or bacteria. Mycotoxins have to be removed either by cleaning or by disintegration by strong bleach. Mold spore Mold stalk Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 51

53 Health Effects of Mycotoxins Adverse health effects from the ingestion of mycotoxins found on moldy foods have been extensively studied and are well accepted. Liver damage, nervous system damage, Immunological effects Adverse health effects of mold from inhalation exposure to mycotoxins have been less well studied. Mold on fiberglass in AC supply plenum in brand new school. Everyone sick. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 52

54 Common Toxigenic Molds Certain species of Stachybotrys (Black Toxic Mold) Aspergillus Penicillium Fusarium Alternaria Moist air leaking from attic into ceiling, causing mold in nursing home. all commonly found in water damaged buildings are known to produce harmful mycotoxins in addition to producing irritants. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 53

55 Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds mvocs are gases produced by growing molds and released into the air as a byproduct of mold growth. Often have strong and/or unpleasant odors Health effect research in early stages Exposure possibly linked to symptoms such as headaches, nasal irritation, dizziness, fatigue, nausea mvocs go away when the Mold on bathroom wall of building under construction as a result of inadequate ventilation mold is removed or killed or goes latent due to lack of moisture. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 54

56 Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds mvoc s are gases given off by growing molds. They are NOT detected by mold sampling. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 55

57 Humidity, Mold & mvoc s Once mold starts to grow from a water leak or from moisture on a wet condensing (cool) surface all it takes is humidity to keep it active. Below about 65% humidity (yellow arrow) mold will no longer be active goes dormant and does not produce spores or mvocs. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 56

58 Active Mold = Musty Smell Many of you have experienced active mold first hand if you live in or have visited a location that is humid in the summer. Remember going into a bank, office, home or movie theater in the summer and it smells musty. That s mold growing. Only growing (active) mold produces the gases (mvocs) that are what you smell. Battery operated spore sampling pump with built in calibration (yellow arrow.) mvocs are not typically sampled. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 57

59 Dormant Mold = No Musty Smell Generally the smells go away in the drier months when mold goes dormant. But the mold is still there. Mold testing during dry months will often miss this source of hidden mold because the mold is dormant when humidity is below 65% and new spores are not being produced. Again. dormant mold does not produce the gases that smell nor does it produce new supplies of mold spores which are detectable by air sampling. Mold contaminated fiberglass lined air duct. A very common and very serious health hazard. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 58

60 Personal Factors and Hygiene Personal factors can influence the effects of exposure to hazardous substances: smoking and/or alcohol consumption medication use gender and/or existing allergies or asthma sensitivity Personal cleanliness and habits are crucial to reducing exposure for remediation workers. Mold behind kitchen cabinets from leak in exterior wall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 59

61 Effect Impacted by Many Factors The effects of hazardous substances on health may depend on: the chemical or material (what) the concentration (how much) the route of entry (how taken into the body) the duration of exposure (how long the exposure lasts) The sensitivity of the person involved Another example of an opening to attic behind AC supply plenum allowing mold spores to be sucked from attic into building. Very common problem! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 60

62 Health Issues for Workers During mold remediation projects, workers could be exposed to other (non-mold) substances or hazardous materials that could cause adverse health effects: Asbestos and Lead-based paint High levels of particulates Bacteria (associated with water-damaged materials, floods, sewage backups) Cleaning products/ biocides used as part of the projects Insulation inside of wet wall does not dry without resulting in mold growth in the wall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 61

63 Golden Rule for Worker Safety Minimizing mold-related exposures will reduce the possibility of health impacts on occupants and workers. As the potential for exposure increases, the need for protective measures for workers increases Workers can reduce exposure potential by proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Respirators (Minimum N-95) & Gloves Protective clothing & Goggles Green cleaning techniques that do not expose workers to harmful biocides Cleaned and painted AC supply register. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 62

64 Health Issues for Workers Anyone with persistent health problems that appear related to mold should see a physician. Referral to a physician trained in occupational, environmental or allergy medicine may be needed. Leaking AC filter slot of air handler (located a garage or attic) resulting in mold inside air handler. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 63

65 Dealing with the Public Do not give medical advice. Recommend consulting a health care provider regarding any health effects someone might be experiencing. Insulation inside of wet wall does not dry without resulting in mold growth in the wall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 64

66 Review #1 1. Ailments from mold and mold remediation work can be diverse, including neurological problems, respiratory problems and others. Which symptom is not a common mold related ailment? a. Headaches b. Asthma like symptoms c. Sinus problems d. Hair loss 2. What are the two most common routes for mold exposure? a. Inhalation b. Ingestion c. Skin 3. Respiratory symptoms from mold exposure are the most common problems from mold exposure. a. True b. False 4. Pick 3 out of 4. Allergic responses are most commonly experienced as: a. Allergic asthma b. Allergic hyper-reaction syndrome c. Allergic rhinitis ( hay fever ) d. Allergic Fungal Sinusitus Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 65

67 Review #1 5. mvoc s produced by growing molds and released into the air as a byproduct of mold growth often have strong and/or unpleasant odors. What does mvoc stand for? a. Microbial volatile odor compound b. Microbial volatile organic compound c. Mold volatile organic compound 6. When dealing with the public (choose the one incorrect answer) a. Do not give medical advice. b. Recommend consulting a health care provider regarding any health effects someone might be experiencing. c. Recommend that they contact an attorney. 7. Which personal factors can influence the effects of exposure to hazardous substances. (Choose the one best answer) a. Smoking and/or alcohol consumption b. Medication use c. Gender and/or existing allergies or asthma d. Sensitivity e. All of the above. 8. Generally mold smells go away in dry seasons months when mold goes dormant. But the mold is still there. Which of the following statements is true? a. Mold testing during dry months will often miss this source of hidden mold. b. Mold is dormant when humidity is below 65%. c. Dormant mold does not produce the gases that smell. d. Dormant mold is oftentimes not detectable by mold sampling. e. All of the above. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 66

68 Review #1 9. Workers could be exposed to other substances or hazardous materials that could cause adverse health effects, such as: (choose the best answer) a. Asbestos and Lead-based paint b. High levels of particulates c. Bacteria (associated with water-damaged materials, floods, sewage backups) d. Cleaning products/ biocides used as part of the projects e. All of the above 10. Neurological problems often found particularly in children occupying sick buildings, including both schools and homes, are: a. Behavioral and sleep disorders b. Lack of short term memory. c. Light sensitivity; and especially d. Inability to concentrate e. All of the above 11. What is the #1 cause of mold related illness? a. Mold on fiberglass lined duct insulation b. Mold on AC coils c. Moldy carpet d. Mold growing in flex duct 12. Mycotoxins. (Choose all correct answers) a. Some but not all molds can produce toxic substances called mycotoxins. b. Mycotoxins can be on the surface of mold spores or in the mold stalks. c. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified from common indoor molds. d. Mycotoxins are inactivated (killed) by typical disinfectants used to kill mold or bacteria. e. Mycotoxins are best removed either by cleaning or by disintegration by strong bleach. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 67

69 Review #1 Answer Key Check your answers against the correct ones below. If you answered more than 3 incorrectly, please review this section and take the quiz again. 1. d 2. a, c 3. b 4. a, c, d 5. b 6. c 7. e 8. e 9. e 10. e 11. a 12. a,b, c, e Once you have passed the review, you may continue... Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 68

