DAILY NEWS BULLETIN LEADING HEALTH, POPULATION AND FAMILY WELFARE STORIES OF THE Day Monday

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1 DAILY NEWS BULLETIN LEADING HEALTH, POPULATION AND FAMILY WELFARE STORIES OF THE Day Monday Infant Death 3 infants die, 6 critical after vaccination in Jharkhand (The Times of India: ) Ranchi/Daltonganj: Three infants died on Sunday while six others fell critically ill, a day after they were administered vaccines under a routine immunisation programme being run by district health officers in Loinga village of Jharkhand s Palamu district. CM Raghubar Das declared a compensation of Rs 1 lakh for the next of kin of the deceased and ordered a probe. Nine infants from the village were given a booster dose for Japanese encephalitis, measles and DPT vaccine for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus on Saturday. Within a few hours, all of them developed mild fever followed by vomiting and bouts of diarrhoea, their parents alleged. Three of the infants Ujjwal Kumar (17-month-old), Aryan Kumar (18-month-old) and Sanju Kumari (21-monthold) died early Sunday. The other six infants were rushed to the district hospital in Daltonganj. Four out of them were discharged later in the evening, while the other two children are out of danger now, doctors said. As the news of the deaths spread, officers from the Palamu district administration and a team of doctors led by Daltonganj civil surgeon reached the village. The group had to be rescued by police after it was met with angry villagers. Daltonganj civil surgeon Dr V K Singh said, The health workers carry drugs to counter the side-effects of vaccines, and administer them if needed. In this case, however, the

2 repercussions started after several hours. A detailed examination will be conducted to ascertain if the vials storing the vaccines were toxic or if the medicine had expired. Infant Death (Dainik Jagran: )

3 Shortage of specialists As heart risks rise, data shows critical shortage of specialists (The Indian Express: ) Of the 552 seats that remained vacant in around 30 disciplines after admissions were completed to the 1,907 superspeciality medical seats last year, 104 were in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery and 55 were in cardiology. Last year was the first time that a common entrance examination, NEET SS, was conducted for masters in surgery and doctorate courses, followed by centralised counselling. INDIA S HIGH hypertension and diabetes burden, leading to cardiovascular diseases, has been a cause of global concern. Official data now shows the country could also be headed for a critical shortage of cardiovascular surgeons and cardiologists. Of the 552 seats that remained vacant in around 30 disciplines after admissions were completed to the 1,907 superspeciality medical seats last year, 104 were in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery and 55 were in cardiology. Last year was the first time that a common entrance examination, NEET SS, was conducted for masters in surgery and doctorate courses, followed by centralised counselling. According to Dr Shiv Choudhary, professor and HoD, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, AIIMS, the pattern of cardiothoracic and vascular surgery (CTVS) and cardiology gradually falling off the map has been visible for some time. The centralised counselling may have merely shone the light on a simmering problem, he says. CTVS is not the speciality of choice, it has a long incubation period. While a urologist may be ready to practise on his own at 30 years, for CTVS where the training is long and hard, it could be 45 years. The average work day for a resident could be hours. There are very few well equipped centres because it is both expensive and manpower-intensive to run a CTVS Centre. What is more, after such a long and arduous training, a CTVS surgeon would probably get Rs 20,000 per surgery while a gastrointestinal surgeon would make Rs 50,000 from a gall bladder surgery, says Choudhary. Given India s CVD burden, we are already short of cardiovascular doctors, both clinicians and surgeons, says Choudhary. He estimates the CTVS requirement to be about 8,500 against the current 1,200-1,500 doctors. There are just 48 centres training doctors in CTVS. Some years ago, while I was

4 part of a UPSC board that needed to choose 22 surgeons for government postings, I chose all six who appeared for the interview from the 14 applicants. In the end, just two joined, he says. According to Dr K S Reddy, former head of the Department of Cardiology, AIIMS, and President of Public Health Foundation of India, there are quality and faculty issues in medical colleges. Not many have enough case volumes for effective training, whereas for DNBs (Diplomate of National Board) run by private hospitals, that is not the case. So many students prefer to opt for a DNB. It is also no doubt a very strenuous training programme. There is also a faculty shortage. The Medical Council of India has not accepted the equivalence of DNB so this means DNB holders cannot teach. But as we roll out the National Health Protection Mission, the shortages will only get more pronounced when more and more people are able to opt for treatment they were earlier missing out on, says Dr Reddy. The faculty shortage in fact has spawned a vicious cycle people do not come because there are not enough centres, there are not enough centres because there are not enough trained faculty members. The Ministry of Health is in the process of tweaking the exam format to ensure such huge numbers of vacancies do not remain. For one, from the 2018 NEET, students will appear for speciality wise examinations rather than the broad speciality format of last year. More importantly, a student can opt for only two specialities, unlike last year when students had the option of blocking as many seats as they wanted and not vacating them till the last date of counselling was over. Last year s NEET counselling also got mired in court cases, causing delays that perhaps affected the final intake, officials say. Andhra Pradesh had cited Article 371 to deny seats to outside students it was finally settled in court. Says Dr Vinod Paul, Member (Health), NITI Aayog, till a few years ago, heart doctors were considered glamorous and the superspecialities much in demand. Now people just want it easy, they have become selfish. You have to be very determined to pursue these disciplines, says the former AIIMS professor. An update on the cardiovascular disease incidence of India, published in the journal Circulation in 2016, said: The Global Burden of Disease study estimate of age-standardised CVD death rate of 272 per 100,000 population in India is higher than the global average of 235 per 100,000 population Premature mortality in terms of years of life lost because of CVD in India increased by 59%, from 23.2 million (1990) to 37 million (2010).

5 Drug resistance antibiotics New class of antibiotics to fight drug resistance (The Indian Express: ) UIC s Alexander Mankin and Yury Polikanov found ODLs act on the ribosome the molecular machine that makes proteins cells needed to function of bacterial cells. Researchers of the University of Illinois at Chicago and Nosopharm, a biotechnology company in France, are part of a team reporting on the discovery of a new class of antibiotics. First identified by Nosopharm, it is unique and promising on two fronts: its unconventional source and its distinct way of killing bacteria, both of which suggest the compound may be effective at treating drug-resistant or hard-to-treat infections. Called odilorhabdins, or ODLs, the antibiotics are produced by symbiotic bacteria found in soil-dwelling nematode worms that colonise insects for food. The bacteria help to kill the insect, and secrete the antibiotic to keep competing bacteria away. The Nosopharm team screened 80 cultured strains of the bacteria for antimicrobial activity. They isolated the active compounds, studied their chemical structures and engineered more potent derivatives. The study has been published in the journal, Molecular Cell. While many antibiotics can slow bacterial growth, antibiotics that actually kill bacteria, called bactericidal antibiotics, are rare. UIC s Alexander Mankin and Yury Polikanov found ODLs act on the ribosome the molecular machine that makes proteins cells needed to function of bacterial cells. Like many clinically useful antibiotics, ODLs work by targeting the ribosome, said Polikanov, but ODLs are unique because they bind to a place on the ribosome that has never been used by other known antibiotics. When bound to the ribosome, the antibiotic disrupts its ability to interpret and translate genetic code. When ODLs are introduced to the bacterial cells, they impact the reading ability of the ribosome and cause the ribosome to make mistakes when it creates new proteins, said Mankin. This miscoding corrupts the cell with flawed proteins and causes the bacterial cell to die. While many antibiotics can slow bacterial growth, antibiotics that actually kill bacteria, called bactericidal antibiotics, are rare. In France, Nosopharm researchers tested ODL compounds against bacterial pathogens, including many known to develop resistance. We found that the ODL compounds cured mice infected with several pathogenic bacteria and demonstrated activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, notably including

6 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriacae, said co-corresponding author Maxime Gualtieri, co-founder and chief scientific officer of Nosopharm. Mental Health India s mental health crisis is growing rapidly (Hindustan Times: ) A PPP between State and private mental health professionals can help Last week, V Radhika Reddy jumped off the fifth floor of her Hyderabad apartment and left behind a suicide note that said: My brain is my enemy. Depression may have driven the 38- year-old news presenter to end her life, but she isn t the only one. With more than 300 million cases around the world, depression is the single largest public health problem in the world. According to the data journalism website, IndiaSpend, at present, people with mental illnesses account for nearly 6.5% of India s population. By 2020, the number is estimated to be 20% or one in five people suffering from a mental illness. Although there is little government data on the linkage between mental illnesses and suicides, psychiatrists say 90% of those who end their lives are likely to be suffering from a mental disorder. Despite this, India spends much less than the rest of the world on mental health issues (0.06% of its health budget on mental healthcare) and has an acute shortage of professionals who can help people fight mental disorders. Worryingly, the age profile of mental health patients is getting younger. The National Mental Health Survey estimated that nearly one in seven teenagers growing up in India s metros could be suffering from mental health disorders. Even as technology is seen as a trigger for mental health problems, it can also prove to be a solution for intervention. One of the recommendations of the new Mental Healthcare Bill last year, which will be implemented in July 2018, is the provision of medical care to each of the 60 million citizens suffering from mental health conditions. Although the mechanics of the funding are yet to be spelled out, a public-private partnership between mental health professionals in the government and private hospitals to train physicians at the village and block level through video conferencing to identify and provide basic treatment and drugs for depression and anxiety could be the way out.

