Energy Balance and Cancer

Transcription

1 Energy Balance and Cancer Volume 12 Series Editor: Nathan A. Berger, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, More information about this series at

2 Ofer Reizes Nathan A. Berger Editors Adipocytokines, Energy Balance, and Cancer

3 Editors Ofer Reizes Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute Nathan A. Berger Center for Science, Health and Society Case Western Reserve University ISSN ISSN (electronic) Energy Balance and Cancer ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 Preface Adipose tissue, composed of adipocytes, stromal cells, immune and inflammatory cells, and vascular components, was initially considered a depot, storing fuel in the form of fats during times of energy excess and providing fuel for body functions in time of energy needs. Regulation of storage, release, and utilization has been found to be due to the interaction of a complex array of signaling factors that may act locally and/or systemically by autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. These include a variety of growth factors, hormones, and other regulatory agents synthesized in brain, endocrine organs, muscle, gastrointestinal, and adipose tissue itself. When synthesized and secreted in adipose tissues, these factors are designated adipocytokines; they have major physiologic and behavioral effects and their concentrations fluctuate in response to expansion and concentration of adipose tissue, body composition, and a variety of other physiologic signals. In addition to the role of adipocytokines in regulating multiple aspects of energy metabolism, excess adipose tissue has been identified as a source of chronic low-grade inflammation leading to the synthesis of a variety of proinflammatory signals. It is now apparent that in addition to their role in regulating energy metabolism, adipocytokines also contribute significantly to many of the comorbidities associated with the current worldwide obesity pandemic including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The goal of this volume on Adipocytokines, Energy Balance, and Cancer is to describe recent advances in understanding adipocytokines, their physiologic role in normal regulatory processes, and their mechanistic contributions to the multiple malignancies that increase in response to changes in body mass. These mediators and their effects will be discussed also as potential interventional targets for cancer prevention and control. This volume begins with an analysis of the components and molecular biology of adipose tissue and differences in activities and interactions related to body distribution. Subsequent chapters deal with both the physiologic and pathologic functions of the major adipocytokines including their regulatory role, their role in energy metabolism, and their role in cancer etiology, promotion, and progression. Adipocytokines to be discussed include Leptin, Adiponectin, Visfatin, Retinol- Binding Protein, Apelin, Macrophage Chemotactic Factor-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, v

5 vi Preface Chemerin, C-Reactive Protein, and Resistin as well as Gastrointestinal Regulatory Peptides including Ghrelin, Glucagon-Like Peptide, and others. This volume on Adipocytokines, Energy Balance, and Cancer is unique in examining in depth the multiplicity of adipocytokines, their physiologic regulatory mechanisms, and their pathologic role in promoting cancer. We have been fortunate to assemble chapters authored by an international group of authors with expertise in the multiple signaling molecules, and we are grateful for their contribution to this volume. Chapter 1, written by Caner Saygin and Ofer Reizes (Case Western Reserve University Lerner College of Medicine) and Nathan A. Berger (Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine), provides an overall introduction to adipose tissue as a secretory organ and identifies the major adipocytokines and their functions. Chapter 2 by V.B. O Leary (Helmholtz Zentrum Munich Institute of Radiation Biology) and J.P. Kirwan (Case Western Reserve University Lerner College of Medicine) focuses on molecular aspects of adiponectin secretion, its regulatory roles in cellular signaling activities, and its contribution to tumor metabolism. In Chap. 3, Margot Cleary (University of Minnesota) and Marta Torroella- Kouri (University of Miami School of Medicine) focus on leptin and its association with cancer while in Chap. 4, Neeraj K. Saxena (University of Maryland School of Medicine) and Dipali Sharma (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) discuss cancer therapeutic strategies targeted at leptin. Chapter 5, written by Daniel C. Berry (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center) and Noa Noy (Case Western Reserve University Lerner College of Medicine), provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of Retinol Binding Protein 4 in Vitamin A metabolism and its relation to diabetes and cancer. In Chap. 6, Maria Dalamaga and Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos (University of Athens) describe the interesting intra- and extracellular relation of Visfatin/Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyl Transferase and its relation to obesity and cancer. Chapter 7, written by Stefanie Kälin (Technical University Munich) and Roland Kälin (Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich), provides an introduction to Apelin, one of the most recently identified adipocytokines and its role in physiologic and pathologic conditions especially tumorigenesis. E. Angela Murphy (University of South Carolina) in Chap. 8 provides insight into several novel adipocytokines including Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Chemerin and their potential dysregulated effects on obesity and cancer. The contribution of resistin to insulin resistance, obesity, and cancer is described in Chap. 9, written by Zhenzhen Zhang, Jackilen Shannon (Oregon Health and Science University), and Hanrui Zhang (Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania). C-Reactive Protein, generally considered an acute phase reactant but also categorized as an adipocytokine associated with inflammation and cancer, is discussed by Helen Swede (University of Connecticut School of Medicine) and Dejana Braithwaite (University of California San Francisco). In addition to the host of adipocytokines described in preceding chapters, there is yet another series of peptide signaling molecules, the gastrointestinal regulatory peptides, secreted from the GI tract that regulate hunger, satiety, gastrointestinal motility, and other physiologic functions. Their activities and impact on obesity and cancer are described in Chap. 11 by Debora Bruno and Michael Wolfe (Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine).

