S-adenosyl-l-methionine prevents 5-HT 1A receptors up-regulation induced by acute imipramine in the frontal cortex of the rat
|
|
- Bertha Edwards
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neuroscience Letters 321 (2002) S-adenosyl-l-methionine prevents 5-HT 1A receptors up-regulation induced by acute imipramine in the frontal cortex of the rat Inmaculada Bellido a, *, Aurelio Gomez-Luque a, Antonio Plaza b, Francisca Rius c, Pablo Ortiz a, Felipe Sanchez de la Cuesta a a Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine. University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain b Department of Psychiatry, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain c Department of Statistic, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain Received 19 October 2001; received in revised form 2 January 2002; accepted 3 January 2002 Abstract S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) has shown efficacy in speeding the onset of the antidepressant effect of imipramine in depressed patients. This effect may be related to their interactions at the serotonin 1A (5-HT 1A ) receptors. Acute imipramine up-regulated the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors (B max, 51.5 ^ 8.4 fmol/mg vs. saline (B max, 27.5 ^ 5.9 fmol/ mg, and did not show antidepressant effect. Acute SAM and imipramine 1 SAM did not modify frontal cortex 5- HT 1A receptors, and showed antidepressant effects (decrease of the immobility response of 26%, P, 0:01; and 47%, P, 0:001) vs. saline. All the chronic treatments showed antidepressant effects and up-regulated the hippocampus 5- HT 1A receptors. SAM prevents the 5-HT 1A receptor up-regulation induced by acute imipramine in the frontal cortex. This mechanism may contribute to imipramine s antidepressant effect. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Imipramine; S-adenosyl-l-methionine; Serotonin 1A ; Frontal cortex; Hippocampus; Forced swim test S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) has shown efficacy in speeding the onset of the antidepressant effect of imipramine in depressed patients [2,5]. Both drugs increase norepinephrine and serotonin levels, but the differences between the delay in appearance of the therapeutic effect of imipramine and the rapid antidepressant effect of SAM suggest different mechanisms of action. To find out whether SAM may speed the onset of the antidepressant effect of imipramine, the hippocampus and the frontal cortex serotonin 1A (5-HT 1A ) receptors were characterized in Wistar rats. The immobility time in the forced swimming test was used as a functional correlate. The open field test was used to distinguish the antidepressant effects from the stimulatory effects on the rat locomotor activity. Male Wistar rats (n ¼ 96, 275 ^ 30 g; CRIFFA, Barcelona) were used. These were allowed to habituate to the animal facility for 10 days before the start of the experiment and were housed under standardized conditions (three per cage; constant 12 h light/dark cycle; temperature, 22 ^ 2 * Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: ibellido@uma.es (I. Bellido). 8C; water and food available ad libitum) up to the time of testing. All procedures followed the provisions and general recommendations of the European Community Council Directive (86/609/EEC) and local rules. For acute treatments, the animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with saline (0.5 ml/kg), imipramine (10.9 mg/kg), SAM (50 mg/kg), or imipramine 1 SAM, 24 h, 5 h and 5 min before the start of the forced swimming test. For chronic treatments, the animals were injected i.p. with saline (0.5 ml/kg), imipramine (10.9 mg/kg), SAM (50 mg/kg), or imipramine 1 SAM one time/day during 20 days. The last injection was given 24 h before the start of the forced swimming test. The forced swimming test (Porsolt method) was used to detect the antidepressant effect of the treatments. The rat was placed in a cylinder (40 cm high, 18 cm diameter) containing water to a height of 21 cm at 37 8C. Rats could not support themselves by touching the bottom with their feet. Two swimming sessions were conducted. In the pretest session, the rats were forced to swim during 15 min, then removed from the cylinder and allowed to dry for 15 min in a heated enclosure (32 8C) before they were returned to their home cages. After 24 h, the animal was exposed /02/$ - see front matter q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S (02)
2 I. Bellido et al. / Neuroscience Letters 321 (2002) again to the forced swimming test for 5 min (test). The total duration of active swim behaviour was measured during the 5 min of the test session. The depressed behaviour, according to Porsolt, is related to prolonged immobility time, and the antidepressant effect is related to increased swim time. The rat locomotor and exploratory activity was measured by the open field test (Janssen method; arena, 85 cm diameter, 42 cm high). The only source of light in the room was a 100 W bulb attaching directly above the arena and illuminating its centre. The test was performed 15 min before the forced swimming test. The number of quadrants crossed in 10 min was counted. After the forced swimming test, the rats were killed by decapitation. The frontal cortex and the hippocampus were dissected and homogenized in 0.32 M sucrose at 4 8C. The homogenate was centrifuged at 900 g for 10 min. The supernatant fluid was centrifuged at 70,000 g/15 min. The pellet was resuspended in 50 nm Tris HCl buffer (ph 7.5) and incubated at 37 8C for 15 min, then centrifuged again at 70,000 g/15 min. The final pellet was resuspended in 50 mm Tris HCl (ph 7.7), 4 mm CaCl 2, and 0.1% ascorbic acid and stored at 280 8C until use. The protein concentrations (Bradford method) were ^ 0.2 mg/100 ml in the frontal cortex and ^ 0.3 mg/ 100 ml in the hippocampus. Saturation experiments with 2- (N,N,Di[2,3(n) - 3 H]propylamino)-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene( 3 H-8-OH-DPAT; nm) were performed on the membranes. Specific binding of 3 H-8- OH-DPAT was defined as the excess over blank values obtained in the presence of 1 mm serotonin. All binding assays were done under equilibrium conditions (30 min at 37 8C) and in triplicate. The reaction was stopped by adding 4 ml ice-cold 20 mm Tris HCl buffer (ph 7.4), and the tube contents were immediately filtered through Whatman 24 mm GF/B filters under a vacuum (Brandel- M48 Cell Harvester filtration unit, USA). The filters were washed twice with 4 ml ice-cold Tris HCl buffer. Liquid scintillation counting of the filters was done in 4 ml Optiphase Hisafe 3 (LKB Wallac, UK) using an LKB beta spectrometer (counting efficiency of 70%). Saturation analysis was performed using iterative non-linear regression analysis (Radlig and Ligand software) to determine the maximal bound (B max ) and the dissociation constant (K d ) values. The results are expressed as the mean and standard error of the mean (mean ^ SEM). The results obtained from the behavioural test were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (main factors: treatment; and time of treatment). The results from the 3 H-8-OH-DPAT binding to the 5-HT 1A receptors were analyzed by a three-way ANOVA test (main factors: treatment; time of treatment; and region of brain). Post-hoc testing was done with the Bonferroni method (Statistical Package for Social Sciences 9.0 software, Real State-Real Easy, 1999 q ). Boehringer Ingelheim, Spain provided SAM. Ciba- Geigy, Spain provided