Management of Prostate Cancer

Transcription

1 Management of Prostate Cancer

2 Michel Bolla Hendrik van Poppel Editors Management of Prostate Cancer A Multidisciplinary Approach Second Edition

3 Editors Michel Bolla Department of Radiation Oncology Hôpital Albert Michallon Grenoble France Hendrik van Poppel Department of Urology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 Preface Prostate cancer is the first ranked cancer in men in Europe. Despite the 10-year overall survival improvement provided by the ERSPC, there is no European mass screening as for breast or colon and rectum cancers, but early diagnosis is possible among men aged years managed by general practitioners and/or urologists provided an informed consent is obtained, taking into account age, family history of cancer, co-morbidity, baseline PSA, prostate volume, PSA density and velocity, as well as information about biopsy modalities and potential side effects. Random biopsies become more precise thanks to the matching of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound acquisitions to guide them on the index lesion. Once clinical workup is done, TNM and d Amico classifications are established, the medical charts of the patients are discussed in tumour board and individualized treatments are proposed according to national and/or EAU guidelines to be explained later on to the patients. Phase III randomized trials have contributed to set up a multidisciplinary approach between pathologists, urologists, radiation oncologists and medical oncologists. The pathologist has a key role in helping to define risk factors on the surgical specimen tumour volume, tumour stage and Gleason grade and particularly margin status to decide about the indication for immediate post-operative or deferred salvage radiotherapy. Urologists are the first experts to announce the diagnosis and discuss the therapeutic options: the patients with a poor IPSS and/or uroflowmetry data are candidates to surgery as well as those who prefer to quickly eradicate the cancer or who need to know the precise analysis of the extension. The patients who cannot be operated on for technical or medical reasons or who are worried about the potential risk of incontinence or impotence can prefer radiotherapy and will discuss with the radiation oncologist the action of radiotherapy, its modalities brachytherapy, high dose high precision external irradiation the potential acute and late toxicity, the modalities of surveillance and the possibilities of treatment after relapse. The more we know the less aggressive we are, and patients with very low risk will be allowed to choose active surveillance to be treated later on at pre-defined triggers. Others can be oriented towards deferred treatment in case of less aggressive tumours, due to limited life expectancy or older age. In daily practice, open or laparoscopic (robot-assisted) radical prostatectomy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy remain the gold standard knowing that surgical and/or radiation innovations need feasibility, quality assurance, human resources and evaluation of local control and health-related quality of life. The indication and the duration of v

5 vi Preface androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy are based on clinical stage, prognostic factors, WHO performance status, co-morbidity and sexual health: to mitigate side effects, modalities and chronology of the follow-up must be organized and shared harmoniously between specialists, and practitioners, cardiologists and endocrinologists concerned with the patients. The risk of relapse after local treatment must be explained as well as the available salvage modalities. PSA thresholds are well defined to declare biochemical relapse after surgery or radiotherapy and multi-parametric MRI and PET choline are very useful to authenticate the site of the relapse. Indeed salvage radiotherapy is possible in case of biochemical relapse after surgery, while salvage radical prostatectomy, high intensity focused ultrasound, brachytherapy or cryosurgery can be done after radiotherapy, radical prostatectomy remaining the reference. When a distant relapse arises, LHRH agonists or antagonists are the standard of care, given continuously or intermittently in case of metastatic disease. Maximal androgen blockade will benefit to a selected group of advanced prostate cancer patients. Since the publication of recent works, chemotherapy with docetaxel added to the primary hormonal manipulation benefits significantly to the survival in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer patients, and this benefit is more pronounced in patients with a high metastatic burden. The landscape of patients resistant to chemical castration has changed and medical oncologists have an enriched pharmacopoeia with docetaxel and cabazitaxel in symptomatic patients, and CYP 17 inhibitors like abiraterone acetate or more potent antiandrogens like enzalutamide for others, while vaccines may be reserved to some kind of biochemical relapse. This new edition benefits from the more recent breakthroughs and offers an updated overview from epidemiology to therapeutic algorithms with new insights concerning genomics, radiologic investigations, nuclear medicine and medical treatments. Physicians must keep in mind that more science requires more consciousness and ethics to maintain a good relation with the patients to give them more therapeutic education to anticipate the near future. While the cure rate is increasing the patients have an important role to play, to participate in clinical research, a kind of joint venture which may be beneficial for them today or for others tomorrow. Patients who are not cured may have an extended survival, new therapeutic approaches giving the illness the appearance of a chronic disease, and the challenge is therefore to give duration and quality to the prolonged life. Grenoble, France Leuven, Belgium Michel Bolla Hendrik Van Poppel

