Basic and Clinical Aspects of Malignant Melanoma

Transcription

1 Basic and Clinical Aspects of Malignant Melanoma

2 Cancer Treatment and Research WILLIAM L MCGUIRE, series editor Livingston R.B. (ed): Lung Cancer I ISBN Bennett Humphrey G., Dehner L.P., Grindey G.B., Acton R.T. (eds): Pediatric Oncology I ISBN DeCosse 1.1., Sherlock P. (eds): Gastrointestinal Cancer I ISBN Bennett 1.M. (ed): Lymphomas I, including Hodgkin's Disease ISBN Bloomfield C.D. (ed): Adult Leukemias I ISBN Paulson D.F. (ed): Genitourinary Cancer I ISBN Muggia F.M. (ed): Cancer Chemotherapy I. ISBN Bennett Humphrey G., Grindey G.B. (eds): Pancreatic Tumors in Children ISBN Costanzl 1.1. (ed): Malignant Melanoma I ISBN Griffiths c.t., Fuller A.F. (eds): Gynecologic Oncology ISBN Greco A.F. (ed): Biology and Management of Lung Cancer ISBN Walker M.D. (ed): Oncology of the Nervous System ISBN Higby D.l. (ed): Supportive Care in Cancer Therapy ISBN Herberman R.B. (ed): Basic and Clinical Tumor Immunology ISBN Baker L.H. (ed): Soft Tissue Sarcomas ISBN Bennett 1.M. (ed): Controversies in the Management of Lymphomas ISBN Bennett Humphrey G., Grindey G.B. (eds): Adrenal and Endocrine Tumors in Children ISBN DeCosse 1.1., Sherlock P. (eds): Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Cancer ISBN Catalona W.l., Ratliff T.L. (eds): Urologic Oncology, ISBN Santen R.l., Manni A. (eds): Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine-related Tumors ISBN Costanzi 1.1. (ed): Clinical Management of Malignant Melanoma ISBN X. Wolf G.T. (ed): Head and Neck Oncology ISBN Alberts D.S., Surwit E.A. (eds): Ovarian Cancer ISBN Muggia F.M. (ed): Experimental and Clinical Progress in Cancer Chemotherapy ISBN Higby D.l. (ed): The Cancer Patient and Supportive Care ISBN X. Bloomfield C.D. (ed): Chronic and Acute Leukemias in Adults ISBN Herberman R.B. (ed): Cancer Immunology: Innovative Approaches to Therapy ISBN Hansen H.H. (ed): Lung Cancer: Basic and Clinical Aspects ISBN Pinedo H.M., Verweij 1. (eds): Clinical Management of Soft Tissue Sarcomas ISBN Higby D.l. (ed): Issues in Supportive Care of Cancer Patients ISBN Surwit E.A., Alberts D.S. (eds): Cervix Cancer ISBN lacobs C. (ed): Cancers of the Head and Neck ISBN MacDonald 1.S. (ed): Gastrointestinal Oncology ISBN Ratliff T.L., Catalona W.J. (eds): Genitourinary Cancer ISBN Nathanson L. (ed): Basic and Clinical Aspects of Malignant Melanoma ISBN Muggia F.M. (ed): Concepts, Clinical Developments, and Therapeutic Advances in Cancer Chemotherapy ISBN

3 Basic and Clinical Aspects of Malignant Melanoma edited by: Larry Nathanson, Professor of Medicine School of Medicine Health Sciences Center State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York Director, Oncology-Hematology Division Winthrop University Hospital Mineola, New York 1987 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS.. a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group BOSTON / DORDRECHT / LANCASTER

4 Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI 1 RN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basic and clinical aspects of malignant melanoma. (Cancer treatment and research) Includes index. t. Melanoma. I Nathanson, Larry, II. Series. [DNLM: I. Melanoma. WI CA693 / QZ 200 B3105] RC280.S5B ' ISBN-13: : / e-isbn-13: Copyright 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, USA.

5 To Thomas Christopher Hall, M.D., who taught me most of what I know about oncology and first introduced me to the melanocyte and its fascinating biology.

6 Contents Foreword Preface List of contributors I. Basic Biology I. The role of oncogenes in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma A.P. ALBINO 2. Laminin and fibronectin modulate the metastatic activity of melanoma cells V.P. TERRANOVA 3. Structure, function, and biosynthesis of ganglioside antigens associated with human tumors derived from the neuroectoderm J.M. ROSENBERG and D.A. CHERESH II. Natural History 4. Epidemiology of ocular melanoma L. HYMAN, M.e. LESKE, and A. POLEDNAK 5. Malignant melanoma: Prognostic factors T.J. HARRIST and e.l. DAY, Jr. 6. Endocrine influences on the natural history of human malignant melanoma L. NATHANSON and G.A. KULKARNI 7. Psychosocial factors associated with prognostic indicators, progression, psychophysiology, and tumor-host response in cutaneous malignant melanoma R.J. DICLEMENTE and L. TEMOSHOK IX XI X11l I V11

7 8. Central nervous system metastases in malignant melanoma 155 W.A. ROBINSON, K. JOBE, and R. STEVENS III. Therapy Interferon trials in the management of malignant melanoma 167 and other neoplasms: An overview E.T. CREAGAN 10. The treatment of malignant melanoma by fast neutrons 195 P.R. BLAKE Subject index 215 VIII