imipramine. Reagents were purchased from the Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO. 3 H-8-OH-DPAT (specific activity, 137 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Amersham, UK. Table 1 shows the immobility time in the forced swimming test and the number of changes of area in the open field test. Acute SAM and acute imipramine 1 SAM, but not acute imipramine, significantly reduced the immobility time with respect to saline. The acute imipramine 1 SAM effect was 21.17% greater than that of acute SAM (P, 0:05). Chronic imipramine, SAM, and imipramine 1 Table 1 Antidepressant and motor activity effects of imipramine, SAM, and imipramine 1 SAM vs. saline after acute and chronic i.p. injections in Wistar rat a c Acute treatment Chronic treatment Forced swimming test Open field test Forced swimming test Open field test Group Immobility time (s) Changes of areas (n) Immobility time (s) Changes of areas (n) Saline 222 ^ ^ ^ ^ 4.2 Imipramine 219 ^ 8.8 (21.35) 46.2 ^ 3.7 (216.90) 97 ^ 8.8 (257.45) d,e 28.4 ^ 3.1 (247.88) f h SAM 164 ^ 10.5 (226.12) I 50.9 ^ 4.2 (28.45) 130 ^ 10.1 (242.98) d 47.8 ^ 2.5 (212.29) Imipramine 1 SAM 117 ^ 8.1 (247.29) j,k 43.6 ^ 2.1 (221.58) 70 ^ 9.7 (269.29) d,l,m 28 ^ 6.3 (248.62) f h a b c d e f g h i j k l m Imipramine: 10.9 mg/kg; SAM: 50 mg/kg. Acute, 1 day; and chronic, 20 days. Data are the mean ^ SEM (n ¼ 12 animals); figures in parentheses represent the change (%) vs. saline. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:001 vs. chronic saline. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:001 vs. acute imipramine. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:01 vs. chronic saline. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. chronic SAM. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. homologous acute treatments. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:01 vs. acute saline and acute imipramine. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:001 vs. acute saline and acute imipramine. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. acute SAM. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:01 vs. chronic SAM. Two-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. acute imipramine 1 SAM.
3 112 I. Bellido et al. / Neuroscience Letters 321 (2002) SAM showed antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test. Chronic imipramine 1 SAM showed a greater (P, 0:05) but not synergistic effect than that of chronic imipramine (11.84%), and chronic SAM (26.31%). Imipramine shows a delay period, reducing the immobility time (antidepressant effect) only after chronic treatment. Chronic imipramine and imipramine 1 SAM showed a higher antidepressant effect than the homologous acute treatments (P, 0:01; Table 1). The three acute treatments and chronic SAM did not modify the rat locomotor activity in the open field test. Chronic imipramine and imipramine 1 SAM diminished the locomotor activity with respect to chronic saline (P, 0:01) and homologous acute treatments (P, 0:05; Table 1). Table 2 summarizes the 3 H-8-OH-DPAT affinity (K d ) and 3 H-8-OH-DPAT maximal receptor bound (B max ) to the hippocampus and frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors. The Hill coefficients were close to unity in all of the groups, consequently, 3 H-8-OH-DPAT bound specifically and saturably to a homogeneous population of non-interacting binding sites in both tissues. The non-specific binding was 10% in the hippocampus and 15% in the frontal cortex. Acute imipramine increased the 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the frontal cortex with respect to saline (P, 0:05), but did not modify the 5-HT 1A receptors B max with respect to the saline group in the hippocampus. Chronic imipramine increased 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the hippocampus (P, 0:05) and diminished 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the frontal cortex (240.85%; P ¼ 0:08). Chronic imipramine also decreased 5-HT 1A receptors affinity in the hippocampus (K d was 1.81-fold higher than saline; P, 0:05) and did not modify 5-HT 1A receptors affinity in the frontal cortex. Acute SAM did not modify 5-HT 1A receptor function in both tissues. Chronic SAM significantly increased the 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the hippocampus (P, 0:05), but it did not affect the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors. In contrast to acute imipramine, acute imipramine 1 SAM did not modify the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors B max and K d with respect to saline. Chronic imipramine 1 SAM significantly increased 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the hippocampus (P, 0:05) and decreased the receptors affinity in this area (K d was two-fold higher than the saline group; P, 0:05). In the frontal cortex, chronic imipramine 1 SAM significantly decreased the 5-HT 1A receptors B max (P, 0:05) and did not modify the K d with respect to saline (Table 2). The increased frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors B max correlated positively with increased forced swimming test immobility time (depressed behaviour) in the animals treated with imipramine (Pearson correlation coefficient, ; P ¼ 0:008), and imipramine 1 SAM (Pearson correlation coefficient, ; P ¼ 0:004). The increased hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptors B max correlated negatively with the forced swimming test immobility time in the animals injected with imipramine (Pearson correlation coefficient, ; P ¼ 0:006), and imipramine 1 SAM (Pearson correlation coefficient, 20.88; P ¼ 0:002). Consequently, imipramine and imipramine 1 SAM s antidepressant effect appears to be related to a reduction of the 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the frontal cortex, and an increment of the 5-HT 1A receptors B max in the hippocampus. None of the treatments increased the locomotor activity of the rats (Table 1), consequently the imipramine, SAM and imipramine 1 SAM antidepressant effects were not related to any stimulatory effects of the rat motor activity. On the contrary, imipramine and imipramine 1 SAM chronic treatments diminished the rats motor activity with respect to saline (P, 0:01) and with respect to their homologous acute treatments (P, 0:05). The reduction of the rat Table 2 Effect of acute and chronic i.p. injections with imipramine, SAM, and imipramine 1 SAM vs. saline in the 3 H-8-OH-DPAT bound to the hippocampus and frontal cortex membranes of Wistar rat a c Hippocampus Frontal Cortex Acute treatment Chronic treatment Acute treatment Chronic treatment Group Control ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 4.75 Imipramine ^ ^ 17.8 (15.63) ^ 0.43 d 505 ^ 50.7 (169.46) d ^ ^ 8.40 (186.86) e ^ ^ 1.09 (240.85) SAM ^ ^ (20.35) ^ ^ 87.6 (171.81) d ^ ^ 2.36 (15.95) ^ ^ 2.74 (24.65) Imipramine 1 SAM ^ ^ 11.6 (115.84) ^ 0.75 d 565 ^ 76 (189.59) d ^ ^ 2.31 (10.21) ^ ^ 1.12 (248.73) f a b c d e f Acute, 1 day; and chronic, 20 days. Imipramine: 10.9 mg/kg; SAM: 50 mg/kg; saline: 0.5 ml/kg. Data are the mean ^ SEM (n ¼ 6 animals in each group and area); figures in parentheses represent the change (%) vs. saline. Three-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. chronic saline and homologous acute treatments. Three-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. saline, SAM, and imipramine 1 SAM acute treatments, and homologous chronic treatment. Three-way ANOVA test: P, 0:05 vs. chronic saline and chronic SAM.
4 I. Bellido et al. / Neuroscience Letters 321 (2002) locomotor activity may be due to imipramine s anti-cholinergic and anti-histaminergic-related sedative effect. This study represents the first evidence of the relationship between imipramine s delayed onset of clinical efficacy and the increased density of the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors. Stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) somatodendritic 5-HT 1A autoreceptors inhibits the electrical activity of the serotonergic neurones leading to a reduction of the serotonergic neurotransmission in the forebrain [17]. The activation of the post-synaptic 5-HT 1A receptors in the fronto-parietal cortex would diminish the function of the DRN 5-HT 1A autoreceptors by a negative feed-back mechanism leading to the inhibition of the firing activity of the DRN serotonergic neurones [10]. In relation to this effect, there are evidences indicating that these cortical 5- HT 1A receptors are post-synaptic receptors [12] located on glutamatergic pyramidal output neurones which form synapses preferentially with gamma-aminobutyric acid neurones in the DRN [9,11]. As acute imipramine induces an increased 5-HT 1A receptor density in the frontal cortex and increased serotonin levels in the brain, and as the antidepressant effect of chronic imipramine was correlated to a reduction of the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptor density and to an increment of the hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptor density, it may be hypothesized that acute imipramine could stimulate the frontal cortex inhibitory control of the DRN neurones leading to an inhibition of the DRN serotonergic neurones firing activity and diminishing the serotonergic neurotransmission in terminal areas. On the contrary, chronic imipramine diminishing the frontal cortex inhibitory control of the DRN serotonergic neurones may recover the serotonin neurones firing activity. This effect associated to the increment of the hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptors B max induced by chronic imipramine may increase the serotonergic neurotransmission in terminal areas, and consequently induce the antidepressant effect. These data agree with those previously reported showing an increased density of the 5- HT 1A receptors in the hippocampus [6], and a progressive sensitization of the post-synaptic 5-HT 1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus [4] after tricyclic chronic treatment, but disagree with another which does not show it [3]. Acute and chronic imipramine 1 SAM showed a higher antidepressant effect than acute and chronic SAM. The acute imipramine 1 SAM antidepressant effect was associated with no changes in the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors. Thus, SAM prevents the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptor up-regulation induced by acute imipramine. As the antidepressant effect of acute imipramine 1 SAM is higher than that of acute SAM, it may be related to the absence of changes in the basal inhibitory control of the DRN by the frontal cortex. There are no direct evidences in the literature showing that increased density of the 5-HT 1A receptors in the frontal cortex could prevent the antidepressant effect. However, no change [18] or increased frontal cortex 5- HT 1A receptor density [1,13,19] has been reported in depressed patients. Also, chronic treatment with imipramine diminished the 5-HT 1A receptor density in the rat frontal cortex [14,15], as was, in fact, observed in this study. Thus, depression appears to be related to increased density of the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors while the antidepressant effect appears to be related to diminished frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptor function. Chronic imipramine 1 SAM diminished frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors and increased the hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptors, showing similar correlations to those previously described for imipramine. These correlations are mainly related to imipramine s effects on the 5-HT 1A receptor function. Acute SAM showed an antidepressant effect as has been reported in experimental [8] and clinical studies [2]. There were no changes in the hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptor characteristics after acute SAM and imipramine 1 SAM treatments, indicating that the hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptors are not implicated in acute SAM and imipramine 1 SAM antidepressant effects. The difference between acute and chronic SAM antidepressant effects was not significant. A non-correlated increased of the hippocampus 5-HT 1A receptor density was linked to the SAM chronic effect, but not to the acute treatment. Thus, other mechanisms of action are implicated in SAM s antidepressant effects. Processes, including the control of the fluidity of the membrane [7], and the regulation of the gene s expression and transcription [20], and the regulation of the G-protein-mediated signal transduction [16], have been related with SAM-dependent methylation reactions, and may be related to the SAM antidepressant effect. Further studies are needed to determine whether SAM prevents the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptor up-regulation induced by acute imipramine and facilitates the frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptor down-regulation induced by chronic imipramine. SAM prevents the up-regulation of frontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors induced by acute imipramine. This effect may contribute to imipramine s antidepressant effect in the rat. This study has been supported by the I 1 D project 8.06/ from the University of Malaga, Spain. The authors thank Dr Carlos del Saz-Orozco for the English corrections. [1] Arango, V., Underwood, M.D., Gubbi, A.V. and Mann, J.J., Localized alterations in pre- and postsynaptic serotonin binding sites in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims, Brain Res., 688 (1995) [2] Berlanga, C., Ortega-Soto, H.A., Ontiveros, M. and Senties, H., Efficacy of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in speeding the onset of action of imipramine, Psychiatry Res., 44 (1993) [3] Bijak, M., Tokarski, K., Czyrak, A., Mackowiak, M. and Wedzony, K., Imipramine increases the 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated inhibition of hippocampal neurons without changing the 5- HT 1A receptor binding, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 305(1 3) (1996) [4] Blier, P. and de Montigny, C., Current advances and trends in the treatment of depression, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 15 (1994) [5] Bressa, G.M., S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antide-