70 Is All Hidden Mold Bad? If in the AC or Ducting YES! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 69

71 Common-Sense Approach to Mold Exposure Small amounts of mold growth including mycotoxin producers commonly occur in homes, schools and offices For the majority of people these present minimal health risks. The solution is to fix the moisture problem and clean up the mold quickly. Resources spent characterizing the type of mold often could have been better spent on mold removal. Mold on ceiling in high rise under construction due to floods. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 70

72 Common-Sense Approach to Mold Exposure On the other hand large areas of indoor mold growth present a more likely risk of exposure and adverse health effects. Large areas of mold growth indicate more extensive water damage/moisture intrusion in the building. For large scale problems, additional and more extensive remediation measures should be used. Including testing both during and after remediation to protect both workers and occupants of the building. Mold on drywall stored in moist building Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 71

73 Degrees of Exposure The presence of mold growth does not necessarily equate to exposure. There must be a pathway for exposure to occur. Exposure to mold does not always result in a health problem. Occupants or remediation workers disturbing large areas of mold growth face greater exposure potential, and thus, greater potential for adverse health effects. Unless remediation can be done properly, consider methods other than removal to reduce exposure. Water entering buildings thru penetrations in building exteriors almost always results in hidden mold in adjacent wall cavities. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 72

74 Degrees of Exposure Oftentimes a contaminated wall or ceiling cavity is best sealed and not remediated so long as the water source is fixed. If exposure has been significantly reduced by sealing you may have solved the health issue. A mold remediation contractor will never recommend this approach. In old buildings this is very often the best solution. Mold on drywall stored in water damage area of building under construction. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 73

75 Degrees of Exposure However, when there is mold in an air handler, humidifier, ductwork or ventilation system there is always major exposure. Even small amounts of mold growth in HVAC* components can result in severe problems for mold sensitive people. Painting with protective coating (encapsulating) the inside of a nasty AC supply plenum after first carefully vacuuming surface dust/ dirt/ mold. *HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, & AC system and ducting Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 74

76 Degrees of Exposure Oftentimes improving ventilation will solve the health problem. (Dilution is the solution to pollution.) Other times, improving filtration by using a better air filter or leaving the AC FAN=ON will reduce exposure to acceptable levels for all occupants even sensitive. If exposure cannot be reduced to satisfy all you may have to consider relocating sensitive people to other areas. Infrared pix (dark half circles) of water wicking up wall because drywall was not hung with a gap at the floor. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 75

77 Mold in Walls Any opening in ceilings and walls that could expose sensitive occupants to elevated mold should be sealed. Broken or missing ceiling tiles should be quickly replaced with new. Drop ceilings should be as air tight as possible to keep (often moldy) air from the non-conditioned ceiling plenum out of the occupied space. Seal all cavities properly. Wall earlier cut open to fix a problem but then left like this for months. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 76

78 Mold on Wood Oftentimes there is mold covered wood in basements floor joists open to the air or wood studs (shown at right.) Sensitive people cannot live, work or go to school in such environments. The wood has to be cleaned of mold and painted with mold inhibiting paint. Clean and seal. Exposed mold covered structural wood in unfinished basement. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 77

79 Hidden Mold No doubt visible mold on the surface of walls or ceilings will make people sick. But (hopefully) few homes or schools or offices have visible mold as visible mold is easily cleaned by choosing one of the several products at the grocery store that both clean and remove mold. Visible mold on a closet ceiling from a roof leak. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 78

80 Mold Under Wall Paper Hidden mold, even a lot of mold, behind wall paper is not generally making someone sick. Best to leave it unless the removal can be properly done! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 79

81 Hidden Mold in the AC In our book on mold testing, we explain that mold hidden in walls or ceilings rarely makes someone sick, however We explain that 80-90% of people that are sick from mold related illness are sick due to mold contamination of the AC and ducting not small amounts of mold hidden in walls or attics. Hidden mold even a small amount in the AC or ducting can be a killer to mold sensitive individuals! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 80

82 Hidden Mold in the AC Mold technicians are not trained to either inspect or remediate air handlers or ducting. As a result, mold technicians (including inspectors and remediators) almost always overlook problems in these crucial areas. Since most of the time it is mold in the AC and ducting that is making people sick and since mold technicians do not check these areas what are you do? Obviously you cannot rely on the mold technician. AC supply plenum. Black stuff is dirt and mold on original ducting. Compare with new (yellow color) clean, materials at bottom which were changed out because that s all that could be easily seen. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 81

83 Mold Hidden in AC or Ducting The only good way to determine if there is a mold contamination in AC or AC ducting is by visual inspection. In some cases you may need to hire a licensed AC contractor to remove the coils or even disassemble the entire unit to completely inspect for mold. For information on cleaning AC s and ducting we recommend the EPA bulletin: Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned? Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 82

84 EPA Duct Guidelines According to the EPA, duct cleaning has never been shown to actually prevent health problems. Studies have not conclusively demonstrated that particle (e.g., dust) levels in homes increase because of dirty ducts. This is because much of the dirt in air ducts adheres to duct surfaces and does not enter the living space. Fiberglass lined ducting is another matter! Cleaned and sealed AC supply. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 83

85 EPA Duct Guidelines If you have fiberglass lined air ducts or plenums (or insulation in the air handler) and the insulation gets moldy it should be removed and replaced as it cannot be effectively cleaned. If the conditions causing the mold growth in the first place are not corrected, mold growth will recur. Contaminated AC that was not properly sealed. Cannot be cleaned. Replace with new. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 84

86 Duct Cleaning - WARNING Air ducts are often made from flex duct which has a thin and very fragile plastic lining. The lining cannot be cleaned using the usual rotating brushes that duct cleaners use for metal lined duct because the brushes can damage the fragile lining. For these types of ducts, duct cleaning is typically vacuuming out the supply registers (good idea) and then spraying chemicals inside the ducting. BAD IDEA! Flex duct (silver colored) Per EPA: No chemical biocides are currently registered by EPA for use in internally insulated air duct systems. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 85

87 Mold Hidden in the AC is Bad This black stuff inside the AC ducting is mold covered dirt. (yellow arrow) Rarely does anyone look in this area. This mold was making the occupants sick. You do not need much mold in the AC or ducting to make sensitive people sick since the mold is readily dispersed into the living space. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 86

88 Mold on Fiberglass Ductwork At our firm we cut open the AC fiberglass plenums and if contaminated, we vacuum and then paint with special white colored AC sealant that includes a mold inhibitor. Any leaks or openings are sealed with mastic (AC sealant.) This, in our hands, is equivalent to replacing with new. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 87

89 Mold in AC & Ductwork Yellow colored material is new fiberglass ducting the AC contractor used to attach new air handler to original ducting. Dark colored material is mold and dirt on original fiberglass ducting left in place when new air handler was installed. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 88

90 Air Handler in the Attic When the air handler is in the attic, or unfinished basement, (or drop ceiling area of a school or office building) you often have mold problems. If the return air ducts, plenums and/or filter slots are not sealed 100%, the air handler will suck nasty attic or basement air into the occupied space. Careful visual inspection for air leaks in AC and ducting is a must. Air handler located in an unfinished basement. Arrow points to filter access panel that was not air tight and allowed nasty basement air into the unit. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 89

