Neutron sources based on medical Linac
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1 Neutron sources based on medical Linac vio Marco Costa INFN Sezione di Torino and Universita di Torino On behalf of INFN e-libans Collaboration (INFN-LNF, Torino, Trieste) UCANS V - 5th Interna1onal Mee1ng Union for Compact Accelerator- Driven Neutron Source
2 The project goal To setup a facility based on commercial Linac to provide qualified neutron sources differen<ated in energy Thermal, EpiThermal (0.4 ev- 10 kev) and Fast >100 KeV). è Bio- medical app, Cultural Heritage, Space, Neutron Diagnos1c In a medium intense field (Φ n > 10 8 cm - 2 s - 1 ) easily accessible, reproducible and rela1vely cheap! we are just at the beginng In the following I will speak only on Thermal neutron source
3 The contest INFN- PhoNeS : In the past years the Photo Neutron Source project, funded by INFN and MIUR, demonstrated the possibility of producing a rela1vely intense thermal neutron self- shielded source cavity by coupling a dedicated photo- neutron converter to a commercial Linac ELEKTA spa: An agreement has been found with the company that is being providing us a 18 MV LINAC as those used in radiotherapy units, that will be 100% to research (summer 2015). INFN & University of Torino: Agreed to install the LINAC in a 150 m 2 exis1ng bunker in Turin Physics Department that in the past was used for a 100MeV electron sincrotron.
4 Photo- neutron LINAC Electrons ~20 MeV - Linac Target X- ray emission by Bremsstrahlung High Z material W/Pb neutrons photo- nuclear σ by Levinger and Bethe : π e! NZ σ ( E ) de = = 60NZ / A Mc A Neutrons are produced by (γ,n) reac<on (photodisintegra<on) mainly on high Z material when Eγ > reac<on energy threshold (W: 7.42MeV, Fe: 10.9MeV, Pb: 7.41 MeV) hep://t2.lanl.gov/nis/data/endf/endfvii- g.html σ tot /GDR= 20 18MV LINAC MCNP Neutron plane Field 10x10 cm 2 Mean neutron energy 700keV <E n < 1 MeV Evapora1ve component Direct component γ Energy (MeV)
5 Photoconverter design The study of the photoconverter materials and geometries has been carried in order to: increase the photoneutron produc<on; maximize the hyperthermal neutron component of the beam (E < 10 kev); minimize the fast neutron component and γ undesired dose. The main components of the photonconverter are: Core Increase (γ,n) produc<on (High Z elements: Pb, W) Moderator: Slow down neutron energy up to thermal/epithermal range, minimizing fast neutron component (Graphite, D 2 O, Polyethylene) Lead 60 cm Neutron reflector increase neutron flux (Graphite, Pb) Gamma shielding minimize gamma (Pb e Bi) Graphite 60 cm Polyethylene, B 4 C, Lead
6 Summary of previous results GRAPHITE LEAD POLYETHYLENE D 2 O GRAPHITE PhoNeS Bianco prototype First in- hospital neutron source for BNCT trials POLYETHYLENE Transportable PhoNeS prototype closed cavity configura<on Cavity: 20 x 20 x 5 cm 3 Thermal neutrons (85%) (1.04±0.02) 10 7 cm - 2 s - 1 Epithermal neutrons (11%) (1.39±0.07)10 6 cm - 2 s - 1 Fast neutrons (4%) (4.8±0.3) 10 5 cm - 2 s - 1 Phones+Elekta precise 25MV Φ th = cm - 2 s - 1 ± 20% Thermal neutron field of suitable intensity and energy spectral distribu<on for BNCT research and experiments on cells and biological samples Irradia<on <me ~ 3hrs Φ ~ cm - 2
7 Work ongoing Inves<gate possible modifica<on of: - linac working parameters - linac accelerator head components Monte Carlo approach to op<mize the photoconverter geometry - MCNP4B GN (NEA- 1733) hap:// nea.org/tools/abstract/detail/nea- 1733/ - MCNP 6 - GEANT 4
8 Elekta Precise 18MV working parameters modifica<on Photon mode 25 MV 18 MV 15 MV 10 MV 6 MV 18 MV modified Dose rate (MU/min) Electron energy (MeV) T (µs) I (ma) ν (Hz) Power (W) K (x10 14 e - s - 1 ) Elekta manufacturer provided MCNP : Average neutron fluence rate cross a surface (cm 2 /e - ) Conversion factor cm 2 /e - cm 2 /s depends on LINAC duty cycle Elekta Precise 18 MV modified: I = 50 ma; ν = 200 Hz; T = 2.8 µs Electrons rate = 1/1.602x10-19 x I x ν x T = e- s - 1
9 Elekta Precise 18MV filters removal Effect of the flaeening filter on the photon beam intensity Photon fluence rate increases ~2 <mes without FF Total fluence rate (8.967 ± 0.015)10 11 cm - 2 s - 1 with FF Total fluence rate (3.727±0.005)10 11 cm - 2 s - 1 (from cm - 2 s - 1 to cm - 2 s - 1 )
10 Effects on a PhoNeS geometry To increase the neutron fluence rate in the cavity, with some modifica1ons in the structure of the accelerator head and in its working parameters: - removal of the flaeening filter - increase the electron energy up to 20 MeV! Increase photon flux Increase neutron flux tunable! Photon spectra on a (20 x 20)cm 2 surface at 50 cm from the target! Work in progress (MCNP4B- GN, MCNP6)