5 114 I. Bellido et al. / Neuroscience Letters 321 (2002) pressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies, Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl., 154 (1994) [6] Burnet, P.W., Michelson, D., Smith, M.A., Gold, P.W. and Sternberg, E.M., The effect of chronic imipramine administration on the densities of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2 receptors and the abundances of 5-HT receptor and transporter mrna in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of three strains of rat, Brain Res., 638(1 2) (1994) [7] Cimino, M., Vantini, G., Algeri, S., Curatola, G., Pezzoli, C. and Stramentinoli, G., Age-related modification of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic receptor system: restoration to normal activity by modifying membrane fluidity with S- adenosyl-l-methionine, Life Sci., 34 (1984) [8] Czyrak, A., Rogoz, Z., Skuza, G., Zajaczkowski, W. and Maj, J., Antidepressant activity of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in mice an rats, J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., 3(1) (1992) [9] Gervasoni, D., Peyron, C., Rampon, C., Barbagli, B., Chouvet, G., Urbain, N., Fort, P. and Luppi, P.-H., Role and origin of the GABAergic innervation of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons, J. Neurosci., 20(11) (2000) [10] Hajós, M., Hajós-Korcsok, E. and Sharp, T., Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in 5-HT 1A receptor-induced inhibition of 5-HT neuronal activity in the rat, Br. J. Pharmacol., 126(8) (1999) [11] Jolas, T. and Aghajanian, G.K., Opioids suppress spontaneous and NMDA-induced inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat in vitro, Brain Res., 755 (1997) [12] Kia, H.K., Miguel, M.C., Brisorgueil, M.J., Daval, G., Riad, M., el Mestikawy, S., Hamon, M. and Verge, D., Immunocytochemical localisation of serotonin 1A receptors in the rat central nervous system, J. Comp. Neurol., 365(2) (1996) [13] Matsubara, S., Arora, R.C. and Meltzer, H.Y., Serotoninergic measures in suicide brain: 5-HT 1A binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims, J. Neural Transm., 85 (1991) [14] Mizuta, T. and Segawa, T., Chronic effects of imipramine and lithium on postsynaptic 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1B sites and on presynaptic 5-HT3 sites in rat brain, Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 47(2) (1988) [15] Mizuta, T. and Segawa, T., Chronic effects of imipramine and lithium on 5-HT receptor subtypes in rat frontal cortex, hippocampus and chroroid plexus: quantitative receptor autoradiographic analysis, Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 50(3) (1989) [16] Perez-Sala, D., Tan, E.W., Cañada, F.J. and Rando, R.R., Methylation and demethylation reactions of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of retinal rod outer segments, Biochemistry, 88 (1991) [17] Romero, L. and Artigas, F., Preferential potentiation of the effects of serotonin uptake inhibitors by 5-HT 1A receptor antagonists in the dorsal raphe pathway: role of somatodendritic autoreceptors, J. Neurochem., 68 (1997) [18] Stockmeier, C.A., Dilley, G.E., Shapiro, L.A., Overholser, J.C., Thompson, P.A. and Meltzer, H.Y., Serotonin receptors in suicide victims with major depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, 16(2) (1997) [19] Stockmeier, C.A., Shapiro, L.A., Dilley, G.E., Kolli, T.N., Friedman, L. and Rajkowska, M., Increase in serotonin-1a autoreceptors in the midbrain of suicide victims with major depression post-mortem evidence for increased serotonin activity, J. Neurosci., 18(18) (1998) [20] Zhu, Y., Qi, C., Cao, W-Q., Yeldandi, A.V., Rao, M.S. and Reddy, J.K., Cloning and characterization of PIMT, a methyltransferase domain, which interacts with and enhances nuclear receptor coactivator PRIP function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98(18) (2001)
Stephen M. Stahl ISSUE:
CNS Spectrums (2015), 20, 515 519. Cambridge University Press 2015 doi:10.1017/s1092852915000358 Part 4 Modes and nodes explain the mechanism of action of vortioxetine, a multimodal agent (MMA): actions
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Figure 1. Behavioural effects of ketamine in non-stressed and stressed mice. Naive C57BL/6 adult male mice (n=10/group) were given a single dose of saline vehicle or ketamine (3.0 mg/kg,
More informationDissected tissues were minced and lysed in lysis buffer (1x Tris buffered saline (TBS), 1% NP-40,
Data Supplement for Dincheva et al., Effect of Early-Life Fluoxetine on Anxiety-Like Behaviors in BDNF Val66Met Mice. Am J Psychiatry (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.15121592) Contents Supplemental Methods
More informationSHORT COMMUNICATION RISE IN ZINC AFFINITY FOR THE NMDA RECEPTOR EVOKED BY CHRONIC IMIPRAMINE IS SPECIES-SPECIFIC
Copyright 2001 by Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Journal of Pharmacology Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 53, 641 645 ISSN 1230-6002 SHORT COMMUNICATION RISE IN ZINC AFFINITY FOR
More informationNeurotransmitter Functioning In Major Depressive Disorder
Neurotransmitter Functioning In Major Depressive Disorder Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. 2017 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, MD January
More informationA brain microdialysis study on 5-HT release in freely moving rat lines selectively bred for differential 5-HT 1A receptor function
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (3) 36: 63-67 Serotonin and 5-HT 1A rat lines ISSN 1-879X 63 A brain microdialysis study on 5-HT release in freely moving rat lines selectively bred
More informationEvidence for topographically organized endogenous 5-HT-1A receptor-dependent feedback inhibition of the ascending serotonin system
European Journal of Neuroscience European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 27, pp. 2611 2618, 2008 doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06235.x Evidence for topographically organized endogenous 5-HT-1A receptor-dependent
More informationLong-Term Antidepressant Treatments Result in a Tonic Activation of Forebrain 5-HT 1A Receptors
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 1998, 18(23):10150 10156 Long-Term Antidepressant Treatments Result in a Tonic Activation of Forebrain 5-HT 1A Receptors Nasser Haddjeri, Pierre Blier, and Claude
More informationMOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DRUG ADDICTION. Sylvane Desrivières, SGDP Centre
1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DRUG ADDICTION Sylvane Desrivières, SGDP Centre Reward 2 Humans, as well as other organisms engage in behaviours that are rewarding The pleasurable feelings provide positive reinforcement
