Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry

Transcription

1 2200- Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields edited by B. Jon Klauenberg United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, U.S.A. and Damijan Miklavcic Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

2 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements xi xv INTRODUCTION NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety B. J. Klauenberg 1 United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards M. R. Murphy 11 International EMF Project M. H. Repacholi 21 SESSION A: BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DOSIMETRY CHAIR: Y. GRIGORIEV Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry Y. Grigoriev 29 Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation Y. Grigoriev and V. Stepanov 31 Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts W. D. Hurt 39 Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields D. Simunic 53 Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultrawideband Electromagnetic Radiation R. K. Adair 63 SESSION B: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE CHAIR: C. GABRIEL Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C.Gabriel 73 The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C.Gabriel 75

3 VI Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions D. V. Land, A. J. Gorton, and G. Hamilton 85 Dielectric Properties of Skin T. Lahtinen, J. Nuutinen, ande. Alanen 97 Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR L. D.Szabo and! Bakos 103 SESSION C: THEORETICAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: O. P. GANDHI Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry O.P.Gandhi 109 Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent Results O.P.Gandhi Ill Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the Human Body P. J. Dimbylow 123 Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Nonuniform Media M. L. Rudakov 133 Recent Advances in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling P. A. Mason, J. M. Ziriax, W. D. Hurt, T. J. Walters, K. L. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, K. I. Smith, and J. A. D'Andrea 141 SESSION D: EXPERIMENTAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: N. KUSTER Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry N. Kuster and T. J. Walters 157 Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation of RF Transmitters K. Pokovic, M. Burkhardt, T. Schmid, and N. Kuster 159 High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media A. G. Pakhomov, S. P. Mathur, Y. Akyel, J. L. Kiel, and M. R. Murphy 187 Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wavelength Radiation Exposure E. P. Khizhnyak and M. C. Ziskin 199

4 A Comparison of SAR Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling T. J. Walters, P. A. Mason, K. L. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, and W. D. Hurt 207 Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields P. Vecchia and A. Polichetti 217 Molecular Dosimetry J. L.Kiel 227 Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range M.S.Markov 239 Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, G. D'Inzeo, ands. Pisa 247 Vll SESSION E: CONTACT AND INDUCED CURRENTS CHAIR: M. ISRAEL Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents M.Israel 257 Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency, and Microwave Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases M.S. Israel 259 Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low Frequency Exposure Standards J. P. Reilly 271 Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards S. Tofani : 293 Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions J. A. Leonowich 301 Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources P. Gajsek 309 Induced Current Densities and SARs from Non-uniform, Near-Field Exposure to Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields P. Chadwick 321 Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near- Field Dosimetry R. A. Tell 335

5 Vlll SESSION F: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS I CHAIR: E. R. ADAIR Summary of Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I E.R. Adair 343 Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure E.R. Adair, 345 Thermal Models for Microwave, Heating of Tissue K.R. Foster 357 SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans R. G. Olsen 367 Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals V. G. Petin, G. P. Zhurakovskaya, and A. V. Kalugina 375 Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation J. H. Merritt and L. N. Heynick 383 SESSION G: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS II CHAIR: J. A. D'ANDREA Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II J.A.D'Andrea 393 Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye J. A. D'Andrea and S. Chalfin 395 Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation J. O. delorge 403 Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals inside Biological Tissue Media K. S.Nikita MHz Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian Hamsters A. Lerchl, H. Brendel, M. Niehaus, H. Krishnamurthy, V. Hansen, J. Streckert, and A. Bitz 419 Ligand Binding Under RF EM Exposure A. Chiabrera, B. Bianco, S. Giordano, S. Bruna, E. Moggia, and J.J.Kaufman 429

6 SESSION H: APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE CHAIR: D. MIKLAVCIC Summary of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine D. MiklavCiC 449 Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies K. Hansson Mild 451 Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies S. Szmigielski, R. Kubacki, and Z. Ciolek 459 Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Specific Absorption Rate Study C. K. Chou 473 Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current Density Imaging K. Beravs, R- Frangez, andf. Demsar 483 Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous-Endocrine-Immune Interactions D. MiklavCiC, L. Vodovnik, and T. Kotnik 493 SESSION I: STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS CHAIR: J. M. OSEPCHUK Summary of Session I: Standards and Applications J. M. Osepchuk 501 Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States J. M. Osepchuk 503 The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs J. H. Bernhardt 513 Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany K. W. Hofrnann 523 Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation Relevant EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices G. Thuroczy, J. Janossy, andn. Nagy 531 The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards J.Musil 541 IX

7 X SESSION J: THE DOSIMETRY HANDBOOK CHAIR: P. A. MASON Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook P. A. Mason 545 Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow J. C.Mitchell : 547 Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry Handbook J. M. Ziriax, P. A. Mason, W. D. Hurt, J. A. D'Andrea, M. A. Arce, and J. F. Petri III 555 Appendix 565 Speakers 571 Participants 578 Official Photograph 582 Index 585