91 Air Handler in the Basement Air handler located in an unfinished basement. Yellow arrow points to filter access panel that did not have a cover. Since it was not air tight, it allowed nasty basement air into the unit. Blue arrow points to directions clearly showing need for cover. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 90

92 Mold Hidden in AC Closet If there is hidden mold in the AC closet (behind the air handler for example), even small amounts It can be sucked up into the AC system and disbursed throughout the occupied space and make people sick. In the picture on the right there was an air leak at the back top of the AC closet and the air handler was sucking moist attic air into the cool closet. The result was mold growth behind the air handler and sick occupants. Careful visual inspection for this hidden mold is a must. Dark color is mold on wall behind where air handler had been located. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 91

93 Mold Hidden in AC Closet Many times the air handler drain line clogs and the drain pan overflows. Mold will often result. The picture on the right shows an air handler that had a drain pan overflow. Mold is growing on the outside of the return air box that the air handler sits on. Inside, the box is full of mold. The mold inside the box is being dispersed into the occupied space making occupants sick. Even small amounts of hidden mold here can make people sick. Careful visual inspection is a must. Often AC components need to be cut open in order to inspect. Mold on exterior of AC return air box. Much worse mold inside! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 92

94 Mold Hidden in the Attic This black stuff in the attic (found under pink attic insulation) near a leaking AC duct is mold. Rarely does a small amount of mold in an attic make people sick since it is not in the living space. An exception is when there are many recessed ceiling lights that are the older type and not sealed. When the afternoon sun heats up and pressurizes the attic space it pushes mold spores into the occupied space thru the openings in the lights. This happens frequently. Mold growing under pink attic insulation in attic. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 93

95 Mold in Wall Cavities If there is significant mold in a wall cavity it is best to remove it but if it cannot be removed be sure to fix the water leak and then seal the cavity such as around electrical outlets or baseboards so that spores are not readily released into the living space. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 94

96 When Can Mold on a Window Sill Make Someone Sick? Will a little mold on a window sill make someone sick? No. Best to clean off the mold and fix the leak (often old caulking) that is causing the mold growth. But if the wall under the window is casually cut open and there is heavy mold inside it will be dispersed and will not only contaminate the nearby areas but will contaminate everywhere including the AC and ducting. Best to clean visible mold and leave mold inside wall if mold removal work cannot be properly done. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 95

97 When Can Mold on a Window Sill Make Someone Sick? Many homes, offices and schools have mold inside exterior walls that is not causing health problems. Best to not open any walls unless you follow procedures to make sure mold is not released during the remediation. Always remove visible mold with household cleaners and fix the leak so mold does not come back. Then caulk baseboard and patch any holes in the wall. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 96

98 When Can Mold on a Window Sill Make Someone Sick? When properly sealed such a wall should not emit mold odors. When properly sealed such a wall will not release mold spores to the environment. If there is detectable smells or elevated mold then you should always carefully (under containment) open and remediate. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 97

99 Review #2 1. Openings in ceilings and walls could expose sensitive occupants to elevated mold. Which of the following statements is false? a. Broken or missing ceiling tiles should be quickly replaced with new. b. Mold technicians are usually trained to either inspect or remediate air handlers or ducting, since this is the most common location for hidden mold. c. Drop ceilings should be as air tight as possible to keep (often moldy) air from the nonconditioned ceiling plenum out of the occupied space. 2. If you have fiberglass lined air ducts or plenums (or insulation in the air handler) and the insulation gets moldy (choose all correct statements) a. If the conditions causing the mold growth in the first place are not corrected, mold growth will recur. b. The most cost effective solution is to spray the duct interior with biocide that keeps on killing. c. The insulation should be removed. d. The insulation cannot be effectively cleaned. 3. Air ducts are often made from flex duct which has a thin and very fragile plastic lining. (Choose the correct statement) a. The lining can be cleaned using special soft rotating brushes. b. For these types of ducts, duct cleaning, improper though it may be, typically means spraying illegal chemicals inside the ducting. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 98

100 Review #2 4. When the air handler is located in these locations you often have mold problems. a. Attic b. Basement c. In an AC closet inside the home or office. d. In a drop ceiling area of a school or office building. 5. Will a little mold on a window sill make someone sick? a. No. Best to clean off the mold and fix the leak (often old caulking) that is causing the mold growth. b. Only if you casually cut open the wall. c. A & B 6. Sometimes small amounts of hidden mold are not a health problem. (Choose the best answer) a. However, when there is mold, even small amounts, in an air handler, humidifier, ductwork or ventilation system there is always major exposure. b. Hidden mold inside a wall is not usually a problem and the wall should be opened and the mold removed as quickly as possible. c. Hidden mold inside an attic is usually a problem except when the wind blows and clears out the attic. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 99

101 Review #2 Answer Key Check your answers against the correct ones below. If you answered more than 2 incorrectly, please review this section and take the quiz again. 1. b 2. a, c, d 3. b 4. a, b, d 5. c 6. a Once you have passed the review, you may continue... Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 100

102 Verifying the Quality of Remediation Work Visual vs Sampling Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 101

103 Post Remediation Verification Professional mold assessor training is typically only an 8 hour course. Training is focused on initial mold investigation that asks: Is there mold? Typically, training includes nothing on checking the job site after remediation work to make sure the remediation work has been properly performed commonly called post remediation verification (PRV). Perhaps because mold assessors are not trained in PRV there is a tendency in the industry to overly rely on mold sampling to verify mold remediation work. A rebuild using blue colored mold resistant drywall behind wet areas. Using mold resistant drywall can help keep mold from returning. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 102

104 Post Remediation Verification Mold clean-up is not rocket science. You have mold you carefully remove it without creating large amounts of construction dusts and without using dangerous chemicals. When you know it is gone you are done. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 103

105 Post Remediation Verification When you know the water source has been fixed you know the mold will not come back. You DO NOT need to use commercial biocides that keep on killing to keep the mold from coming back. No moisture mold will not return. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 104

106 Post Remediation Verification Post Remediation Verification (PRV) means that you know (have verified) the mold is gone; the areas are not left contaminated; and the cause of the mold is fixed (usually moisture). Mold professionals attempt to define PRV as extensive air sampling but relying on mold sampling to determine if a job is well done makes little sense. Sampling can t tell you that the mold will not come back because sampling cannot tell you if the moisture source has been fixed. Sampling will not tell you if the mold is all gone because the mold may have simply become inactive due to seasonal (or other) issues and invisible to testing. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 105

107 Visual Approach to PRV Visible approach to Post Remediation Verification (PRV) vs. air and surface sampling that require lab analysis Visible approach is much easier to comprehend than mold testing. Much faster & much cheaper. Mold inside a bathroom cabinet due to excessive moisture. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 106

108 Visual Approach Easy to Understand Is the mold gone? Is the water source that caused the mold growth fixed? That s what we want to know. Generally these questions can be properly answered without sampling. Mold spores (tiny seeds) being released from mold stalk Best to use a criteria that everyone can understand that means not relying on sampling. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 107

109 When Is Sampling Needed? There are times when sampling/ testing is needed. Justify remediation expenditures or procedures. Protect parties from liability. Serve as initial baseline reference data for professional investigators to develop clearance criteria for larger jobs; and Properly performed in the hands of an experienced mold consultant, sampling may be required to help find hidden mold. These concerns are not typical day in and day out concerns for facility managers. When there is a water leak involving a wall or ceiling cavity or wood cabinets there will be mold. Fix the leak. Remove the mold. Testing NOT needed. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 108

110 Why All the Fuss About Sampling? Dozens of mold analysis laboratories throughout the country only make money when mold spores from air samples are taken and the labs are paid to analyze the samples. These labs sponsor mold assessor training. Labs or their financially supported organizations have written the industry documentation on how to properly assess mold removal work which not surprisingly is to take lots of air samples. Apparatus for vacuuming up carpet dust for lab analysis. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 109

111 Mold Spores Definition What are mold spores? Mold spores are the small seeds that molds produce in order to reproduce. Mold spores are very light and can travel great distances through the air with only the slightest air movement. The (invisible) spores are tiny about the size of bacteria and can contain toxins, allergens and irritants. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 110

112 Mold Spores and Mold Body Mold spore Mold spore Mold stalk/body Mold stalk/body Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 111

113 Mold Spores Definition Cont Mold spores from different species of mold have different shapes, sizes & characteristics. Specialty laboratories can identify the type of mold by analyzing, under a microscope, air samples taken from the site in question. Sounds complicated and it is. The more care taken to keep mold from spreading during demolition, the less effort and costs involved in post remediation cleaning and testing. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 112

114 What the EPA Says About Sampling The EPA states that mold sampling is NOT recommended when visible mold is present. This statement is rejected by the mold industry, as mold assessors do assessments by taking samples. That s how they make money sampling. We fully agree with the EPA that says (more or less) You don t care what kind of mold it is because when it is gone it is gone. Limited financial resources are best used removing mold not testing. Technique for taking a lift tape of surface mold with a flexible clear plastic slide. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 113

115 TMI TMI Too Much Information Mold assessors often times want to brand a site as having toxic mold so they test. Indoor mold growth is always illness promoting to sensitive individuals. Once the mold is gone it is gone. What it was is not important. Best to use scarce resources to properly remove. Very often funds spent on testing result in less money available to properly remediate. That makes no sense. A mix of several types of molds. Do we care exactly what these are? NO. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 114

116 When Is Sampling Needed? Again, there are times when sampling/ testing makes sense. Justify remediation expenditures or procedures. Protect parties from liability. Serve as initial baseline reference data for professional investigators to develop clearance criteria for larger jobs; and Properly performed in the hands of an experienced mold consultant, sampling may be required to help find hidden mold. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 115

117 When Is Sampling Needed? Heavy mold inside walls around leaking shower. Is initial sampling needed here? NO. Fix the leak. Properly remove moldy material (under containment) and replace with new materials. That s a lot of mold. Should this be done by a professional? You bet! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 116

118 Sampling Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 117

119 Sampling & Health Air contains a varying mixture of molds Not a single entity. Measurement is complex. Human sensitivity and response varies greatly. There is no dose/ response information relating to air testing data. There are NO guidelines (numeric criteria) as to what a safe or acceptable level of indoor mold is. Electron micrographs of 2 molds showing just how different molds can look. They look completely different! Similarly they will produce different toxins and allergens. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 118

120 Sampling & Health Since there are NO guidelines (numeric criteria) as to a safe or acceptable level of any specific indoor mold. Since indoor mold is always a mix of species making interpretations even more complex Sampling is not a reliable method to determine that the remediated site is now a safe and healthy place to live, work or go to school. Wall cavity air sampling. Not a good technique. All wall cavities have some mold in them. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 119

121 Sampling Not Accurate If you take duplicate air samples and send them to two different labs you will usually get quite different results. Different labs analyze the samples differently. Some look at 100% of the air sample. Some at 20% and then multiply by 5X Many labs have poor quality microscopes or poorly trained personnel. Mold on first floor beneath a through-the-wall air conditioner on the second floor Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 120

122 Sampling Not Accurate Cont Air sampling for spores is inherently not very accurate. Air sampling also does not count mold microparticles (fragments) which can be more important than mold spores in terms of causing health related problems. Mold micro-particles are too small to be seen by lab microscopic analysis. However sampling can be useful in the hands of professionals for finding hidden mold and sometimes in judging remediation effectiveness so long as one understands the numbers only provide a rough idea of the mold present in the air. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 121

123 Mold Micro-Particles Spores are just one type of particulate associated with adverse human health effects from mold. Scientists from the University of Cincinnati s Department of Health have shown a very high release level of fungal fragments from moldcontaminated materials as air was blown over growing mold. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 122

124 Mold Micro-Particles These scientists grew the mold Aspergillus versicolor varying time periods to produce mold cultures of different ages. The study revealed that mold micro-fragments were released in much higher concentrations than spores in all the cultures no matter what age. High res pix on right: Top pix are intact spores. Bottom are fragments. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 123

125 Mold Micro-Particles Furthermore, the U. of Cincinnati scientists showed that these small mold fragments are more immunochemically active than the larger mold spores. In other words, these ubiquitous fragments can make people sick even more so than much larger mold spores! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 124

126 Mold Micro-Particles These findings are important for several reasons: Fungal fragments can be laden with mold toxins. Mold contaminations are much more likely to release fragments than spores. However, only spores are being counted in indoor air quality sampling/testing & Mold micro-particles or fragments are invisible to the air sampling procedures. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 125

127 Air Streams Release Micro-Particles Where would you expect to find air streams releasing mold micro-fragments in a school, office or home? How about from mold either dead or alive in cooling, heating, ventilating, dehumidifying or humidifying systems or ducting? Mold fragments produced from dirty AC s and ductwork are a major problem and often the major cause of mold related occupant health problems. These fragments are invisible to mold spores sampling. Dirty, mold contaminated AC ducting producing copious amounts of illness promoting mold fragments. The original color of ducting in this pix was bright yellow. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 126

128 Contaminated Ducting Clean ductwork is important but cleaning ductwork is beyond the scope of this introductory course on mold remediation. Refer to EPA guidelines for cleaning ductwork. Per EPA, fiberglass lining is not cleanable and should be replaced with new when contaminated. Per EPA, never spray fiberglass lining with chemicals. q/pdfs/airducts.pdf Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 127

129 Contaminated Ducting Testing for mold fragments in ductwork via air sampling does not detect contaminated ducting. Suitable assessment requires analyzing the duct dust using DNA profiling techniques which are beyond the scope of this introductory course. When clean, new or encapsulated and not releasing mold fragments you have no health problems. Focus should be fixing the problem and not testing. Contaminated fiberglass return air plenum due to leaking air handler above. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 128

130 Air Sampling How it works Air sampling cassette mechanism shown on right. Sampling cassette is attached at the bottom to a pump that pulls air into the top of the cassette. Inside is a tiny microscope slide coated with clear gel. Spores (both live and dead) stick to the gel as the air passes over the slide. The cassette is sent to a lab that removes the micro-slide and then, using a microscope, identifies and counts the different species of mold spores based on the unique characteristics of the spore surface appearance. Mold fragments are too small to seen and are not counted or identified. 2) Air + particles travel thru slit. 1) Air containing particles enters here 4) Air exits here and enters pump 3) Particles stick on gel slide Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 129

131 High Volume vs Low Volume This method does not distinguish between live and dead spores and is therefore called Total spore count because it is a total of both live and dead spores. High volume cassettes take in larger amounts of air sampling is done at 15 liters per minute (lpm) flow rate. Lower volume cassettes done at 5 lpm. Sample size is much smaller. Labs prefer the small sample size since these takes less time to count. Time = Money. The smaller the sample size the less the accuracy. Left shows example of high volume cassette for total spore counts. Right low volume. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 130

132 Viable Spore Sampling The culture method of spore counting, only measures live (viable) spores. Counting viable spores requires incubating the spores and seeing how many grow. Dead spores (nonviable) do not grow. Not detected. Since dead spores are no less allergenic or toxic than viable spores, investigators more often look at total counts than viable. Besides, viable analysis costs a lot more. Growing mold in a petri dish to count viable mold spores. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 131

133 Limitations to Sampling The four real life examples that follow, illustrate that sampling is often not a reliable method for ruling out mold. Mold growing on a suitcase in a humid basement. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 132

134 Dormant Mold =? Invisible Mold needs moisture to grow either a water source such as a leak; a cold condensing surface; or humid air. The level of mold spores in the air can vary dramatically depending on the season raining or not humid or not. A location tested to be mold-free during the dry season when mold has gone dormant may be horribly contaminated with hidden mold. Dormant mold may be invisible to testing if testing is done in the dry season. Highly magnified spores lit from behind. Spores are easily aerosolized by wind or movement. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 133

135 Dormant Mold = Invisible Again mold can be dormant during the dry season and therefore not easily detected by sampling because dormant mold does not produce new mold spores. Mold spores in the air are what are detected by air sampling. Comes the humid season, when the humidity in the air provides the moisture that the mold needs to start growing again producing toxin and allergen containing mold spores watch out. Sick occupants. Example of high volume sampling cassette for total spore count. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 134

136 Wet Mold Not Detectable The AC coils may be full of mold but during the summer when the AC is operating in cooling mode the mold on the coils is damp. Damp mold does not release mold spores. It has to dry first. Sampling will not detect it. Then comes the first cool day. The heat is turned on. The mold dries out everyone gets sick. This is not only common it is prevalent. Mold sampling during summers will not detect this source of hidden mold. Dirt and mold on fiberglass lined AC ducting... in the process of cleaning & sealing the fiberglass with (white colored) mold inhibiting encapsulant. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 135

137 When AC Turned Off The school turns off the AC during the summer vacation to save money. The residual water in the unit when it was turned off causes mold growth in the ducts. Mold sampling (of airborne mold) at this point will not detect this hidden mold problem because the AC is off. When the unit is turned on at the start of school, massive amounts of mold spores are released from the AC ducts as air blows thru them. Now you know one reason why kids get sick when school starts. The AC was not properly connected to the ducting resulting in mold growth on fiberglass duct board. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 136

138 Wet Mold Not Detectable You live in Southern California where it is dry in the summer and rains in the winter. Rain water leaks into the ceilings and/or walls during the winter. Mold starts to grow but because the hidden cavity where it is growing is wet, the wet mold spores are not being released to the air. It smells like mold but there are no mold spores in the air. And none will be detected by sampling. Leak inside of wall causing mold growth on paneling. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 137

139 Wet Mold Not Detectable Once the rain stops and the cavity dries out the mold goes dormant. It no longer smells. But mold is now making people sick. Dry mold spores and mold fragments are being released to the air every time the wind kicks up, blows into the attic, and pressurizes the wall cavities full of mold resulting in mold spore and fragment release. Illness results. Mold growing in wall cavity. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 138

140 Nasty mold growth. But because it is completely wet it is invisible to air sampling. Wet mold does not release mold spores. Air sampling is NOT Always Effective in Ruling Out Hidden Mold when mold is dormant or mold spores are wet or mold is in an AC that is not running. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 139

141 Sampling Often NOT Effective That means Air sampling for mold spores is OFTEN NOT Effective in Ruling Out Mold and rot inside an exterior wall was not detectable in dry season. Hidden Mold Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 140

142 Testing Cleanliness Cleanliness of the job site after remediation and after the air has been cleaned can be visually tested. Use white/ black glove tests to visually check for the absence of settled dust and No dust = No settled contaminants. No sampling required! AC return air plenum defective. Not well sealed and allowing nasty attic air into the system. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 141

143 Testing Cleanliness When sensitive people are involved always visually check the air handler and ducting for mold even if the mold remediation work has nothing to do with the air handler. Once there has been mold problems, some people can become sensitized to mold. What may have been a reasonably clean AC and ductwork may now be a problem for occupants. The reference again for the free US EPA booklet on duct cleaning is: Water damage and mold under kitchen cabinets. Check AC for mold contamination! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 142

144 Summary on Mold Sampling The limitations of current testing techniques for mold-contaminated buildings and the incorrect interpretations placed on the results of these methodologies are major issues of concern. As a criteria for ruling out existing mold problems laboratory testing for airborne mold spores is often of limited value. AC drain pan overflow resulting in mold in the return air plenum. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 143

145 Review #3 1. Comparing the visible approach to Post Remediation Verification (PRV) vs. air and surface sampling that require lab analysis, the visible approach is much more difficult to understand than mold test results, because testing shows that mold is either there or not there. a. True b. False 2. The EPA states that mold sampling is NOT recommended when visible mold is present. (Choose the best answers. More than one may be correct.) a. This statement is rejected by the mold industry, as mold assessors do assessments by taking samples. b. There are times when sampling/testing is needed. c. Properly performed in the hands of an experienced mold consultant, sampling may be required to help find hidden mold. d. Air sampling for spores is inherently not very accurate. e. All of the above. 3. Air sampling also does not count mold micro-particles (fragments). (choose the best answer) a. But mold fragments can be more important than mold spores in terms of causing health-related problems, so finding no mold spores may not reliably indicate that there are no mold-related problems. b. Mold micro-particles are too small to be seen by lab microscopic analysis. c. Micro-particles can contain toxins and allergens just like the larger spores. d. All of the above. 4. Regarding contaminated duct work. (Choose the best answer) a. Air sampling is not always effective in ruling out hidden mold when mold is dormant or mold spores are wet or mold is in an AC that is not running. b. Per EPA, fiberglass lining is usually cleanable. There are many chemicals available for cleaning ductwork. c. Per EPA, spray or fogging fiberglass lining is the best procedure to kill mold. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 144

146 Review #3 5. Viable spore sampling. (choose the one best answer) a. The culture method of counting, only measures live (viable) spores. b. Counting viable spores requires incubating the spores and seeing how many grow. c. Dead spores (non-viable) do not grow. Not detected by viable sampling. d. Since dead spores are no less allergenic or toxic than viable spores, investigators more often look at total counts than viable. e. All of the above. 6. Total Spore Counts. (choose the best answer) a. This method distinguishes between live and dead spores. b. Labs prefer the small sample size, since these takes less time to count even though it is more accurate to take large samples sizes. c. High volume cassettes take in larger amounts of air sampling is done at 15 liters per minute (lpm) flow rate. The high flow rate causes the samples to be less accurate. 7. Post remediation verification by sampling. (List all the limitations) a. There is a delay before you get test results back. b. Increased expense. c. Does not address the issue as to whether the source of the water that caused the mold growth has been taken care of. d. All of the above 8. Air sampling is NOT an effective way to rule out health risks. Why is that? (Choose the one best answer ) a. Measurement is complex. b. Human sensitivity and response varies greatly. c. There are NO guidelines (numeric criteria) as to what a safe or acceptable level of indoor mold is. d. All of the above. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 145

147 Review #3 9. Mold assessors often times want to brand a site as having toxic mold so they test. (Choose one or more correct statements below) a. Once the mold is gone it is gone. What it was is not important. b. Indoor mold growth is always illness-promoting to sensitive individuals, so we really don t care what kind it is. c. Often funds spent on testing result in less money available to properly remediate, and that makes no sense. d. Best to use money to first test in order to reduce the cost of mold remediation work. 10. What are mold spores? (Chose one incorrect statement) a. The (invisible) spores are tiny about the size of bacteria but do not contain any contain toxins, allergens and irritants as only the mold stalk is harmful. b. Mold spores are the small seeds that molds produce in order to reproduce. c. Mold spores are very light and can travel great distances through the air with only the slightest air movement. 11. Post Remediation Verification (PRV). Which terms apply to PRV? a. Air sampling is the easiest method to verify that the work place has been left mold free. b. Visual determination of PRV is much faster (no waiting period) & much cheaper. c. Certified mold assessors are trained to do post remediation verification. d. Visible approach to PRV is more prone to error and is less scientific than mold testing. 12. What about white/black glove testing of settled dust for PRV? (Choose all correct statements) a. White/black glove testing for settled dust is less scientific than taking samples of the settled dust and sending to a lab for analysis and therefore not a good test. b. Immediate feedback unlike air sampling. c. If all of the settled dust has been cleaned up there will be little to no settled mold spores. d. If there is settled dust there is no value to air scrubbing because as soon as you clean the air, more contaminants will become airborne from the dust on the floor. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 146

148 Review #3 Answer Key Check your answers against the correct ones below. If you answered more than 3 incorrectly, please review this section and take the quiz again. 1. b 2. e 3. e 4. a 5. e 6. b 7. d 8. d 9. a, b, c 10. a 11. b 12. b, c, d Once you have passed the review, you may continue... Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 147

149 Introduction to Mold Remediation Standards Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 148

150 EPA/OSHA Standards According to the EPA s Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings: Small jobs require simple procedures. Large jobs require more controls and more complex procedures. Makes sense to us. Remediation plan should cover the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and include steps to carefully contain and remove moldy building materials to avoid spreading the mold. (OSHA mold standards are essentially the same as EPA.) Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 149

151 EPA/OSHA Remediation A remediation plan may vary greatly depending on the size and complexity of the job, and may require revision if circumstances change or new facts are discovered. The remediation manager s highest priority must be to protect the health and safety of the building occupants and remediators. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 150

152 EPA/OSHA Remediation Simple containment: One layer of fireretardant polyethylene sheeting. Maintain area under negative pressure. Block supply and return air vents within containment area. Containment Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 151

153 Other Approaches to Mold Remediation Not everyone accepts the EPA/ OSHA viewpoint that jobs should be looked at from the size of the mold problem. IICRC S520 which provides guidelines for professional mold remediators specifically rejects the EPA/ OSHA guidelines. They instead have developed what they call Conditions that determine what actions are required. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 152

154 IICRC Conditions IICRC Conditions Is there active growth? Are there mold spores in the settled dust as a result of active growth? Or is the indoor environment a normal fungal ecology? Or are their elevated settled spores? Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 153

155 IICRC Heavily Consultant Oriented Evaluating Conditions and then developing remediation protocols to return the contaminated area to normal fungal ecology is not as simple as it sounds. Requires that mold consultants be hired to assist remediators by analyzing conditions, even for the smallest jobs. When the mold removal work is done one then needs the consultant to confirm by testing that the work area has is now normal. We disagree with such procedures. Not suitable except for the largest jobs. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 154

156 IICRC Contamination Conditions Elevated settled spores Indoor environment that is contaminated with settled spores that are a result of a mold growth contamination. Note that this is a rather simplistic definition. It is used in the industry, so you must understand their definition of it. But in reality, any property that is not truly clean will have elevated settled spores and this may have nothing to do with mold growth. In our experience, any property with (anything but brand new or just cleaned) carpeting will have elevated mold spores in the carpet dust. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 155

157 IICRC Contamination Conditions Normal conditions Indoor environment that may have settled spores fungal fragments, & even traces of some actual mold growth All reflective of a normal ecology for a similar indoor environment. The goal in a microbial remediation project is to return a problem area to normal conditions. If there is dirty carpet and/or lots of clutter and/or open windows, returning a problem location to normal may not be as simple as it sounds. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 156

158 IICRC Contamination Conditions Normal conditions According to IICRC, if you were to air sample a normal condition, you would expect to find compared to outdoors similar types of molds, with lower concentrations indoors. But many factors impact the ratio of inside to outside mold. For example: how clean the house is carpets or no carpets type of air filters used windows open or not season geographic location Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 157

159 IICRC PRV Unlike the EPA/OSHA guidelines there is no focus in IICRC S520 for making sure the moisture source is fixed to keep mold from coming back. Post remediation verification in S520 makes no mention of verifying that moisture problems have been fixed hence the need for biocides that keep on killing to keep mold from returning. We disagree with such procedures. For more information on IICRC S520 visit Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 158

160 IICRC Dust Producing Techniques IICRC S520 recommends dust producing techniques such as sanding structural wood and dry ice blasting. Such techniques not only produce mold fragments but can release dangerous chemicals used to make pressure sensitive wood. We disagree with such procedures. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 159

161 IICRC AC Remediation Protocol IICRC S520 has an over emphasis on using biocides in mold work. Unlike the EPA, they do not make it clear that biocides should not be used to remediate fiberglass lined AC surfaces. There are no biocides approved by the EPA for such use. We disagree with such procedures. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 160

162 IICRC PRV Sampling Recommended IICRC S520 has an over emphasis on sampling S520 Section 12.7: Post remediation verification sampling/testing is recommended. We disagree with such recommendations. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 161

163 IICRC Containments IICRC S520 recommends that containments be monitored to make sure they have a negative pressure of at least 5 Pa. EPA is more flexible and has no such fixed rules. If a fan pointing out in an outside window works to provide the neg air no problem. We disagree with such S520 recommendations. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 162

164 Common Sense Approach The professional mold industry has rejected the common sense approach to mold removal recommended by the US EPA and OSHA. Instead they have developed overly complex and costly procedures that more often than not, result in lower quality work than the simpler EPA/OSHA procedures. Nor have the professional mold associations placed adequate focus on chemical-free, green techniques. Mold behind kitchen cabinets from leak in exterior wall. We strongly support the EPA/OSHA approach to mold remediation in this course and also in our everyday work procedures as professional mold remediators. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 163