More informationNeurophysiology and Neurochemistry in PsychoGeriatrics
Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine CME in Psychiatry Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry in PsychoGeriatrics Nicola Maggio, MD, PhD Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Department
More informationprocesses in the central nervous system (CNS), affecting many of the during the course of ethanol treatment. Ethanol stimulates the release of
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Neuroscience research is essential for understanding the biological basis of ethanol-related brain alterations and for identifying the molecular targets for therapeutic compounds
More informationNeurotransmitters acting on G-protein coupled receptors
Neurotransmitters acting on G-protein coupled receptors Part 2: Serotonin and Histamine BIOGENIC AMINES Monoamines Diamine Indolamines: Serotonin Basic Neurochemistry. FIGURE 15-1: Chemical structure of
More informationThe Neurobiology of Mood Disorders
The Neurobiology of Mood Disorders J. John Mann, MD Professor of Psychiatry and Radiology Columbia University Chief, Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute Mood Disorders are
More informationPHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS MOOD STABILIZING AGENTS ANXIOLYTICS SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS MOOD STABILIZING AGENTS ANXIOLYTICS SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS Yogesh Dwivedi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology Psychiatric Institute Department of Psychiatry
More informationBasics of Pharmacology
Basics of Pharmacology Pekka Rauhala Transmed 2013 What is pharmacology? Pharmacology may be defined as the study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems Pharmacodynamics The mechanism(s)
More informationIn Vivo Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) by Serotonergic Activity in Mouse Brain
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Health Care Management Papers Wharton Faculty Research 2-9-2004 In Vivo Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) by Serotonergic Activity in Mouse Brain
More informationEffects of chronic paroxetine treatment on dialysate serotonin in 5-HT 1B receptor knockout mice
Journal of Neurochemistry, 2003, 86, 13 24 doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01827.x Effects of chronic paroxetine treatment on dialysate serotonin in 5-HT 1B receptor knockout mice A. M. Gardier,* D. J. David,*,
More informationAbstract. Introduction. R.N. Takahashi 1, O. Berton 2,3, P. Mormède 2 and F. Chaouloff 2
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (21) 34: 675-682 Effects of diazepam and SB 26553 in SHR and Lewis rats ISSN 1-879X 675 Strain-dependent effects of diazepam and the 5-HT 2B/2C receptor
More informationbiological psychology, p. 40 The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. neuroscience, p. 40
biological psychology, p. 40 The specialized branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and bodily processes and system; also called biopsychology or psychobiology. neuroscience,
More informationMonoamine oxidase in sympathetic nerves: a transmitter specific enzyme type
Br. J. Pharmac. (1971), 43, 814-818. Monoamine oxidase in sympathetic nerves: a transmitter specific enzyme type C. GORIDIS AND N. H. NEFF Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, National Institute of
More informationTNS Journal Club: Interneurons of the Hippocampus, Freund and Buzsaki
TNS Journal Club: Interneurons of the Hippocampus, Freund and Buzsaki Rich Turner (turner@gatsby.ucl.ac.uk) Gatsby Unit, 22/04/2005 Rich T. Introduction Interneuron def = GABAergic non-principal cell Usually
More informationAdvanced Neurotransmitters & Neuroglia
Advanced Neurotransmitters & Neuroglia Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. 2017 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, MD Lundbeck, LLC. February
More informationEVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF ONDANSETRON IN ALBINO MICE
EVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF ONDANSETRON IN ALBINO MICE *Janardhan M. 1, Anil kumar G. 1 and Naveen Kumar T. 2 1 Department of Pharmacology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
More informationCASE 49. What type of memory is available for conscious retrieval? Which part of the brain stores semantic (factual) memories?
CASE 49 A 43-year-old woman is brought to her primary care physician by her family because of concerns about her forgetfulness. The patient has a history of Down syndrome but no other medical problems.
More informationInvolvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like activity of antidepressant drugs in the forced swim test
Pharmacological Reports 2013, 65, 991 997 ISSN 1734-1140 Copyright 2013 by Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences Short communication Involvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like
More informationMechanism of Action of Antidepressants
123-132_PBSumSuppl_Artigas 10/1/02 4:21 PM Page 123 Key Words: antidepressants, mechanism of action, SNRI, SSRI, venlafaxine, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors Mechanism of Action
More information22 JWA :00-15:
22 JWA 2018 2018 7 7 13:00-15:00 1 2 1702004 2018 7 7 Saturday, 7 th July, 2018 12:30-2F 1 13:00-14:00 1 (SL-1) Special Lecture 1 Monoaminergic drugs vs. fast-acting antidepressants: effects on glutamate
More informationStudy Guide Unit 3 Psych 2022, Fall 2003
Psychological Disorders: General Study Guide Unit 3 Psych 2022, Fall 2003 1. What are psychological disorders? 2. What was the main treatment for some psychological disorders prior to the 1950 s? 3. What
More informationCommunication Between
Communication Between Neurons Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The electrical changes taking place within a neuron, as described in the previous section, are similar to a light switch being turned on. A stimulus starts
More informationAdvanced Receptor Psychopharmacology
Advanced Receptor Psychopharmacology Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. 2017 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, MD February 2017 Lundbeck,
More informationATTENUATION OF STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS BY AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM): ROLE OF SEROTONIN
Pak. J. Bot., 38(1): 131-138, 26. ATTENUATION OF STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS BY AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM): ROLE OF SEROTONIN NOREEN SAMAD, TAHIRA PARVEEN, SAIDA HAIDER AND DARAKHSHAN JABEEN HALEEM
More informationHighly Expressed Subtypes With Relatively Low Affinity for [ 3 H]Epibatidine. Michael J. Marks, Paul Whiteaker and Allan C.
Molecular Pharmacology This article has Fast not been Forward. copyedited Published and formatted. The on final May version 25, 2006 may differ as doi:10.1124/mol.106.025338 from this version. MOL 25338
More informationChun Yang, 1 Wen-Yuan Li, 2 Hai-Yin Yu, 3 Zhi-Qin Gao, 3 Xiang-Liu Liu, 1 Zhi-Qiang Zhou, 1 and Jian-Jun Yang Introduction
Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 212, Article ID 175619, 6 pages doi:1.1155/212/175619 Research Article Tramadol Pretreatment Enhances Ketamine-Induced Antidepressant Effects and Increases Mammalian
More informationLithium acutely inhibits and chronically up-regulates and stabilizes glutamate uptake by presynaptic nerve endings in mouse cerebral cortex
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 8363 8368, July 1998 Neurobiology Lithium acutely inhibits and chronically up-regulates and stabilizes glutamate uptake by presynaptic nerve endings in mouse cerebral
More informationANTIDEPRESSANT AUGMENTATION WITH BUSPIRONE: EFFECTS ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD AND BRAIN SEROTONIN LEVELS IN MICE
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 33: 198-202 RESEARCH PAPER ANTIDEPRESSANT AUGMENTATION WITH BUSPIRONE: EFFECTS ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD AND BRAIN SEROTONIN LEVELS IN MICE KHANAM RAZIA, M.A.A. SIDDIQUI,
More informationSynapse. 1. Presynaptic Terminal Button 2. Postsynaptic Membrane 3. Vesicles 4. Synaptic Cleft 5. Neurotransmitters 6.
Synapse 1. Presynaptic Terminal Button 2. Postsynaptic Membrane 3. Vesicles 4. Synaptic Cleft 5. Neurotransmitters 6. Receptor Sites For communication between neurons to occur, an electrical impulse must
More information- Neurotransmitters Of The Brain -
- Neurotransmitters Of The Brain - INTRODUCTION Synapsis: a specialized connection between two neurons that permits the transmission of signals in a one-way fashion (presynaptic postsynaptic). Types of
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Burford et al. 1.173/pnas.1339311 SI Materials and Methods β-arrestin Recruitment Assay. PathHunter human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) expressing either μ-opioid receptors (U2OS- OPRM1)
More informationCogs 107b Systems Neuroscience lec9_ neuromodulators and drugs of abuse principle of the week: functional anatomy
Cogs 107b Systems Neuroscience www.dnitz.com lec9_02042010 neuromodulators and drugs of abuse principle of the week: functional anatomy Professor Nitz circa 1986 neurotransmitters: mediating information
More informationChronic imipramine treatment reduces inhibitory properties of group II mglu receptors without affecting their density or affinity
Pharmacological Reports 2007, 59, 525 530 ISSN 1734-1140 Copyright 2007 by Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences Chronic imipramine treatment reduces inhibitory properties of group II mglu
More informationEffect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Transmission
0022-3565/06/3182-890 898$20.00 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 318, No. 2 Copyright 2006 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 104166/3127272
More informationExam 2 PSYC Fall (2 points) Match a brain structure that is located closest to the following portions of the ventricular system
Exam 2 PSYC 2022 Fall 1998 (2 points) What 2 nuclei are collectively called the striatum? (2 points) Match a brain structure that is located closest to the following portions of the ventricular system
More informationBiomarkers in Schizophrenia
Biomarkers in Schizophrenia David A. Lewis, MD Translational Neuroscience Program Department of Psychiatry NIMH Conte Center for the Neuroscience of Mental Disorders University of Pittsburgh Disease Process
More informationInterest of using genetically manipulated mice as models of depression to evaluate antidepressant drugs activity: a review
doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00640.x REVIEW ARTICLE Interest of using genetically manipulated mice as models of depression to evaluate antidepressant drugs activity: a review Alain M. Gardier*, Bruno
More informationJ. M. Casanovas, M. T. Vilaró, G. Mengod, and F. Artigas
Journal of Neurochemistry Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1999 International Society for Neurochemistry Differential Regulation of Somatodendritic Serotonin 5-HT 1A Receptors by 2-Week Treatments
More informationPRESENTER: DR. DEEPA JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERE
PRESENTER: DR. DEEPA JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERE Depression is a most common mood disorders characterised by a feeling of worthlessness, sadness and suicidal thoughts. Affects more than 10-15% of the
More informationNeurotransmitter Systems I Identification and Distribution. Reading: BCP Chapter 6
Neurotransmitter Systems I Identification and Distribution Reading: BCP Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Normal function of the human brain requires an orderly set of chemical reactions. Some of the
More informationPlasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development
Plasticity of Cerebral Cortex in Development Jessica R. Newton and Mriganka Sur Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences Picower Center for Learning & Memory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge,
More informationEvaluation of Anxiolytic Effect of XXX in Guinea Pig Maternal Separation Test.
