Lessons learned from CAPS: Genes, pathways and clinical care

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1 Exon 3 NACHT - domain Q703K G755R G307V A439V F309S F443L S710C G755A PYR NACHT Y141Y D310D H458H R168Q E311K C461C I172T P315L H463H S196N G326E I480F V198M S331R R488K T219T P340P A495V A242A L344L F523C C259W T348M F523L(C>A) R260W V351M F523L(C>G) R260L V351L E525K R260P A352V L534L R260R L353P R554X V262A E354D T557A L264F H358R Y563N L264H A374D G569R L264R T405P Y570C L264V L411L Y570F G301D S343S F573S D303H T436P T587I D303N T436N E627G D303G T436I L632F L305P A439T M659K Q306L A439P M662T LRRs 133 Exon Lessons learned from CAPS: Genes, pathways and clinical care Susa Benseler Section of Rheumatology Alberta Children s Hospital

2 Objectives To review the pathophysiology of cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes CAPS. To discuss the clinical spectrum and distinct organ diseases To discuss CAPS treatment options, monitoring approaches and patient outcomes

3 a tired child

4 Patient 1, 07 year old boy HPI: 3 month history of joint pains, no swelling or warmth of any joints, quit soccer team Multiple episodes of low grade fevers, no pattern, associated with red eyes and rashes, possible viral illnesses in late fall and winter ``not as active as peers`` pmhx: healthy, chickenpox at age 4

5 Examination O/E Thriving well Vital signs: Temp 37.9 C, normal HR, BP General physical examination: Fatigued, hearing loss, otherwise normal MSK: arthralgia

6 Laboratory tests Inflammatory markers: ESR 22mm/hr CRP 56mg/l WBC 14.5, normal diff Remainder normal including TSH Urine normal

7 Sensorineural hearing loss Increase in hearing thresholds in high frequencies

8 Hearing thresholds

9 Symptoms Fever, fatigue Arthralgia Conjunctivitis Rash Non itchy Urticaria-like Cold-induced Sensorineural hearing loss

10 Family history Kuemmerle-Deschner, ART 2011

11 Suspected diagnosis: monogenic periodic fever syndrome Cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome CAPS

12

13 DD autoinflammatory diseases

14 DD autoinflammatory diseases

15 DD autoinflammatory diseases

16 DD autoinflammatory diseases

17 Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) mild Familial Cold-induced Autoinflammatory Syndrom (FCAS) Spectrum of disease Muckle Wells Syndrome (MWS) severe Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID/CINCA) Courtesy Dr. Kuemmerle-Deschner

18 Gene: NLRP3 Location: 1q44 Name: NLR (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family). pyrin domain containing 3 (previously CIAS1) Encodes and therefore provides instructions for making a protein called cryopyrin Gatekeeper protein of the immune system

19 NLRP3 mutations Infevers database, 2013

20 Gatekeeper Jurg Tschopp & Kate Schroder Nature Reviews Immunology 2010

21 Loss of gatekeeper IL1β Jurg Tschopp & Kate Schroder Nature Reviews Immunology 2010

22 Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) mild Familial Cold-induced Autoinflammatory Syndrom (FCAS) Spectrum of disease Muckle Wells Syndrome (MWS) severe Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID/CINCA) Courtesy Dr. Kuemmerle-Deschner

23 Diagnosis delay (years) A Time to diagnosis of CAPS B MKD CAPS TRAPS FMF <70' 70's 80's 90's >2000 Decade of birth Toplak, ARD, 2012

24 Familial Cold-induced Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS) Cutaneous Manifestations of two affected siblings from Family B (A,B) and one affected child from Family A (C). A. 16 month old boy after a 5 minute exposure to 5 C atmosphere outdoor exposure followed by 5 minutes at room temperature. B. 34 month old boy at room temperature for 2 hours, crying. C. 4 year old girl bathing indoors at room temperature. Hoffman, J All Clin Immun 2009

25 Neutrophilic dermatitis Hoffman, J All Clin Immun 2009

26 Neutrophilic dermatitis Hashkes, The Rheumatologist 2014

27 Associated symptoms Fatigue Fevers Arthralgia/myalgia Conjunctivitis

28 Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) mild Familial Cold-induced Autoinflammatory Syndrom (FCAS) Spectrum of disease Muckle Wells Syndrome (MWS) severe Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID/CINCA) Courtesy Dr. Kuemmerle-Deschner

29 Muckle Wells Syndrome (MWS) Triad of triad of urticaria, deafness, and amyloidosis (Muckle, Wells, 1962) Clinical presentation Kuemmerle-Deschner, AR 2013

30 Clinical symptoms and age Figure 3 Clinical phenotypes across the age spectrum in Muckle-Wells Syndrome: A proposed model for inherited autoinflammatory diseases Organ-disease phenotype phenotype Systemic inflammatory phenotype Childhood Adulthood Kuemmerle-Deschner, AR 2013

31 Dimension 2 (33%) Clinical symptoms and age Correspondence analysis years irritability 0.0 hearing loss headache eye symptoms skin rash musculoskeletal abdominal pain >20 years 10 years fatigue -0.5 relapsing fever Dimension 1 (67%) Kuemmerle-Deschner, AR 2013

32 Hearing loss in three generations Audiogramm Patient (6 einer years) 5 Jahre alten Patientin Father (37 years) Patient (6 years) Father (37 years) Audiogramm Grandmother einer (675 years) Jahre alten

33 Hearing loss in three generations Patient (6 years) Father (37 years) Grandmother (67 years) Audiogramm einer 5 Jahre alten Patientin Hearing thresholds

34 Inner ear inflammation on MRI Inflammation End-organ damage Cochlear inflammation Figures courtesy of Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky Hearing loss

35 Pure Tone Average (PTA) right ear [db] NLRP3 mutation and hearing loss Controls V198M A 439 V E311K T348M Age in years Kuemmerle-Deschner, AR 2012

36 Organ disease in MWS

37 Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) mild Familial Cold-induced Autoinflammatory Syndrom (FCAS) Spectrum of disease Muckle Wells Syndrome (MWS) severe Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID/CINCA) Courtesy Dr. Kuemmerle-Deschner

38 Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease NOMID chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular syndrome CINCA first described in 1981 by Prieur and Griscelli Early onset of severe organ disease and inflammation Skin MSK: bones CNS

39 Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease NOMID

40 Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease NOMID Pre-term birth (30%), SGA Fevers Skin: early onset urticaria like rash MSK: non directional growth due to Inflammation, destructive arthritis CNS: meningitis, hydrocephalus, seizures, developmental delay, hearing loss Eyes: conjunctivitis, uveitis, scleritis, papilledema

41

42 Treatment of CAPS: IL1 blockade

43 Loss of gatekeeper IL1β Jurg Tschopp & Kate Schroder Nature Reviews Immunology 2010

44 Treatment of CAPS: IL1 blockade Anakinra Rilonacept Canakinumab Half life 4 hours 67 hours days costs/year [USD]

45 Disease activity in CAPS Clinical instruments: MWS disease activity score MWS-DAS (physician derived) AIDAI questionnaire (patient diary) Laboratory markers: C-reactive protein CRP Serum amyloid A SAA Neutrophil markers: MRP S100A8 and A9 Kuemmerle-Deschner, AR 2010, Lotze/Tracey Nat Rev Immunol 2005 Foell et al. J Leukoc Biol 2007, Piram, ARD 2014

46 Myeloid-Related Protein (MRP) 8/14 MRP 8/14 calcium binding proteins (S100A8/S100A9) form heterocomplexes in cytosol of neutrophils and macrophages Ca 2+ Ca identified as ligands and 2+ activators of TLR-4 assigned to the Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMPS) Ca 2+ Ca 2+ hmrp8/hmrp14

47 Pattern recognition of the innate immune system PAMP Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern TLR Exogenous ligands NOD TLR Endogenous ligands alarmins Danger Signals RAGE DAMP Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Lotze/Tracey Nat Rev Immunol 2005 Foell et al. J Leukoc Biol 2007