6 Contents Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer in Europe: Patterns, Trends and Determinants Freddie Bray and Lambertus A. Kiemeney Chemoprevention Antonino Battaglia, Thomas Van de Broeck, Lisa Moris, Lorenzo Tosco, Wouter Everaerts, Maarten Albersen, Frank Claessens, Gert De Meerleer, Hendrik Van Poppel, Paolo Gontero, Daimantas Milonas, and Steven Joniau Individual and Population-Based Screening Kai Zhang, Chris H. Bangma, Lionne D.F. Venderbos, and Monique J. Roobol Anatomo-pathology S. Prendeville and T.H. Van der Kwast Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer S. Dijkstra, R.J. Hendriks, G.H.J.M. Leyten, P.F.A. Mulders, and J.A. Schalken The Clinical Genomics of Prostate Cancer Michael Fraser, Theo van der Kwast, Paul C. Boutros, and Robert G. Bristow Prostate Cancer Imaging: An Ongoing Change of Paradigm Olivier Rouvière and Jean Champagnac Nuclear Medicine (Bone Scan, Choline and PSMA PET/CT) Karolien E. Goffin and Wouter Everaerts Diagnosis, Clinical Workup, and TNM Classification Jean-Luc Descotes Active Surveillance for Low Risk Prostate Cancer Laurence Klotz Open Radical Prostatectomy Hein Van Poppel, Lorenzo Tosco, and Steven Joniau The Robotic Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Aaron Leiblich, Prasanna Sooriakumaran, and Peter Wiklund vii

7 viii Contents Permanent and High Dose Rate Brachytherapy (Technique, Indications, Results, Morbidity) Ann Henry IMRT, Hypofractionated Radiotherapy and Stereotactic Radiotherapy: Technique, Indications, and Results Malcolm Mason Combination of Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced and Localized Prostate Cancer Michel Bolla, Camille Verry, and Carole Iriart Postoperative Irradiation: Immediate or Early Delayed? Dirk Bottke, Detlef Bartkowiak, and Thomas Wiegel High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for Prostate Cancer Albert Gelet, Sebastien Crouzet, Olivier Rouviere, and Jean-Yves Chapelon Prostate Cryotherapy Kae Jack Tay, Matvey Tsivian, and Thomas J. Polascik Salvage Prostate Brachytherapy for Postradiation Local Failure Gilles Créhange, I-Chow Hsu, Albert J Chang, and Mack Roach III Follow-Up After Radical Treatments and Relapse Friederike Haidl and Axel Heidenreich First-Line Hormonal Manipulation: Surgical and Medical Castration with LHRH Agonists and Antagonists, Steroids, and Pure Antiandrogens Tobias Gramann and Hans-Peter Schmid Chemotherapy and Androgen Receptor-Directed Treatment of Castration Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer S. Osanto and S.A.C. Luelmo Bone-Targeted Therapies in Prostate Cancer Abdulazeez T. Salawu, Catherine Handforth, and Janet E. Brown Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapies in Advanced Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Joaquim Bellmunt and Irene Moreno How to Interpret Numeric Results in Publications? Laurence Collette Management of Prostate Cancer: EAU Guidelines on Screening, Diagnosis and Local Primary Treatment Hocine Habchi and Nicolas Mottet The Millenium Patients Perspective Louis J. Denis