Chapter 14. Health and Illness LECTURE SLIDES W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Transcription

1 Chapter 14 Health and Illness LECTURE SLIDES

2 Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions Sociologists explore the social institution of medicine and experiences of health and illness. Select ALL of the following questions that sociologists might explore: a. How are illnesses categorized? b. What patterns of illness impact different groups of people? c. How does status impact our health? d. Who constructs definitions of health?

3 Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions This approach to illness treats symptoms once they become evident. a. preventative medicine b. palliative care c. chronic treatment d. curative medicine

4 Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions Examples of vector organisms include mosquitoes, ticks, and birds. a. true b. false

5 Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might explore the differences in the way marijuana smoking is constructed (and the meanings attached to it) by people in different U.S. states? a. structural functionalism b. feminist theory c. symbolic interactionism d. conflict theory

6 Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions Micah lives 40 minutes from the closest grocery store. He routinely grabs fast food from a chain restaurant near his job because it is difficult for him to get to the grocery store. This best exemplifies a. a food desert. b. food uncertainty. c. a fast food nation. d. food insecurity.

7 Getting Warmed Up! Lecture Launcher Questions Rescission is the practice by insurance companies of canceling coverage only after a person gets sick. a. true b. false

8 Defining Health and Illness Our bodies are social objects it is important to understand the role that health (and illness) plays in our lives as social beings. Health (and illness) are social constructs. What it means to be healthy or sick is determined by a society!

9 Types of Illnesses Acute diseases have a sudden onset, may be briefly incapacitating, and are either curable or fatal. Chronic diseases develop over a longer time period and may not be detected until symptoms occur later in their progression.

10 Approaches to Medical Treatment Curative or crisis medicine is the kind of health care that treats a problem after it has already started. Preventative medicine is a kind of health care that tries to prevent or delay a problem. This can include making lifestyle changes.

11 Approaches to Medical Treatment (cont d) Palliative care is the kind of health care that focuses on symptom and pain relief it is not intended to provide a cure. This is typically used for critically ill or dying patients.

12 Medicalization of Health and Illness Medicalization is the process where some issues that used to be seen as personal problems are redefined as medical issues.

13 Epidemiology Epidemiologists study patterns of disease to understand illnesses, how they spread, and how to treat them. Epidemic: when a significantly higher than expected number of cases of a disease occurs within a population Pandemic: when a higher than expected number of cases of a disease also spans a large geographic region, as in multiple countries or continents

14 Social Inequality, Health, and Illness Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts people s ability to access better heath care, tests, and medications, and also to afford better nutrition. Higher SES individuals often live longer and feel better than lower SES individuals.

15 The Problem of Food Deserts Food desert: a community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, healthy foods, usually located in densely populated, urban areas

16 Intersections of Class, Race, and Gender Racial and gender inequalities are compounded by economic inequalities minorities and women are more likely to be in poverty. Deprivation amplification occurs when the risks we already have because of our background or heredity are amplified by social factors. Examples: minorities are more likely to be exposed to harmful surroundings; men are more likely to hold hazardous jobs.

17 Medicine as a Social Institution The American Medical Association, through its standards and regulations: transmits norms and values of medicine and medical knowledge. regulates, licenses, and legitimizes practitioners. polices itself and encroachment on its power.

18 Medicine as a Social Institution (cont d) Doctor-patient relations are greatly influenced by the structure of the institution. The way that we interact with doctors is what gives them status and power the norms of the situation emerge from the way we behave!

19 Medicine as a Social Institution (cont d) The sick role describes actions and attitudes expected from someone who is ill. Functionalist Talcott Parsons suggests that being sick is a form of deviance (it s different from the norm). You often get excused from your normal responsibilities, but you have new responsibilities, like seeking treatment and trying to get better.

20 Issues in Medicine and Health Care Health-care reform is a current issue that we hear a lot about in the media. The premise is that we need to provide better, more affordable health care to all people.

21 Issues in Medicine and Health Care (cont d) One reason for health-care reform is to eliminate rescission a policy that allows insurance companies to cancel people s coverage after they get sick.

22 Theory in Everyday Life

23 Issues in Medicine and Health Care (cont d) Cultural competence: acknowledgment and incorporation of a person s cultural background as part of the treatment process This is important because a patient s beliefs will shape his approach to health care. Complementary medicine: treatments, practices, or products that can be used in conjunction with conventional Western medicine

24 Issues in Medicine and Health Care (cont d) Alternative medicine: treatments, practices, or products that can be used instead of conventional Western medicine

25 Issues in Medicine and Health Care (cont d) Integrative medicine combines conventional medicine with complementary practices that are proven to be safe and effective.

26 Issues in Medicine and Health Care In an effort to eliminate disorders, eugenics is an attempt to manipulate the gene pool to improve humans through medical science. In using processes like eugenics, it is important to consider bioethics the moral or ethical issues related to scientific or medical advancements.

27 So What? Why Study Health and Illness? Understanding the link between social structures and the individual helps us understand process and health outcomes. Thinking about our values and cultural context helps us understand the way people perceive the health of individuals, society, and the planet.

28 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Why are sociologists interested in health and illness? a. Sociologists want to treat patients. b. Sociologists want to understand the social implications of health and illness. c. Sociologists believe that all illnesses can be treated. d. Sociologists believe that they can create a better health-care system than what is available.

29 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Epidemiologists study disease patterns to a. treat patients. b. understand the social implications of health and illness. c. understand the causes of illnesses. d. propose health-care reforms.

30 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Food deserts demonstrate that individual health is affected by. a. gender b. race c. federal dietary guidelines d. neighborhood context

31 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Which of the following sociological perspectives views health and the healthcare system as valuable resources that are unequally shared in society? a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism

32 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Which of the following focuses on preventing or stalling illnesses? a. curative medicine b. crisis medicine c. preventative medicine d. palliative care

33 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Obesity used to be considered a symbol of status, but now it is considered a disease. What term describes that change? a. medicalization b. curative or crisis medicine c. stigma d. epidemic

34 Health and Illness Concept Quiz If a disease suddenly started spreading rapidly, and across many countries or continents, this would be considered a. an epidemiology. b. a vector organism. c. an epidemic. d. a pandemic.

35 Health and Illness Concept Quiz Tanesha starts having back pain. Her doctor tells her to take aspirin, but she also practices relaxation techniques. What treatment is she using? a. alternative medicine b. complementary medicine c. rescission d. Health-care reform

36 Chapter 14: Participation Questions Do you have health insurance? a. yes b. no

37 Chapter 14: Participation Questions The last time you went to the doctor, was it for curative medicine or preventive medicine? a. Curative: I needed treatment for something that was bothering me. b. Preventive: I wanted to find out how to prevent or avoid a problem that might occur in the future.

38 Chapter 14: Participation Questions According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Knowing this, would you call yourself healthy? a. yes b. no

39 Chapter 14: Participation Questions Have you ever called out of work or skipped a class by saying that you were sick even though you were not? a. yes b. no

40 Chapter 14: Data Workshop Activity Refer to the Data Workshop on page 422 to prepare for this activity. Instead of watching full episodes, we re going to watch clips from several television shows. I will distribute directions to your groups. Take notes on what you see to discuss with your group after each clip. Be prepared to discuss with the class after viewing the clips!

41 Additional Art for Chapter 14

42 This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14. For more learning resources, please visit the StudySpace site for The Real World, 5e at: