Early Experience, Human Nature and Moral Development
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1 Early Experience, Human Nature and Moral Development Darcia Narvaez, University of Notre Dame Tracy Gleason, Wellesley College 2010 Notre Dame Symposium on Human Nature and Early Experience
2 Darwin s moral sense Main driver of human evolution Components: o Social pleasure o Empathy o Memory function o Social concern o Habit control
3 Changes in morality? Decrease in empathy in college students (Konrath et al., 2010) Decrease in moral reasoning sophistication (greater self-centeredness; Thoma et al., 2008)
4 The Quest for Moral Exemplars Moral exemplars exhibit at the same time: higher affiliation with others (communion and compassion) higher self efficacy or agency (Walker & Frimer, 2008; 2009) Personality factors: agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, agency WWII rescuers: What else could I do? They were human beings like you and me. (Munroe, 2001)
5 Early Life Sets the Stage for Moral Development Mutually responsive orientation (Kochanska) Secure attachment (e.g., Kochanska, 2002; Weinfield et al., 2008) Empathy (Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, Eisenberg) Self-regulation (Weinfield et al., 2008) Conscience (Kochanska) Openness (Greenspan & Shanker, 2004) Agency/self-efficacy/competence (Weinfield et al., 2008)
6 Early Social Life in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness TOUCH: Held or kept near others constantly RESPONSIVITY: Prompt responses to fusses and cries BREASTFEEDING: Frequent (2-3 times/hr initially), 2-5 yrs CO-SLEEPING: Sleeping close to caregiver ALLOPARENTS: Frequently cared for by individuals other than mothers (fathers and grandmothers, in particular) PLAY: Enjoy multiage play groups in early childhood SOCIAL SUPPORT: High social embeddedness Among other things such as Natural Childbirth **Care like this we can call EEA-consistent** Hewlett & Lamb, 2005; Konner, 2005; 2010
7 Can we measure EEA- CONSISTENCY and TEST its effect on child moral development?
8 Family Life Project Studies Measure EEA-consistent care (maternal reports and/or observation) Measure early signs of moral development: o Maternal reports of empathy, behavior regulation, inhibitory control, guilt o Observed empathy, inhibitory control, attachment
9 Family Life Project Studies Four studies 1. Longitudinal research using data from the Centers for the Prevention of Child Neglect 2. Maternal survey in USA (online) 3. Maternal survey in China (paper) 4. Face-to-face: Maternal survey and measures of child behavior Research team colleagues: Alison Cheng, Jennifer Burke Lefever, Peggy Wang, Jeff Brooks
10 Study 1: Longitudinal 682/376 mothers (tested prenatally to 36 months) EEA-Consistent/Inconsistent Behaviors Breastfeeding (retrospective maternal report at 36 months), Maternal responsivity (HOME), Positive & negative touch (interview), Social support (interview) Child Outcomes (maternal report of moral behavior) Behavior regulation Social engagement Cooperation Behavior problems (internalizing/externalizing) Competence Cognitive development (intelligence, auditory comprehension, expressive communication)
11 Effects of Breastfeeding Outcomes Yes (n=80) No (n=86) ANCOVA F M 30 months Controlling for 18 months Behavioral regulation Social engagement Cooperation months Controlling for 24 months Internalizing * Externalizing Competence Note: ANCOVA F is the F value after controlling the effects of demographic variables and outcome at previous time point. M
12 Responsivity 4 months Responsivity 8 months Responsivity 18 months Responsivity 30 months 1 1 Responsivity on Behavioral Regulation 1 1 Maternal Responsivity.109*.157* χ² (20 df ) = 24.04, p =.24 CFI =.918 RMSEA =.066 Behavioral Regulation 18 months.170* Behavioral Regulation 30 months