Evaluation of Anxiolytic Effect of XXX in Guinea Pig Maternal Separation Test. DATE This study was conducted under terms of a Services Agreement between NeuroDetective Inc. and CLIENT, entitled TITLE OF
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS
ORIGINAL ARTICLES AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS Stefka Valcheva-Kuzmanova 1, Miroslav Eftimov 1, Krasimir Kuzmanov 2 ABSTRACT 1 Department of Preclinical
More informationNEW STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS: THE TRIPLE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net 234 Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 2013, 234-253 NEW STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS: THE TRIPLE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS GAËL QUESSEVEUR,
More informationVASILE HEFCO 1*, LUCIAN HRITCU 1, ADRIAN TIRON 1, ANDREEA-IOANA HEFCO 1
THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINIC TREATMENT ON MEMORY AND LEARNING IMPAIRMENT INDUCED BY BLOCKADE OF MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS ON PERFORMANCE IN RADIAL ARM-MAZE TASK IN RATS VASILE HEFCO, LUCIAN HRITCU,
More informationserotonin in learning and plasticity
serotonin in learning and plasticity pt.1 immediate action L P H N NRX N N R X N CDH RhoA/ROCK RAC1 DAG [Ca2+] camp GIRK2 P11 Gq CASK PICK1 VELI MINT-1 CaMK Ca2+ channel AC Gi mglur7 mglur5 Glutamate NMDAR
More informationBehaviors of Mice Given Forced-Swimming
Exp. Anim. 50(4), 331 335, 2001 Behaviors of Mice Given Forced-Swimming Yutaka MASUDA 1), Seiki ISHIGOOKA 2), and Yukihisa MATSUDA 2) 1) Psychosomatic Division and 2) Animal Facilities for Experimental
More informationThe Role of Sigma Receptors in Depression
J Pharmacol Sci 97, 317 336 (2005) Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 2005 The Japanese Pharmacological Society Critical Review The Role of Sigma Receptors in Depression Jordanna E. Bermack 1 and Guy
More informationUnit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
Unit 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 1: Communication in the Nervous System Section 2: Organization in the Nervous System Section 3: Researching the Brain Section 4: The Brain Section 5: Cerebral
More informationLesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions
More informationReceptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me. Agenda. What We Know About Pain 9/7/2012
Receptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me Cathy Carlson, PhD, RN Northern Illinois University Agenda We will be going through this lecture on basic pain physiology using analogies, mnemonics,
More informationSAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS PLEASE NOTE, THE QUESTIONS BELOW SAMPLE THE ENTIRE LECTURE COURSE AND THEREORE INCLUDE QUESTIONS ABOUT TOPICS THAT WE HAVE NOT YET COVERED IN CLASS. 1. Which of the following
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Short latency of the fepsp evoked in CA3 by electrical stimulation of perforant path inputs (a) Single and superimposed representative perforant pathway-ca3
More informationNeurotransmitters involved in Behavior. The Orchestra in the Brain
Neurotransmitters involved in Behavior The Orchestra in the Brain Nervous System Input External and internal stimuli Nervous System Processing Retrieval Storage Routing to different regions Output Motor
More informationNeural Communication. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Communication in the Nervous System. 4 Common Components of a Neuron
Neural Communication Overview of CNS / PNS Electrical Signaling Chemical Signaling Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic = sensory & motor Autonomic = arousal state Parasympathetic =
More informationPsychology 320: Topics in Physiological Psychology Lecture Exam 2: March 19th, 2003
Psychology 320: Topics in Physiological Psychology Lecture Exam 2: March 19th, 2003 Name: Student #: BEFORE YOU BEGIN!!! 1) Count the number of pages in your exam. The exam is 8 pages long; if you do not
More informationBrain anatomy and artificial intelligence. L. Andrew Coward Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
Brain anatomy and artificial intelligence L. Andrew Coward Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia The Fourth Conference on Artificial General Intelligence August 2011 Architectures
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Miniature microdrive, spike sorting and sleep stage detection. a, A movable recording probe with 8-tetrodes (32-channels). It weighs ~1g. b, A mouse implanted with 8 tetrodes in
More informationChapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Two principles about neurons were defined by Ramón y Cajal. The principle of connectional specificity states that, whereas the principle
More informationDeclarative memory includes semantic, episodic, and spatial memory, and
Gallo Taste Learning and Memory in Aging Milagros Gallo, PhD Declarative memory includes semantic, episodic, and spatial memory, and in humans involves conscious recall. 1 Visual recognition memory is
More informationPregnanolone effects on the blood pressure of stress-induced hypertension in rats
Acta Physiologica Sinica August June 25 25 2004 2004 56 56 (3) (4) 269-274 471-475 http//www.actaps.com.cn 471 * 130021 (pregnanolone ) (stress-induced hypertension SIH) (0.24 mg/kg) (angiotensin Ang )
More informationAcetylcholine (ACh) Action potential. Agonists. Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine (ACh) The neurotransmitter responsible for motor control at the junction between nerves and muscles; also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. (See
More informationESSENTIAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Carl Salzman MD Montreal
ESSENTIAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 2011 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Carl Salzman MD Montreal EVOLVING CONCEPTS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Psychotic illness with delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder and deterioration;
More informationChapter 3. Biological Processes
Biological Processes Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne What s It For? Biological Solutions Communicating internally Initiating and coordinating behavior Regulating growth and other internal functions
More informationNature Neuroscience: doi: /nn Supplementary Figure 1. Diverse anorexigenic signals induce c-fos expression in CEl PKC-δ + neurons
Supplementary Figure 1 Diverse anorexigenic signals induce c-fos expression in CEl PKC-δ + neurons a-c. Quantification of CEl c-fos expression in mice intraperitoneal injected with anorexigenic drugs (a),
More informationSupplemental Information. Dorsal Raphe Dual Serotonin-Glutamate Neurons. Drive Reward by Establishing Excitatory Synapses
Cell Reports, Volume 26 Supplemental Information Dorsal Raphe Dual Serotonin-Glutamate Neurons Drive Reward by Establishing Excitatory Synapses on VTA Mesoaccumbens Dopamine Neurons Hui-Ling Wang, Shiliang
More informationWhat effect would an AChE inhibitor have at the neuromuscular junction?
CASE 4 A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician s office with difficulty chewing food. She states that when she eats certain foods that require a significant amount of chewing (meat),
More informationChemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9
Chemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9 I) INTRO A) Nervous system discussed so far 1) Specific 2) Fast B) Other systems extended in space and time 1) Nonspecific 2) Slow C) Three components that
More informationReversing the Effects of Fragile X Syndrome
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BASIC RESEARCH Paul J. Lombroso, M.D., Marilee P. Ogren, Ph.D. Assistant Editors Reversing the Effects of Fragile X Syndrome MARILEE P. OGREN, PH.D., AND PAUL J. LOMBROSO, M.D.
