Tetrapod Limb Development
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1 Biology 4361 Developmental Biology Tetrapod Limb Development July 29, 2009
2 Tetrapod Limbs Merlin D. Tuttle Vicki Lockard and Paul Barry Father Alejandro Sanchez Anne Fischer
3 Limb Development - Overview Patterning Early development Specification Establishing limb axes Morphogenic models Cross-talk / regulation
4 Limb Patterning Humerus Carpals Metacarpals Dorsal Anterior Human arm Radius Ulna Phalanges Proximal Posterior Ventral Distal Chicken wing Knuckle Thumb Shoulder Finger Chicken leg Pinkie Palm Francesca V. Mariani and Gail R. Martin 2003 Nature 423: doi: /nature01655
5 Limb Field
6 Limb Bud Formation
7 Somites Vertebrate Limb Buds Hox5 Hox6 Limb bud Ectoderm Lateral plate mesoderm Mesodermal mesenchyme
8 Hoxc6 Specification of Limb Buds
9 Tbx Genes Specify Limb Type
10 Fgf/Wnt - Limb Bud Initiation
11 Limb Bud Axes Dorsal Anterior Proximal Distal Posterior Ventral
12 Apical Ectodermal Ridge Proximal-Distal Axis Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) forms at boundary between dorsal and ventral ectoderm lateral plate mesoderm Fgf10 Fgf10 Fgf8 Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)
13 Apical Ectodermal Ridge Manipulation
14 Progress Zone Fgf10 Progress Zone (PZ) Fgf8 Fgf4 AER establishes Progress Zone Fgf8 PZ ~200 μm Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)
15 Proximal Distal Proximal-Distal Specification Models Progress zone model: Identity established by residence time in PZ Early allocation and progenitor expansion: Elements specified early Specifying mechanism -??
16 Anterior-Posterior Specification Progress Zone (PZ) Morphogen Shh Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA) Shh necessary and sufficient for establishing ZPA (NOTE Shh not necessary for polarity of styolpod) Shh induced by dhand and Hoxb8 ZPA maintained by feedback loop with AER
17 ZPA/AER Feedback Loop Model 1. dhand (transcription factor) and Fgf8 (from AER) stimulate Shh - Fgf8 (and Fgf4) maintains Shh expression 2. Shh up-regulates Gremlin1 in posterior mesenchyme - Grem1 antagonizes BMP ligands - BMPs repress Fgf expression in AER 3. Wnt7a maintains Shh Wnt7a determines the size of AER Loss-of-function mutants (both Shh and Grem1) = syndactyly, loss of digits
18 ZPA Morphogen Gradient 1 2 Shh gradient ZPA High [Morphogen] Low Posterior 2 Anterior
19 ZPA Transplantation Posterior tissue transplant to anterior = duplicated autopod Mirror-image duplication effects can be replicated by transplanting Shh bead Retinoic acid operates upstream of Shh - implant RA-soaked bead =mirror-image duplication new posterior C. Tickle, Nature Molecular Biology 7(2006)45-53
20 Shh Specifies Digit Identity
21 Drosophila Drosophila Hedgehog Pathway Sonic hedgehog (vertebrates) Gli1, 2, 3 (vertebrates)
22 Vertebrate Hedgehog Activity Vertebrate homologues: Hh - Sonic hedgehog (Shh), plus others Ci Gli (Gli1, Gli2, Gli3) Without SHH: Gli3 proteolytic fragment acts as a transcriptional repressor (Gli3R) - represses e.g. dhand, Gremlin, Fgf4, Hoxd13 With SHH signal: Gli s retained in long form acts as a transcriptional activator - e.g. Gli1 activates Shh Gli3 -/- = polydactyly; (~)8 digits; unpatterned Shh -/- = 1 digit; Gli3R prevails Anterior high Gli3R Posterior low Gli3R SHH main function may be to relieve Gli3R repression in posterior region
23 Shh/Gli3 Knockouts Shh digit specification: 5,4 - autocrine 3 autocrine and diffusion (paracrine) 2 diffusion (paracrine) 1 not Shh-dependent Shh -/- Shh knockout one digit Shh -/- /Gli3 -/- Shh/Gli3 knockouts multiple digits #1 or unspecified variants
24 Hox Genes in Early Limb Bud Gli3 (repressor)
25 5 Hox Genes Pattern Limb Elements Forelimb Hindlimb
26 BMPs Regulate Digital Identity Shh initiates BMP2 and BMP7 gradients - BMPs in interdigital mesoderm specifies identity of digits anteriorly - BMP targets unknown NOTE Fgfs from AER control phalange development; Shh bead inserted between digits can add phalange; Shh sustains Fgf signal; Fgf inhibitor = lack of phalange Remove interdigital mesoderm Insert BMP antagonist into interdigital webbing Noggin BMP antagonist
27 Dorsal-Ventral Specification Dorsal Progress Zone (PZ) Ectoderm Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA) Ventral Wnt7a necessary and sufficient to dorsalize limb bud - Wnt7a knockouts = ventral footpads on both surfaces - induces Lmx1 in dorsal mesenchyme - Lmx1 knockouts = ventralized phenotype
28 Apoptosis in Limb Primordia BMP signals
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