6 Preface vii Overall, this volume on Adipocytokines, Energy Balance, and Cancer provides a valuable addition to the Energy Balance and Cancer series to inform readers of the most recent information on both the normal and disease promoting activities of these adipocyte-derived signaling molecules. This volume should be useful to all students, researchers, and clinicians involved or interested in mechanisms by which obesity contributes to its associated comorbidities, especially cancer, and should serve as a foundation to stimulate research to develop adipocytokine-targeted interventions to disrupt these processes. Cleveland, OH, USA Ofer Reizes Nathan A. Berger

7 Contents 1 Adipocytes, Adipocytokines, and Cancer Caner Saygin, Ofer Reizes, and Nathan A. Berger 2 Adiponectin, Obesity, and Cancer V.B. O Leary and J.P. Kirwan 3 Leptin in Cancer: Epidemiology and Mechanisms Margot P. Cleary and Marta Torroella-Kouri 4 Leptin-Signaling Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Neeraj K. Saxena and Dipali Sharma 5 Retinol Binding Protein 4: Role in Diabetes and Cancer Daniel C. Berry and Noa Noy 6 Visfatin, Obesity, and Cancer Maria Dalamaga and Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos 7 Apelin and Cancer Stefanie Kälin and Roland E. Kälin 8 Novel Adipocytokines: Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, Chemerin E. Angela Murphy 9 Resistin, Obesity, and Cancer Zhenzhen Zhang, Jackilen Shannon, and Hanrui Zhang 10 Role of C-Reactive Protein in Cancer Helen Swede and Dejana Braithwaite 11 GI Peptides, Energy Balance, and Cancer Debora S. Bruno and M. Michael Wolfe Index ix

8 Contributors Nathan A. Berger, M.D. Department of Medicine, Biochemistry, Oncology, Genetics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Daniel C. Berry, Ph.D. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Graff Lab, Dallas, TX, USA Dejana Braithwaite, Ph.D. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Debora S. Bruno, M.D. Hematology/Oncology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos, M.D. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece Margot P. Cleary, Ph.D. The Hormel Institute-University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA Maria Dalamaga, M.D., M.Sc., M.P.H., Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece Department of Biological Chemistry-Clinical Biochemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece Roland E. Kälin Neurosurgical Research, University Clinics Munich, Ludwig- Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany Stefanie Kälin Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre for Health and Environment and Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany xi

9 xii Contributors J.P. Kirwan, Ph.D. Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute (NE4-209), The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Case Western Reserve University Lerner College of Medicine, E. Angela Murphy, Ph.D. Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Noa Noy, Ph.D. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA V.B. O Leary, Ph.D. Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany Ofer Reizes, Ph.D. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA Neeraj K. Saxena, Ph.D. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Caner Saygin, M.D. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Jackilen Shannon, Ph.D., R.D. OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Dipali Sharma, Ph.D. Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Helen Swede, Ph.D. Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA Marta Torroella-Kouri, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA M. Michael Wolfe, M.D. Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Hanrui Zhang, B.Med., Ph.D. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Zhenzhen Zhang, Ph.D., M.P.H. OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA