Quail proteins to prevent allergies: an innovative and effective nutrient

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1 Quail proteins to prevent allergies: an innovative and effective nutrient DR JACQUEMIN MARC CH. PHYTO-NUTRITIONIST SENIOR LECTURER MEDICAL FACULTIES OF PARIS XIII (FRANCE) AND BOLOGNA (ITALY)

2 Allergic reaction or more specifically allergic inflammation AN EPIDEMIC PHENOMENON THE BANE OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM

3 ...milk from lamas, too? Allergic bisons Kangaroos That, too beavers That too, doctor Aphid s milk, too, Doctor!?!

4 They were not all dying from it but they were all afflicted by it WHO? THEY BY WHOM? THEM

5 THEY The organs The respiratory region ENT region Pulmonary region The digestive tract: Man s second brain The skin The eye.

6 Organ affected Nose Sinus Eyes Symptoms mucus in the nostrils (allergic rhinitis) allergic sinusitis Redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis) Respiratory system Sniffling, coughing, bronchial constriction, wheezing and shortness of breath, frequent asthma attacks, in severe cases of respiratory constriction due to laryngeal œdema. Ears Sensation of blocked ears, possibly pain and hearing difficulty due to non-drainage of the Eustachian tube. Skin Digestive problems rashes, such as eczema and urticaria abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea

7 Them The allergens In children, in order of frequency All allergens combined Dust mites (especially Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae) (10% of children!) Grass pollen (orchard grass, timothy grass, ryegrass) Cat hair Cockroaches Birch pollen (alder, birch, hornbeam, hazel) Mould (Alternaria, Cladosporium) Rabbit hair Food allergies (3%) (particularly high-risk, as the allergen is often invisible) Lavender (lavender essence)

8 Them The allergens In children, in order of frequency Food allergens The percentages reflect the proportion of allergic children that are sensitive to this allergen Eggs (31 %) Peanuts (18 %) Fish (12 %) Milk (12 %) Soy, lentils, peas (3 %) Beef (2 %) Shellfish (2 %) Mustard (2 %) Hazelnuts (1.5 %) Coconut (1.5 %) It may be concluded that allergic individuals are very often sensitive to numerous different allergens

9 Them The allergens In adults, in order of frequency Food allergens Drupes (11%) Umbelliferae (11%) Eggs (8%) Shellfish (8%) Fish (7%) Milk (5%) Wheat (4%) Legumes (3%) Bananas (3%) Avocado (3%) Kiwi (2%) Mussels (2%) Potatoes (2%) Sunflower (2%) Beef (2%) Peanuts (2%)

10 Evidence An allergic area An inflammatory area premature aging of tissue premature aging of the individual

11 Discussion: could autoimmunity be just one step away from allergic reaction? Normal function Pathological function Harmless foreign substances example: food No reaction Reaction Harmless foreign substances example: food Hypersensitivity Allergies Harmful foreign substances example: microbes Immune system Immune system Inadequate response Harmful foreign substances example: microbes Immunode ciency Constituents of the human body No reaction Reaction Constituents of the human body Autoimmunity

12 Serine Proteases / Quail egg homogenate

13 Serine proteases definition endogenous exogenous protease / antiprotease balance Quail egg homogenate serine protease inhibition ovomucoids

14 Serine proteases There is a large body of recently published literature on serine proteases (trypsin and its trypsin-like protease counterparts)

15 Definition of serine proteases proteolytic and pro-inflammatory enzymes involved in various physiological and pathological circumstances. These enzymes occur ubiquitouslyin the body. In a physiological state, the proteasesand their natural inhibitors are in balance. The disruption of this balance can derive from a congenital deficiency of this inhibitor or from chemical alteration.

16 proteases There are two broad categories of proteases: - endogenous - exogenous.

17 Endogenous proteases Endogenous proteases are extra-or intracellular: -Extracellular proteasesare represented by pancreatic trypsin; -Intracellular proteases are mostly located in immunocompetent cells, particularly in connective-tissue mast cells and blood neutrophils.

18 Exogenous proteases Exogenous protease intake varies widely it includes food proteases drug proteases microbial proteases viral proteases fungal proteases dust mite proteases proteases from biting insects.

19 Protease-antiprotease balance The physiological balance of proteases is maintained by the serine protease-antiprotease balance. This balance can be disrupted in various situations: - Chemical action (inhibitor oxidation) - Smoking - Genetic abnormalities (cystic fibrosis, hereditary pulmonary emphysema, etc.) - Allergic diseases - Skin diseases

20 The ovomucoid in quail egg whites JACQUEMIN

21 Serine protease inhibition Ovomucoid from the egg white of the Japanese B Mina quail= apowerful serine protease inhibitor the only ovomucoid in any bird egg with the ability to inhibit human trypsin.

22 Uniqueness A fraction of B Mina strain quail egg white has the ability to inhibit a human enzyme and its counterparts. The ovomucoid of Japanese quail egg white performs 2 essential functions: - non-specificor general anti-inflammatory in humans and animals - specificanti-inflammatory & anti-allergic (30% of the population)

23 ESOC's action mechanism (ESOC = Standardised Quail's Egg Extract) 1. First contact 2. Reaction 3. Preparation

24 ESOC's action mechanism 4. Sensitisation 5. Allergy 6. Inhibiting action

25 Trypsin action on eosinophils General anti- inflammatory degranulation of proinflammatory metabolites Ovomucoids by inhibiting the action of trypsin on eosinophils, which are found everywhere (intestines; bronchial, nasal and conjunctival mucous membranes; skin; etc.) block the secretion of inflammation metabolites and the creation of a vicious circle produced by feedback from the mobilisation of other eosinophils

26 Anti- inflammatory Anti- allergic The allergen- IgE-Mast cell conflict The allergen-ige-mast cell conflict (or basophil) releases pre-formedgranules and brings about the creation of newly-formed substances. Prior to the discovery of IgE, the only allergy marker was eosinophil, which could be detected in nasal mucus, Conjunctival discharge, sputum,

28 Anti- inflammatory Anti- allergic Ishizaka a demonstrated that by blocking mast cell membrane receptors inhibition release of histamine - and proteaseswhich are released simultaneously. >< Failing this proteases play an inflammatory role and the newly-formed substances will release a pull-factor for eosinophils

29 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic eosinophil!!! Eosinophils are the centre of in general inflammation and inflammatory allergic reaction, together with neutrophils (lung and skin elastase, )

30 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic eosinophil Eosinophils!!! Release cytotoxic factors play a major role in allergic inflammation are the most typical cells, whether of the skin, nostrils or bronchi

32 !!! its cytotoxicitycauses cell damage, especially to mucous membranes Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic eosinophil

33 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic eosinophil!!! Actually, this persistent cytotoxic, along with the involvement of proteases as a co-inductive factor of inflammation, apart from an acute clinical phase, accounts for the irreversible nature of allergic inflammation. This inter-critical phase is characterised by non-manifestation of symptoms (irrespective of the allergy in question), during which time initial acute cell inflammation becomes sub-acute, chronic progressive inflammation.

34 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic The allergens are not likely to be inert proteins, but they are most likely to be serine proteases. allergens

35 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic Anti- Protease In a normalstate, each person possesses his own antiproteases, and this contributes to immune and homeostatic balance. >< These inhibitors may be missing(an α1 antitrypsin deficiency, for instance), impaired(smokers (development of bronchitis, followed by emphysema due to neutrophil elastase))

36 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic Allergens Protease inhaled allergens (serine proteases) are not neutralised by the body these allergens (pollen, dust mites, mould, etc ) amplify their inflammatory and by their protease trap the patient in a vicious circle which ovomucoid makes it possible to break.

37 Anti- inflammatory anti- allergic Treatment by quail egg homogenate It is in light of the ineffectiveness of endogenous inhibitors against allergic attacks, that there is need for prevention prior to contact with an allergen/allergens Follow-through (maintenance) via long-term supplementation.

39 Diagram showing the of this homogenate SUMMARY

40 Trypsin Eosinophils IgE-mast cells Attraction of inflammation Mast cells- eosinophils metabolites allergens Histamine proteases

41 With ovomucoid from the egg white of the Japanese B Mina quail Trypsin Eosinophils IgE-mast cells Attraction of inflammation Mast cells- eosinophils metabolites allergens Histamine proteases

Path2220 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DISEASE ALLERGY. Dr. Erika Bosio

Path2220 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DISEASE ALLERGY Dr. Erika Bosio Research Fellow Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research University of Western Australia