13 Responsivity on Cooperation Responsivity 4 months Responsivity 8 months Responsivity 18 months Responsivity 30 months Maternal Responsivity.109*.128# Cooperation 18 months.176* Cooperation 30 months χ² (20 df ) = 22.17, p =.33 CFI =.933 RMSEA =.063
14 Responsivity 4 months Responsivity 8 months Responsivity 18 months Responsivity 30 months Responsivity on Behavior Problems Maternal Responsivity Externalizing: χ² (20 df ) = 21.24, p =.39 CFI =.948 RMSEA = * (-.022*) (-.017) Externalizing (Internalizing) Behaviors 24 months.535* (.576*) Externalizing (Internalizing) Behaviors 36 months Internalizing: χ² (20 df ) = 21.06, p =.39 CFI =.943 RMSEA =.063
15 Latent Growth Model on Positive Touch Positive Touch 4 months 1 1 Positive Touch (4 Months) Positive Touch 8 months Positive Touch 30 months Latent Change in Positive Touch between 4 and 30 months χ² (1 df ) = 1.39, p =.24 CFI =.959 RMSEA =.058
16 Positive Touch on Behavioral Regulation Positive Touch 4 months 1 Positive Touch (4 Months).436* Behavioral Regulation 18 months 1 Positive Touch 8 months Positive Touch 30 months Latent Change in Positive Touch between 4 and 30 mos * Behavioral Regulation 30 months χ² (7 df ) = 11.43, p =.12 CFI =.944 RMSEA =.076
17 Positive Touch on Social Engagement Positive Touch 4 months 1 Intercept Positive Touch (4 Months).598* Social Engagement 18 months 1 Positive Touch 8 months Positive Touch 30 months Latent Change in Positive Touch between 4 and 30 mos.687* * Social Engagement 30 months χ² (7 df ) = 15.31, p =.03 CFI =.940 RMSEA =.086
18 Social Support on Cooperation Social Support 6 Months Social Support 18 Months Social Support 1.88*.780 Cooperation 18 months.168* Cooperation 30 months χ² (5 df ) = 7.54, p =.18 CFI =.992 RMSEA =.072
19 Social Support on Externalizing Behaviors Social Support 6 Months Social Support 18 Months Social Support -.503*.002 Externalizing Behaviors 24 months.547* Externalizing Behaviors 36 months χ² (5 df ) = 3.81, p =.58 CFI =.996 RMSEA =.055
20 Social Support on Competence Social Support 6 Months Social Support 18 Months Social Support.624*.123 Competence 24 months.631* Competence 36 months χ² (5 df ) = 2.90, p =.72 CFI =.997 RMSEA =.049
21 Summary of Study 1 Breastfeeding: related to lower rates of internalizing behavior problems at age 3 Responsivity omaternal responsivity pattern seems to be set by 4 months ocontrolling for education and income/needs ratio, maternal responsivity related to several child outcomes including cooperation and both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems
22 Summary of Study 1 (cont.) Positive touch reported by mothers o at 4 mo. positively predicted children s behavioral regulation and social engagement more than a year later Maternal perception of social support (during child s infancy and toddlerhood) o positively predicted children s cooperation and competence and negatively predicted externalizing behaviors
23 Studies 2 & 3: Parent Survey Mothers of 3-year-olds o Study 2: USA, N=436 o Study 3: China, N=383 Survey of EEA-consistent care (caregiver behavior & attitudes) Breastfeeding: length and type Maternal responsivity attitudes Close physical contact (positive touch behaviors/attitudes) Co-sleeping; Multiple alloparents; Play (free play, play settings); Childbirth and perinatal experience Child outcomes o Empathy, Concern, Self-Regulation (My Child) o Inhibitory Control (CBQ)
24 Correlations: USA (N=436) Empathy Concern Inhibitory control Self-regulation Breastfeeding length.12* Feeding type Bottle only < Breastfed/Both Responsivity attitudes Touch behavior (Infancy) Touch behavior (Age 3) Bottle only < Breastfed/Both.24***.28***.12*.23***.29***.31***.18*** Touch attitudes.25***.16* *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001
25 Breastfeeding length Correlations: China (N=383) Feeding type Bottle only < Breastfed/Both Responsivity attitudes Touch behavior (Infancy) Touch behavior (Age 3) Empathy Concern Inhibitory control.14**.28***.23***.23***.29***.16**.18***.14**.23***.24***.24***.14** Touch attitudes.12*.11*.18*** *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001 Self-regulation
26 Touch: Mediation effects Touch behavior Touch Attitudes Child outcomes
27 Touch behavior.54**.22** China Mediation is significant Z=3.41 Touch Attitudes.05 Empathy Touch behavior.56**.22** US Mediation is significant Z=3.60 Touch Attitudes.13* Empathy
28 Touch behavior.54**.21** China Mediation is significant Z=3.29 Touch Attitudes.12* Inhibitory Control Touch behavior.56**.34** US Mediation is significant Z=3.71 Touch Attitudes Inhibitory Control
29 Touch behavior.54**.23** China Mediation is significant Z=3.61 Touch Attitudes.04 Concern
30 Summary of Studies 2 and 3 Breastfeeding: Varied between US and China o In all cases, breastfeeding was related to positive outcomes, particularly more so than exclusive bottlefeeding Responsivity attitudes: Positively related to empathy and inhibitory control in both samples Touch behavior: Positively related to child outcomes; slightly more so in the Chinese sample The effects of touch attitudes were mediated by touch behaviors
31 Study 4: Face-to-Face 55 mothers and 3-year-olds Same parent survey of EEA-consistent care Children tested for o Physiological regulation (cortisol reactivity) o Emotion recognition o Inhibitory control (day/night, head/toes, lab gift) o Cognitive development (PPVT) o Attachment/empathy (MacArthur Story Stems) Mother-child interaction (Landry) o Positive affect o Warmth/responsivity
32 Study 4: Preliminary Findings Mothers positive affect negatively related to child s cortisol change (r = -.39, p <.02) Warmth/responsivity predicted face-to-face assessments of children s: o Identification of sadness (r =.36, p <.03) o Inhibitory control (marginal; r =.29, p <.06)
33 Converging Evidence Across the studies we found significant effects of breastfeeding, positive touch, responsivity and maternal social support on morallyrelevant outcomes. The EEA components may be worthwhile to use in studying the factors predictive of moral character.
34 Human moral personality may be epigenetic Peaceful cultures more typically follow the EEA components (Fry, 2005; Prescott, 1996) Consideration of the EEA context as a whole may be useful in our understanding of the development of morality.
35 EEA Prosocial Moral Nature Early Formation Habitual Prosocial Response
36 Triune Ethics Theory (Narvaez, 2008) Security Engagement Imagination
37 Neurobiology of Self and Relationships Personality Early Experience Agreeableness (Kochanska) Empathic orientation (Tomkins) Cooperative selfregulation (Sroufe) Ethical Orientation Security Engagement Imagination (Triune Ethics, Narvaez)
38 Path Model for Helping the Less Fortunate Tomkins Humanism 1.926* Engagement Identity.611* Attachment Related Features Action For Less Fortunate Basic Needs Effectance * Openness to Experience.115* χ² (6 df ) = 8.03, p =.24 CFI =.985 RMSEA =.042
39 Experience Influences Moral Nature Early experience builds emotion systems that underlie optimal morality Some cultures are better at providing for basic needs and creating a cultural narrative that leads to peaceful behavior
40
41 Acknowledgements Spencer Foundation University of Notre Dame ND Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts Brachman-Hoffman Small Grants (Wellesley) Jeff Brooks Christine Cummings Aryanne De Silva Kayla Delgado Janie Hensley Elizabeth Ledden Bradley Mattan Gabrielle Michalak Kellen Mrkva Katherine Nolan Stephanie Sieswerda Abbey Warkentin
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