7 Diabetes (The Asian Age: )

8 Kidney Disease (The Asian Age: )

9 Child Health (The Asian Age: )

10 Medical Device (The Asian Age: )

11 Fitness (The Asian Age: )

12 Ageing Is meditation the answer to cognitive decline? (Medical News Today: ) In a study endorsed by the Dalai Lama, individuals who regularly meditate were followed over 7 years. The authors conclude that meditation can enhance mental abilities and protect against age-related cognitive decline. Older adult meditating Can meditation slow down the inevitable age-related cognitive decline? As we age, our cognitive ability slowly slides. The resulting deficits could impact reasoning, memory, and processing speed, among other things. It can also affect our ability to concentrate and focus. Since people in the United States are now living longer lives, researchers are keen to find ways to keep our brains healthy and alert for longer. To help us retain a sharp focus, scientists have trialed a range of potential interventions including computer-based cognitive training programs and lifestyle changes. Meditation and mindfulness as interventions have also shown promise. For instance, meditation is considered to boost a range of cognitive abilities, such as mental clarity, stability, and creativity, while increasing the length of time that someone can hold their focus. Importantly, meditation is easy to practice at home, relatively cost-effective, and unlikely to cause side effects. Several studies have investigated mindful interventions and witnessed certain benefits, such as a reduction in mind wandering. However, few have assessed whether meditation's benefits can endure over longer periods of time. Meditation over the long-term Over the past few years, an ongoing study has been attempting to fill this gap in our understanding. Scientists from the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) Center for Mind and Brain have been following a group of people who attended a meditation course 7 years ago. Their study was recently published in the Journal of Cognitive Enhancement.

13 The "Shamatha Project" was led by Anthony Zanesco, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Miami, FL, who started on the project before beginning his Ph.D. in psychology at UC Davis. Does meditation really make us better people? Does meditation really make us better people? A recent study asks whether meditation makes us all happier, more compassionate people. The project followed 60 experienced meditators who attended two meditation retreats held at the Shambhala Mountain Center in Red Feather Lakes, CO. The attendees were schooled by a Buddhist scholar, teacher, and author called B. Alan Wallace, from the Santa Barbara Institute for Consciousness Studies in California. During the retreats, the participants had two group meditation sessions every day, and, for the remainder of their days, they meditated for an average of 6.75 additional hours. The benefits of meditation The attendees were assessed before, during, and just after the retreat. Then, they were followed-up at 6 months, 18 months, and the 7-year mark. By the end of the study, 40 subjects were still involved, all of whom reported that they continued to use meditation in some form for an average of 1 hour per day. Straight after the retreat, the participants were compared with a control group who had traveled to Santa Barbara but not been part of the course. The meditators demonstrated improvements in general psychological well-being, their ability to cope with stress, and maintaining attention. Seven years later, the gains in attention were still present to some degree particularly among older group members who practiced meditation the most often. These people did not show the expected levels of age-related decline in sustained attention. The authors conclude, "These findings provide initial, yet provocative, evidence that continued meditation practice may be associated with a moderation of age-related decline in attentional components known to be sensitive to aging." "This study is the first to offer evidence that intensive and continued meditation practice is associated with enduring improvements in sustained attention and response inhibition, with the potential to alter longitudinal trajectories of cognitive change across a person's life." Anthony Zanesco As the meditation-based benefits appeared to plateau immediately after the retreats, Zanesco believes that this might inform us about how much influence meditation can have. Perhaps the ceiling was reached in this relatively short intervention.