More informationNeurotransmitter Systems III Neurochemistry. Reading: BCP Chapter 6
Neurotransmitter Systems III Neurochemistry Reading: BCP Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Normal function of the human brain requires an orderly set of chemical reactions. Some of the most important
More informationDifferent inhibitory effects by dopaminergic modulation and global suppression of activity
Different inhibitory effects by dopaminergic modulation and global suppression of activity Takuji Hayashi Department of Applied Physics Tokyo University of Science Osamu Araki Department of Applied Physics
More informationMeCP2 and psychostimulantinduced behavioral adaptations. Anne E. West, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurobiology Duke University Medical Center
MeCP2 and psychostimulantinduced behavioral adaptations Anne E. West, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurobiology Duke University Medical Center Psychostimulants and antidepressants slowly change behavior Psychostimulants
More informationThe Nervous System Mark Stanford, Ph.D.
The Nervous System Functional Neuroanatomy and How Neurons Communicate Mark Stanford, Ph.D. Santa Clara Valley Health & Hospital System Addiction Medicine and Therapy Services The Nervous System In response
More informationParkinsonism or Parkinson s Disease I. Symptoms: Main disorder of movement. Named after, an English physician who described the then known, in 1817.
Parkinsonism or Parkinson s Disease I. Symptoms: Main disorder of movement. Named after, an English physician who described the then known, in 1817. Four (4) hallmark clinical signs: 1) Tremor: (Note -
More informationNEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3
NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES 34.3 NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS AT SYNAPSES Neurons communicate with other neurons or target cells at synapses. Chemical synapse: a very narrow
More informationExpression of acid base transporters in the kidney collecting duct in Slc2a7 -/-
Supplemental Material Results. Expression of acid base transporters in the kidney collecting duct in Slc2a7 -/- and Slc2a7 -/- mice. The expression of AE1 in the kidney was examined in Slc26a7 KO mice.
More informationClasses of Neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters
1 Drugs Outline 2 Neurotransmitters Agonists and Antagonists Cocaine & other dopamine agonists Alcohol & its effects / Marijuana & its effects Synthetic & Designer Drugs: Ecstasy 1 Classes of Neurotransmitters
More informationCOGS 269. Lecture 1 Spring 2018
COGS 269 Lecture 1 Spring 2018 Psychological Experience Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Dissociation experiments (patients with brain damage) Neuroimaging experiments Computational modeling Brain damage
More informationSubconvulsive Dose of Kainic Acid Transiently Increases the Locomotor Activity of Adult Wistar Rats
Physiol. Res. 64: 263-267, 2015 SHORT COMMUNICATION Subconvulsive Dose of Kainic Acid Transiently Increases the Locomotor Activity of Adult Wistar Rats V. RILJAK 1, D. MAREŠOVÁ 1, J. POKORNÝ 1, K. JANDOVÁ
More informationInstructions for Use. APO-AB Annexin V-Biotin Apoptosis Detection Kit 100 tests
3URGXFW,QIRUPDWLRQ Sigma TACS Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kits Instructions for Use APO-AB Annexin V-Biotin Apoptosis Detection Kit 100 tests For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
More informationNeuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e. Chapter 4: The action potential
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e Chapter 4: The action potential Introduction Action Potential in the Nervous System Conveys information over long distances Action potential Initiated in the axon
More informationMolecular Neurobiology and Physiology. Code: ECTS Credits: 9. Degree Type Year Semester Neurosciences OB 0 1
2017/2018 Molecular Neurobiology and Physiology Code: 42890 ECTS Credits: 9 Degree Type Year Semester 4313792 Neurosciences OB 0 1 4313794 Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biomedicine OT 0 1 Contact
More informationEdinburgh Research Explorer
Edinburgh Research Explorer Increased anxiety in corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor-null mice requires recent acute stress exposure and is associated with dysregulated serotonergic activity
More informationAntidepressive-like effects of electroacupuncture in rats
Physiology & Behavior 93 (2008) 155 159 Antidepressive-like effects of electroacupuncture in rats Jair Guilherme dos Santos Jr. a,b, Fernando Kawano c, Márcio Makoto Nishida c, Ysao Yamamura c, Luiz Eugênio
More informationChapter 7. The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationPage 1. Neurons Transmit Signal via Action Potentials: neuron At rest, neurons maintain an electrical difference across
Chapter 33: The Nervous System and the Senses Neurons: Specialized excitable cells that allow for communication throughout the body via electrical impulses Neuron Anatomy / Function: 1) Dendrites: Receive
More informationProtocol for purification of recombinant protein from 300 ml yeast culture
Protocol for purification of recombinant protein from 300 ml yeast culture Equipment and reagents needed: Zirconia beads (0.5 mm diameter from BSP, Germany) Paint Shaker (at 4 C) Tube rotator for 15 ml
More informationNa + /Cl - -dependent Neurotransmitter Transporters. Outline. Synaptic Transmission. How did the neurotransmitter cross the membrane?
Na /Cl - -dependent Neurotransmitter Transporters Stine Meinild Lundby The Neurobiology Group Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Section November 26 th, 2007 slide 1 Outline Synaptic neurotransmission
More informationChapter 7. Objectives
Chapter 7 The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways
More informationSupplementary Figure S1. Effect of stress during withdrawal on expression of sensitization to repeated cocaine exposure in WT and D2R / mice.
Supplementary Figure S1. Effect of stress during withdrawal on expression of sensitization to repeated cocaine exposure in WT and D2R / mice. The time course of locomotor activity for WT (a, b) or D2R
More informationMDMA Stimulus Generalization to the 5-HT 1A Serotonin Agonist 8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino)tetralin
PII S0091-3057(00)00174-X Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 483 488, 2000 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0091-3057/00/$ see front matter MDMA
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. [See Fig. 48.1]
Nervous System [Note: This is the text version of this lecture file. To make the lecture notes downloadable over a slow connection (e.g. modem) the figures have been replaced with figure numbers as found
More informationPSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1
PSYC& 100: Biological Psychology (Lilienfeld Chap 3) 1 1 What is a neuron? 2 Name and describe the functions of the three main parts of the neuron. 3 What do glial cells do? 4 Describe the three basic
More information