11 1- Thermal neutron source - Trying new geometries and assembly scheme - next try alterna1ve materials (work in progress..) New photo- converters study Montezuma scheme Cavity: 22 x 22 x 5 cm 3 per source particle) -2 E d /de (cm Phones Bianco montezuma modificato Small Increase neutron flux per source particle) Phones Bianco 10 Montezuma Less γ s!! E d /de (cm Energy (MeV) Energy (MeV)
12 Hyperthermal n means E <10keV Summary table Elekta Precise with Phones Bianco 18 MeV with filter 18 MeV without filter 20 MeV without filter Elekta Precise with Montezuma 20 MeV without filter Hyperhermal neutron fluence per source particle (cm -2 ) Electron rate N e (s -1 ) Hyperhermal neutron flux (cm -2 s -1 ) Gamma contamination D γ /ϕ th/epith (Gy cm 2 ) Fast neutron contamination D f /ϕ th/epith (Gy cm 2 ) (9.35± 0.18) (9.83± 0.19) 10 6 (1.13± 0.03) (8.6± 0.5) (1.99± 0.03) (2.09± 0.03) 10 7 (1.64± 0.03) (8.7± 0.3) (2.96± 0.05) (5.19± 0.08) 10 7 (1.35± 0.02) (1.00± 0.04) (3.36± 0.03) (5.89± 0.05) 10 7 (5.07± 0.09) (3.2± 0.1) Almost factor 6 beaer A factor 3 worse A factor 2 beaer Some promising results for hyperthermal neutrons and gamma s More work is needed especially on fast neutron component
13 More
14 Radioprotec1on issue Collimators of a normal radiotherapy LINAC are made of Pb or W è fast neutron are produced neutrons neutrons A medical LINAC dedicated to research is interes1ng also to: - - to study and measure the undesired neutron dose As a facility to test new ac1ve diagnos1cs (see LATND- Neurapid project) at variable fluence and energy
15 Correlated ques1on: what does it change In the bunker with PhoNeS coupled to LINAC? Torino bunker has been included in the simula1on LINAC Cell (A) Neutron Fluence with photoconverter cm -2 per source particle (B) Neutron Fluence without photoconverter cm -2 per source particle Ratio A/B 7001 (3,52 ± 0,04)E-08 (3,41 ± 0,04)E-08 1,03 ± 0, (0,87 ± 0,03)E-08 (2,76 ± 0,04)E-08 0,32 ± 0, (3,31 ± 0,04)E-08 (3,12 ± 0,04)E-08 1,06 ± 0, (3,64 ± 0,04)E-08 (3,48 ± 0,04)E-08 1,04 ± 0, (4,61 ± 0,05)E-08 (4,30 ± 0,04)E-08 1,07 ± 0, (2,44 ± 0,03)E-08 (2,37 ± 0,03)E-08 1,03 ± 0,02 Tab.1 Neutron fluence per source particle at 1 m from the target with and without photoconverter. #7002 Bunker walls #7001 (γ,n) reac<on PhoNeS erme1city No significant change!, even beeer in the forward direc<on
16 Conclusions The study of a new facility in Torino (INFN&UNITO) based on a linear accelerator and a new photoconverter is being carried on. Results have been shown for thermal source A dedicated facility allows to modify LINAC working parameters and the accelerator head components in order to increase the photon produc1on. Simula<ons demonstrated that without flaeening filter and rising the electron energy the photon fluence rate useful for (γ,n) reac<on increases by a factor 6 and is tunable. Different photoconverters were simulated. The Montezuma configura1on with closed cavity, provides a max neutron fluence rate (E < 10 kev) of (5.89±0.05)10 7 cm - 2 s - 1 With the Montezuma geometry the gamma dose is much reduced, while the fast neutron component gets higher. Further work is needed With a medical Linac dedicated to research radioprotec1on issues can be addressed and new diagnos1cs can be tested The proposed photo converter coupled to the LINAC does not increase the neutron dose in the bunker. Side comment: it can be coupled to any LINAC
17 Backup
18 Declared endorsement/interest: (Departments of biotecnology e Science del farmaco, Ospedali S.Luigi e S.Giovanni Vecchio ThalesAlenia)
19 Neutron Fluence in the bunker with/without photo- converter Cell 717 passaggio chicane #738 Neutron spectra in spheres of 20 cm radius with and without photoconverter #717 #740 #724 The photo- converter is either cell # 724 not increasing angolo verso la sala the controllo neutron flux in the bunker or is also beneficial in the forward direc1on
20 Neutron Dose in the bunker with/without photo- converter
21 Neutron Dose in the bunker with/without photo- converter
22 ..next future 2- Epithermal neutron source Linee guida: (esperienza pregressa per sorgente da fusione D- D) core per la produzione di neutroni (al vaglio Pb, W, Be); moderatore per il rallentamento dei neutroni fino all energia desiderata (al vaglio trifluoruro di alluminio, floruro di magnesio o Fluental); rifleaore/collimatore per incrementare il flusso di neutroni (al vaglio Pb e W). Eventuale linea di estrazione ; Rimozione componente γ indesiderata (al vaglio fluoruro di li1o arricchito in 6 L. 3- Fast neutron Prodou da conversione dei gamma su un bersaglio di piombo : componente evapora1va con uno spearo di energia piccato a 700 kev e anche una componente direaa di minore intensita fra 2 e 7 MeV. Per massimizzare il flusso si prevede di circondare core di Pb con materiali rifleaen1 con valori di albedo > 0.8 (anche leghe par1colari quali Densalloy o Tungsten carbide )
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