165 Review #4 1. According to the EPA/OSHA (choose all correct answers) a. Determine the size of the mold problem and develop an appropriate removal procedure. b. Above 10 sq feet you should use a containment. c. Carefully contain and remove moldy building materials to avoid spreading the mold. d. Hire a mold consultant to make sure you return the job site to normal fungal ecology. 2. Simple containment: a. One layer of fire-retardant polyethylene sheeting. b. Maintain area under negative pressure. c. Block supply and return air vents within containment area. d. All of the above. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 164

166 Review #4 3. Based on IICRC definitions if you were to air sample a normal condition, you would expect to find, compared to outdoors, similar types of molds, with lower concentrations indoors. But this is not as simple as it sounds. Depends on many factors such as: a. How clean the house is. b. Season c. Windows open or not. d. Type of AC filters e. Geographic location f. All of the above. 4. Elevated settled spores meaning indoor mold growth (per IICRC) may not be as simple a concept as it sounds. Complications include: a. Dirty carpets that could give an elevated spore count but have nothing to do with active mold growth. b. Clutter. Some home owners are pack rats has so much junk in place that it cannot be properly cleaned resulting in elevated spores but having nothing to do with active mold growth. c. Open windows. If you have a mold problem but the windows have been left open measurements of indoor settled spores may be elevated but may not mean there is a mold problem. d. All of the above. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 165

167 Review #4 Answer Key Check your answers against the correct ones below. If you answered more than 1 incorrectly, please review this section and take the quiz again. 1. a, b, c 2. d 3. f 4. d Once you have passed the review, you may continue... Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 166

168 Introduction to Good Remediation Practices Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 167

169 Mold Remediation Professional mold remediator training is typically only a 3 day course. Training is often sponsored by chemical companies and there is little to no focus on green/ chemical-free approaches to mold removal. Aspergillus Niger Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 168

170 Mold Remediation Additionally, most problem buildings have mold in the AC and ducting. Identifying and correcting mold problems in the AC and ducting are either not covered in professional mold training courses or the focus of training is to spray chemicals that keep on killing into duct work. Checking AC closet wall cavity under air handler for mold problems after a drain line overflow. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 169

171 You Need to Know! Because mold professionals are generally not well trained in either: Chemical-free techniques or Dealing with mold in AC s and ducting Regardless of whether you have professional help or not you need to understand the important messages in Inspecting for mold under air handler. this section including how to limit construction dusts & cleaning without chemical residues. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 170

172 Toxic Dust Creation There is always the potential for harmful dusts as a result of mold work because there is often extensive mold inside of walls and behind wall paper when only a small amount of mold is growing on the surface. The physical effort of opening the walls or removing the wall paper can shake loose billions of mold spores and (and toxin containing) mold fragments. Best to leave mold behind wall paper if mold removal work cannot be properly done. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 171

173 Toxic Dust Creation When opening walls avoid dust and fragment producing techniques such as: Using hammers to break open walls Sanding wood. Dry ice blasting. Baking soda blasting. Using dust producing techniques automatically makes a small job into a large job that requires complex containments and moon suits. No wonder mold contractors often prefer dust producing techniques more big jobs! Dust containment with plastic barriers. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 172

174 Toxic Dust Creation We strongly recommend that remediation practices that release contaminated dusts and mold microparticles be avoided. Such dust producing activities will cause workers to be exposed to high levels of contaminants. Such dust producing activities also will leave the remediation work site contaminated with toxins and allergens which will then be difficult to clean. Double bagging is often an over kill for mold related contamination? Can you put thru open window? Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 173

175 Containments Remediation work must always be performed with the health and safety of workers & occupants in mind. In order to protect workers and occupants during drywall demolition or cabinet removal which always generates large amounts of (contaminated) construction dusts, one must build containments which means putting up plastic sheeting to isolate the work area. Simple Containment: Plastic sheeting attached to spring loaded polls to isolate the work area. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 174

176 Dust Protection Mold growth as a result of water damage is one potential hazard involved in water damage remediation. Other contaminants/ hazards that may result from water damage which workers and occupants need to be protected from include: Antimicrobials & biocides used in the water damage cleanup, contaminated construction dusts, bacteria, viruses, insects and house dust mites. When you protect against these hazards you also protect against cross contamination from mold and vice versa. Wall destroyed by mold because window caulking was not refreshed every year. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 175

177 Containments Setting up containments makes workers more efficient because the air inside a containment is filtered (or exhausted outside) and workers work better when in a clean dust free environment. Setting up containments actually reduces the overall job cost because the cost of setting up the containment is more than offset by the reduction in the cost of cleaning and testing outside of the work areas. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 176

178 EPA/OSHA Limitations The EPA/OSHA mold remediation guidelines are based on setting up various levels of containments based on the size of the problem. Small problems are easier to deal with than larger problems and require simpler procedures, simpler containments, than larger projects. We agree with that. That makes sense. But the EPA/ OSHA procedures were expressly written for healthy occupants. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 177

179 Containments The EPA recommends containments be set up only when visible mold is over 10 sq ft. However simple containments using plastic sheeting and spring loaded poles can be set up in under 10 minutes. so why not always use them and protect the most sensitive individuals? We always use containments whenever we open a potentially mold filled wall or remove a moldy cabinet even when visible mold is under the EPA threshold of 10 sq ft. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 178

180 Containments Why do we always use containments? Because the EPA guidelines were developed for healthy occupants. Not sick kids, immune compromised, the elderly etc. Best to take precautions. And (again) setting up simple containments with spring loaded poles is so quick and easy it actually saves money by reducing costs for cleaning and testing outside the containment. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 179

181 Cleaning = Removal Thorough post-remediation cleaning should be done that includes not only air scrubbing (air cleaning) but cleaning of settled dusts on floors, furniture, and other contents. Such cleaning removes not only mold spores but other contaminants including bacteria, mites, insect parts etc that are heavy and not removed efficiently if only air scrubbing is done. Remember that spraying with biocides is not removing. Cleaning = Removing. Equipment used during remediation to keep down toxic dusts. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 180

182 Containments Reduce Cleaning When you use simple (oftentimes multiple small) containments around mold problems rather than larger more complex containments you can dramatically reduce the size of the area that you need to clean and test. This can be a real money saver and produce the most effective results. That s a good combination! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 181

183 Avoid Harmful Chemicals Make sure before remediation starts: That good remediation practices will be used that avoid the creation of toxic and/or allergic construction dusts. That procedures will not cross contaminate the AC and ducting. Will not use harmful chemicals that leave residues that keep on killing. That procedures are in place to clean the site of ALL contaminants including non-mold contaminants When remediation is done right the post remediation verification is fairly straight forward. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 182

184 Avoid Harmful Chemicals Again make sure before remediation starts that harmful chemicals will not be used. Mold contractors always state they use only EPA approved chemicals. That is not enough. Only use EPA approved cleaners for household use that you can find in a grocery store. Commercial biocides leave a residue which is NOT DETECTED by post-remediation testing. Once a biocide has been used it is very difficult to 100% remove. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 183

185 Avoid Harmful Chemicals Use only cleaners EPA approved for household use At the concentrations recommended on the label. For use recommended on the label (Kitchens and Food Surfaces?) For surfaces recommended on the label (Hard surfaces? Fabrics?) Applied in methods recommended on the label (Spray? Fog?) We offer in depth training on safe mold remediation practices at: EPA approved for household used. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 184

186 Post-Remediation Visual Testing When remediation is done right the post remediation verification is straight forward. Clean the floors of dust (no sweeping use mops or Swiffer.) Clean dust from overhead fan blades. Clean dust from furniture by vacuuming with quality vacuum equipped with HEPA filter. Check for dust with white glove/ black glove. When there is no dust there is no mold spores in the dust! This beats taking samples for mold and waiting days for the results! Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 185

187 Air Scrubbing Work Area If the settled dust has been removed because you have carefully cleaned, then air cleaning can be very quick and efficient. If there is settled dust you will never be able to clean the rooms with air scrubbers or by airing out the rooms because the contaminated dust in the air is constantly being replenished from settled dust. Supply register before cleaning. After cleaning and sealing. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 186

188 Air Cleaning - Summary Air scrubbing is not the only way to clean the air. Open windows to allow the remediation area to air out can work very well (when applicable.) Putting a Merv 11 (or 3M Filtrete 1250 series) or better air filter in the AC and turning the Fan=ON generally works well. The key is to make sure you only employ remediation practices that minimize the spread of construction dusts and all settled dusts are removed. Then cleaning the air is easy. Worthless see-through air filter. Only use pleated paper disposable filters. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 187

189 Review #5 1. All water damaged, moldy structures will also contain non-mold-related contaminants, including: a. bacteria b. dust mites and their feces c. allergenic insect parts d. biocides e. all of the above 2. When opening walls, avoid dust and fragment-producing techniques such as: a. Sanding wood. b. Using hammers to break open walls c. Dry ice blasting. d. Baking soda blasting. e. All of the above 3. Setting up containments can reduce job costs because: (select all correct answers) a. The air inside a containment is filtered (or exhausted outside), and the workers are more efficient when they work in a clean dust free environment. b. Containments are a trouble to erect, and don t reduce job costs. c. Containments reduce the cost of cleaning and testing outside of the work areas. Spraying with biocides is the same as removing mold. 4. Spraying with biocides is the same as removing mold. a. True b. False Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 188

190 Review #5 5. Clean means removing, and is not the same as killing. a. True b. False 6. Before remediation starts, make sure: a. You will avoid the release of construction dusts by erecting a containment. b. Procedures will not cross-contaminate the AC and ducting. c. Will not use harmful chemicals that leave residues that keep on killing. d. That procedures are in place to clean the site of ALL contaminants, including non-mold contaminants. e. All of the above. 7. Use only cleaners/disinfectants EPA approved for household use (choose the incorrect answer) a. At the concentrations recommended on the label. b. For use recommended on the label (Kitchens and Food Surfaces?) c. For surfaces recommended on the label (Hard surfaces? Fabrics?) d. Applied in methods recommended on the label (Spray? Fog?) e. You should always use a combination of several different types of disinfectants, as this will do a better job keeping the mold from coming back than only one. 8. When remediation is done right the post remediation verification is fairly straight-forward. (Choose the incorrect answer) a. Clean the floors of dust (no sweeping use mops or Swiffer. b. Clean dust from fan blades. c. Clean dust from furniture by vacuuming with Shop Vac. d. Check for dust with white glove/ black glove. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 189

191 Review #5 9. Air scrubbing is not the only way to clean the air. Other valid ways to clean the air include: a. Open windows to allow the remediation area to air out can work very well (when applicable). b. Putting a Merv 11 (or 3M Filtrete 1250 series) or better air filter in the AC and turning the Fan ON generally works well. c. Both a and b 10. Cleanliness of the job site after remediation and after the air has been cleaned can be visually tested. (Choose all that apply) a. With white/ black glove tests to visually check for the absence of settled dust. b. With a Swiffer. c. Using a lift tape which you send to the lab 11. Good remediation practices keep mold from returning by which of the following? (Choose all that apply) a. Spraying the area with biocides that keep on killing. b. Fixing the moisture problem so mold does not grow back. c. Making sure to remove all the mold growth. 12. Why do we always set up containments even for small-scale removal of moldy drywall or wall paper or cabinets? a. Containments actually reduce the cost of work because they reduce the amount of cleaning and testing needed outside of the work area. b. Containments take a great deal of time to set up and make the jobs more expensive. Mold remediators love them for this reason. They can make more money. c. Containments can be set up in no more than 10 minutes using spring loaded poles. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 190

192 Review #5 Answer Key Check your answers against the correct ones below. If you answered more than 3 incorrectly, please review this section and take the quiz again. 1. e 2. e 3. a, c 4. b 5. b 6. e 7. e 8. c 9. c 10. a, b 11. b, c 12. a, c Once you have passed the review, you may continue... Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 191

193 Conclusions Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 192

194 What You Should Have Learned You should now have a broad view as to how indoor mold growth can affect occupant health. You should be aware that there are limits to the value of mold sampling/testing for doing a post-remediation assessment. Depends on whether mold is active or dormant. Wet or dry. And you should now comprehend that there are good alternatives to sampling such as using white glove/ black glove testing to make sure there is no settled dust that could include mold contaminants. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 193

195 What You Should Have Learned You should comprehend that: Cleaning should include all contaminants from the water damage beyond mold including mites, bacteria, insect parts. But that the focus should be on proper work procedures to minimize the spread of such contaminants and reduce the amount of cleaning as well as reduce the amount testing required outside of the work areas. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 194

196 What You Should Have Learned Harsh chemicals called biocides should not be used. These are invisible to sampling and can contaminate the job site for years. Use only cleaners that are approved for household use. Hidden mold is not always a problem. It should be left alone if the removal work cannot be done properly. But hidden mold in an AC or ducting is always a problem for sensitive individuals. Nasty original ducting left by AC contractors when they installed a new air handler. A few inches of new duct board used to attach new air handler to the nasty old ducting. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 195

197 What You Should Have Learned You should be able to: Differentiate between cleaning methods that are appropriate for healthy, safe mold clean up and which are not. Implement remediation procedures that minimize/ avoid toxic dust creation and thereby reduce the complexity of post remediation verification. Such work should be based on EPA/ OSHA recommendations for setting up containments based on the size of the mold problem. More complex problems require more complex approaches and simpler problems... simpler solutions. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 196

198 Additional Reading For more information on proper mold remediation techniques refer to: Chemical-Free Mold & Mold Toxin Clean-Up & Restoration ISBN-10: at Amazon.com Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 197

199 Additional Reading Follow the recommended mold remediation procedures in the EPA s Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings available free at Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 198

200 Additional Reading Follow recommended procedures for cleaning ductwork. Refer to EPA guidelines for cleaning ductwork: Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned? Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 199

201 Additional Reading For a more comprehensive treatment of mold assessment see: Beyond the 10 Minute Mold Inspection. A Guide to Mold Assessment for the Chemically Sensitive ISBN-10: at Amazon.com. Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 200

202 Additional Reading For those that would like to read more on how mold can affect childhood (and adult) health, learning & behavior see When Traditional Medicine Fails: Your Guide to Mold Toxins. ISBN-10: at Amazon.com Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 201

203 Additional Reading Mold Illness and Mold Remediation Made Simple ISBN-10: at Amazon.com Copyright 2008 Certified Mold & Allergen Free Corp. Page 202