8 Cancer Treatment and Research Foreword Where do you begin to look for a recent, authoritative article on the diagnosis or management of particular malignancy? The few general oncology textbooks are generally out of date. Single papers in specialized journals are informative but seldom comprehensive; these are more often preliminary reports on a very limited number of patients. Certain general journals frequently publish good in-depth reviews of cancer topics, and published symposium lectures are often the best overviews available. Unfortunately, these reviews and supplements appear sporadically, and the reader can never be sure when a topic of special interest will be covered. Cancer Treatment and Research is a series of authoritative volumes which aim to meet this need. It is an attempt to establish a critical mass of oncology literature covering virtually all oncology topics, revised frequently to keep the coverage up to date, easily available on a single library shelf or by a single personal subscription. We have approached the problem in the following fashion. First, by dividing the oncology literature into specific subdividions such as lung cancer, genitourinary cancer, pediatric oncology, etc. Second, by asking eminent authorities in each of these areas to edit a volume on the specific topic on an annual or biannual basis. Each topic and tumor type is covered in a volume appearing frequently and predictably, discussing current diagnosis, staging, markers, all forms of treatment modalities, basic biology, and more. In Cancer Treatment and Research, we have an outstanding group of editors, each having made a major commitment to bring to this new series the very best literature in his or her field. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers has made an equally major commitment to the rapid publication of high quality books, and worldwide distribution. Where can you go to find quickly a recent authoritative article on any major oncology problem? We hope that Cancer Treatment and Research provides an answer. WILLIAM L. MCGUIRE Series Editor IX

9 Preface Basic and Clinical Aspects of Malignant Melanoma continues a series of monographs on malignant melanoma ably initiated by John J. Costanzi. Its goal is to put in one volume the latest research developments in this fascinating and perplexing disease, whether they be in basic science or clinical investigations. Such a goal can only be accomplished by calling on multiple scientific disciplines, and this volume includes studies in somatic cell biology, molecular genetics, immunology, epidemiology, pharmacology, psychiatry, endocrinology, pathology, clinical trials, and even neutron radiotherapy. It is hoped that the collection of such diverse disciplines can result in cross-fertilization among them and the growth of new and more creative scientific concepts and research approaches. The book has been divided into three major sections. The first introduces the reader to some new studies in the basic biology of melanoma. A.P. Albino starts off by reviewing work in his and other laboratories on the role of oncogenes in the pathogenesis of premalignant and malignant pigmented lesions. In the second chapter, the precise cellular pathogenesis of metastases in melanoma is explored by Dr. V.P. Terranova. Finally, in this section, Drs. J.M. Rosenberg and D.A. Cheresh give us insight into the role and importance of ganglioside antigens in the cell membrane of tumor cells derived from the neuroectoderm, including melanoma. The second section of the book is devoted to the natural history of melanoma. M.e. Leske has a fascinating review of the role that demographic, geographic, and time variables, as well as host, familial, and environmental factors, may play in the development of ocular melanoma. Next, T.J. Harrist describes the pathologic factors which seem to be most important in the prognosis of human melanoma. L. Nathanson then describes clinical and biological factors in human melanoma that suggest endocrine influence, or control, of the growth of that disease. R. J. DiClemente and L. Temoshok ably address this question: 'Do psychological factors have any relationship to pathology, symptoms, tumor host response, prognosis, or ability to cope of patients with malignant melanoma?' A major cause of failure of conventional therapy for melanoma is relapse in the central nervous system. W.A. Robinson, XI

10 K. lobe, and R. Stevens examine the patterns and potential therapy of this distressing complication in the natural history of malignant melanoma. The third section of this volume deals with treatment of melanoma. E.T. Creagan reviews results of trials of interferon in melanoma, both from the point of view of prognostic factors such as interferon receptors and clonogenic assays for interferon activity, as well as pharmacology and therapeutic benefits achieved with this novel and interesting family of glycoproteins. Melanoma has long been known to be a relatively radio-resistant disease when treated with conventional photon radiotherapy. Melanoma cells are capable of repair of photon-induced radiation damage and protected by virtue of hypoxia. These factors may be overcome by neutrons as demonstrated by the high response rate reported by P.R. Blake in the final chapter. In summary, it is hoped that this volume will bring together new data, both from the basic science laboratory and the clinical investigator, and will be of real usefulness to the 'melanoma maven' no matter what his or her scientific background or discipline of study may be. Acknowledgment to 1.M. McNicholas for her editorial help, to Mr. 1.K. Smith of Martlnus NijhoffPublishers for support, and to Dr. W.L. McGuire for suggesting that I undertake this project. Larry Nathanson editor xii

11 List of Contributors ALBINO, Anthony P. Ph.D., Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Human Cancer Immunology, Room 912, Schwartz Building, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA BLAKE, Peter R., FRCR, Locum Consultant Radiotherapist, 65 Walford Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, ENGLAND CHERESH, David A., Ph.D., Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA CREAGAN, Edward T., M.D., Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA DAY, Jr., Calvin L., M.D., Division of Dermatology, The University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas 78284, USA DICLEMENTE, Ralph J., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry & Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Box 6-B, 410 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California , USA HARRIST, Terrence J., M.D., Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA HYMAN, Leslie, Ph.D., Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, HSC, 3L-099, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA JOBE, Kathleen, M.D., University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, B171, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA KULKARNI, Gajanan A., M.D., 701 Bar Harbor, Gulf Harbors, New port Richey, Florida 33552, USA LESKE, M. Christina, M.D., Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, HSC, 3L-099, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA NATHANSON, Larry, M.D., Winthrop-University Hospital Professional Building, Suite 300, 222 Station Place North, Mineola, New York 11501, USA POLEDNAK, Anthony, Ph.D., Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, HSC, 3L-099, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Xlll

12 ROBINSON, William A., M.D., University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, B171, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA ROSENBERG, Jay M., M.D., Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA STEVENS, Richie, M.D., University Of Colorado health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, B17I, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA TEMOSHOK, Lydia, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry & Langley Porter psychiatric Institute, Box 6-B, 410 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California , USA TERRANOYA, Victor P, DMD, PhD, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA xiv