14 Cautions and potential issues Although this is the largest and longest study of its kind, more work will need to be done. There is a raft of potentially confounding variables to be considered. At this stage, we cannot definitively conclude that meditation was responsible for the benefits that they measured. For instance, someone who attends a meditation retreat and continues to meditate is likely to have other lifestyle differences, such as a more healthful diet. They are also more likely to read up about meditation and related mindfulness texts, which could impact cognitive ability and general outlook on life. As the authors write in their study paper, "[C]ausation cannot be attributed to the moderation of aging-related decline with continued meditation practice in our sample. It is therefore critical that more research is conducted before advocating meditation practice as an intervention for cognitive aging." Hypertension How do you check your own blood pressure? (Medical News Today: ) Measuring the blood pressure Checking pressure manually Automated machines Using apps Results Outlook Blood pressure is one of the four major vital signs, the others being heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature. These vital signs can help give a general idea of how well the body and its organs are performing. Changes in a person's vital signs can indicate an underlying health problem or a need to make lifestyle changes. Blood pressure is typically measured using a blood pressure cuff. People who do not have the proper equipment may still want to measure their blood pressure, but this is difficult to do accurately. In most cases, it is better to buy a blood pressure machine or visit a doctor or pharmacy for testing. Measuring the blood pressure Man measuring his own blood pressure with band and monitor

15 Blood pressure may reflect a person's state of health. Blood pressure measures the amount of force blood places on the blood vessels in the body. A blood pressure reading includes two numbers that indicate the pressure inside the arteries as the blood flows through the body. The upper number, called the systolic pressure, measures the pressure inside the arteries as the heart contracts to pump blood. The lower number, called the diastolic pressure, is the pressure inside the artery as the heart rests between each beat. According to the American Heart Association, normal blood pressure is anything below 120/80 mm Hg. If these numbers go higher than 120/80 mm Hg, it is often an indication that the heart is working too hard to pump blood through the arteries. High blood pressure can be caused by many factors, including: stress fear high cholesterol plaque buildup in the arteries Accurate blood pressure readings are important, as high blood pressure may not cause any symptoms until it is dangerously high. Doctors use either electronic or mechanical machines to measure blood pressure in a clinic. In some cases, they may recommend monitoring and recording the blood pressure at home. Monitoring blood pressure at home usually requires a machine that insurance may or may not cover. Reasons a doctor may recommend monitoring blood pressure at home include needing to know the blood pressure at certain times of the day or after taking certain medications. It is possible, however, to take blood pressure without using a machine. Checking the blood pressure manually Stethoscope and aneroid monitor and blood pressure measuring band A stethoscope, blood pressure cuff, and aneroid monitor are required in order to measure blood pressure accurately. To check the blood pressure without the aid of an automated machine, a person will need several medical items. These are: a stethoscope a blood pressure cuff with a squeezable balloon an aneroid monitor, which has a numbered dial to read measurements

16 To check the blood pressure manually, sit in a relaxed position with the arm at rest on a table. Secure the cuff on the bicep and squeeze the balloon to increase the pressure. Watch the aneroid monitor and increase the pressure to about 30 mm Hg over the normal blood pressure, or to 180 mm Hg if this is not known. When the cuff is inflated, place the stethoscope just inside the elbow crease under the cuff. Slowly deflate the balloon and listen through the stethoscope. When the first beats hit, note the number on the aneroid monitor. This is the systolic pressure. Continue listening until the steady heartbeat sound stops and record the number from the aneroid monitor again. This is the diastolic pressure. These two numbers are the blood pressure reading. When checking blood pressure at home, it is important to remember: Manual cuffs come in different sizes depending on the size of the arm. Using the right size ensures the most accurate reading. The cuff should always sit directly on the bare skin. Take a few deep breaths and relax for up to 5 minutes before measuring blood pressure. Avoid talking during the test. Place the feet flat on the floor and sit up straight while measuring the blood pressure. Avoid checking blood pressure in a cold room. Support the arm as close to heart level as possible. Measure the blood pressure at a few different times during the day. Avoid smoking, drinking, and exercise for 30 minutes before taking blood pressure. Empty the bladder before taking a blood pressure test. A full bladder may give an incorrect blood pressure reading. The 10 best blood pressure apps The 10 best blood pressure apps For someone with high blood pressure, it can be a constant worry to bring down the numbers. We have chosen the best apps to track, monitor, and help you to keep blood pressure within a healthy range. Automated blood pressure machines The easiest and most accurate way to measure the blood pressure at home is to buy an automated blood pressure monitor with an upper arm cuff.