48 Pattern recognition of the innate immune system PAMP Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern TLR Exogenous ligands NOD TLR Endogenous ligands alarmins Danger Signals e.g. S100 proteins MRP8/14 RAGE DAMP Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Lotze/Tracey Nat Rev Immunol 2005 Foell et al. J Leukoc Biol 2007

49 MRP8/MRP14 expression in human diseases Rheumatoid arthritis Psoriasis arthritis Dermatomyositis Glomerulonephritis (SLE) Kane et al. Arthritis Rheum. 48, (2003) Seeliger et al. Am. J. Pathol. 163, (2003) Frosch et al. J. Leuko. Biol. 75, (2004) MRP8/MRP14 / ng/ml * MRP8/MRP14 serum concentrations reflect local disease activity 0 controls active remission

50 Monitoring treatment response Physician s global assessment (5 point scale) of disease activity and assessment of skin disease on a 5-point scale (1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=severe). Remission: 2 Patient s global assessment (5 point scale) Inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) Remission: normal serum values (below 10 mg/l) of CRP and SAA

51 Definitions of response Complete Response: Disease activity and assessment of skin disease on a 5-point scale 2 plus normal serum values of CRP and SAA on day 8 of therapy Partial response: Absence of complete response but reduction of CRP and/or SAA from baseline by > 30 % but not reaching normal values (<10mg/l) and physician s global assessment improvement from baseline by one step

52 Treatment efficacy Anakinra, Rilonacept (FCAS) and Canakinumab have excellent efficacy Improvement or resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of active inflammation Improvement or normalization of inflammatory markers

53 Clinical applications for IL1 blockade Dinarello, van der Meer Semin Immunol 2013

54 MWS disease activity at baseline and on anakinra

55 ESR mm/h CRP mg/dl ESR and CRP at baseline and on anakinra 6 60 p=0,013 4 p=0, before IL-1Ra during IL-1Ra IL-1Ra during IL-1Ra

56 MRP8/14 markers at baseline and on anakinra MRP 8/14 levels decreased significantly in successfully treated patients (p<0,001) p<0,001 but were still elevated in comparison to healthy controls (<450ng/ml) even without clinical signs of inflammation 2000 healthy controls 0 before IL-1Ra during IL-1Ra

57 Excellent response of inflammatory markers to IL1 blockade CRP levels ESR values Kuemmerle-Deschner, ART 2013

58 S100A12: response to anakinra and canakinumab Kuemmerle-Deschner, ART 2013

59 3,5 Patients assessment 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 BL-PatDia D8-PatDia Canakinumab induced a complete clinical response in all cases 6 Physician assessment Immediately pre first treatment 1 0 BL-DisAct D8-DisAct Day 8 post treatment

60 1000 SAA ,1 Baseline Day 8 Canakinumab induced a complete biochemical response in all cases CRP mean 1 Immediately pre first treatment 0,1 Baseline Day 8 Day 8 post treatment

61 Efficacy of anti IL1 therapy for organ disease: hearing

62 Early detection of hearing loss Standard 4 pure-tone-average (4PTA) and proposed high frequency pure-toneaverage (HF-PTA) 4PTA range includes 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 khz The proposed HF-PTA captures high frequency at 6 and 8 khz

63 Early detection of hearing loss: Standard 4 pure-tone-average (4PTA) and proposed high frequency pure-tone-average (HF-PTA)

64 PTA versus HF PTA for early detection of hearing loss Normal PTA Abnormal HF-PTA Abnormal PTA Abnormal HF-PTA

65 Early hearing loss is reversible

66 Efficacy of anti IL1 therapy for organ disease: hearing MWS patient follow-up assessments

67 Hearing loss and MRI Inflammation After treatment with anakinra Cochlear inflammation Resolving cochlear inflammation Figures courtesy of Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky

68 Objectives To review the pathophysiology of cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes CAPS. To discuss the clinical spectrum and distinct organ diseases To discuss CAPS treatment options, monitoring approaches and patient outcomes

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