17 The instructions for use may vary with each machine, and a person should follow them carefully to ensure proper operation. If the instructions are difficult to understand, a local pharmacy or doctor's office will be able to show a person how to operate the machine correctly. Doctors may ask a person to bring their at-home machine to the office during their next visit to test the accuracy compared to the doctor's reading. Using a high-quality machine is important, as inaccurate readings may cause unnecessary or harmful changes in medications or treatments. A variety of blood pressure monitors are available for purchase online and in most drug stores. A person may wish to speak to a doctor about which brand they recommend. Using blood pressure apps Smartphone with heart health monitoring app Blood pressure apps may not provide reliable measurements. There are apps and wrist devices that claim to measure the blood pressure, but these results are frequently inaccurate and are not a reliable way to monitor a person's health. Apps that log blood pressure results may be helpful for people who need to take regular blood pressure tests, however. Recording a set of readings into these apps may help doctors identify trends in blood pressure and recommend treatments. Results Blood pressure readings fall into the following categories: Blood pressure status Systolic mm Hg Normal Less than 120 Less than 80 Elevated Diastolic mm Hg Less than 80 Stage 1 high blood pressure (hypertension) Stage 2 high blood pressure 140 or higher 90 or higher Hypertensive crisis (seek immediate medical attention) 180 or higher 120 or higher Normal blood pressure is considered anything below 120/80 mm Hg. However, a healthy number may vary from person to person. The numbers may change based on factors such as: age

18 weight sex physical activity underlying medical conditions Anyone uncertain about their target blood pressure should visit a doctor for guidance. If an at-home reading is higher than usual, it is important to do another reading 5 minutes later to ensure it is accurate. Anyone who experiences a systolic pressure over 180 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure over 120 mm Hg should seek emergency medical care, as this is a sign of a hypertensive crisis. Outlook Blood pressure can vary based on a range of factors, so it is essential to take more than one reading for accuracy. Tests taken at home may not be as accurate as those offered at the doctor's office, but automated blood pressure monitors are often just as precise. Anyone concerned about their blood pressure readings should consult a doctor for the best way to monitor and manage their blood pressure. Lifestyle changes are often necessary and may include things such as reducing salt intake and exercising regularly. Medications may also be recommended in some cases. Monitoring blood pressure at home can help a doctor determine if the dose is sufficient or needs changing. We picked linked items based on the quality of products, and list the pros and cons of each to help you determine which will work best for you. We partner with some of the companies that sell these products, which means Healthline UK and our partners may receive a portion of revenues if you make a purchase using a link(s) above.

19 Cancer Could berries help to fight cancer? (Medical News Today: ) Compounds found in a range of berries may soon help to treat cancer and slow the aging process. According to a new study, the magic resides in their naturally occurring pigments. Pigments found in berries offer a new insight into the mechanisms behind cancer. There is little more pleasing to the eye than a freshly plucked berry. Part of this beauty is thanks to their pigments, or anthocyanins. Particularly prevalent in blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, and blackcurrants, the antioxidant capabilities of anthocyanins have intrigued researchers for years. Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid. Much of the work looking at their antioxidant action has, to date, been carried out in the laboratory rather than in animals. Because of this, there is some debate about whether anthocyanins are easily absorbed in the body. After all, there is a substantial difference between introducing a compound to a cell in a petri dish and eating it. Despite these concerns, there is growing evidence that anthocyanins may help to protect against some human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Others have investigated whether or not they might also help in the fight against cancer, and while some laboratory and animal studies have offered hope, observational studies in humans have not been so encouraging. In short, there is a lot to learn about anthocyanins and how they impact human health. Anthocyanins and their influence Currently, there is little known about how anthocyanins may interact with and influence molecular pathways in the body. This is where today's study comes in. Recently, a team of researchers from the School of Pharmacy at the University of Eastern Finland teamed up with the National Institute on Aging in the United States. How blueberries help to kill cancer cells How blueberries help to kill cancer cells A study finds that blueberries might help in the fight against cancer.

20 They looked specifically at anthocyanins' effects on an enzyme implicated in cancer and aging: sirtuin 6 (SIRT6). Their findings were published in the journal Scientific Reports. Sirtuins regulate the expression of genes involved in a number of cellular signaling pathways. As we age, sirtuin like much of the rest of us stops working as well, which can contribute to a variety of ills. Of this family of enzymes, SIRT6 is lesser known, but it is thought to be important in the metabolism of glucose. It has garnered a fair amount of interest from pharmacologists, as the authors explain: "Because SIRT6 has been implicated in longevity, metabolism, DNA-repair, and inflammatory response reduction, it is an interesting target in inflammatory and metabolic diseases as well as in cancer." Berries, cancer genes, and the future The researchers, led by Dr. Minna Rahnasto-Rilla, found that one type of anthocyanin, known as cyanidin, could be of particular interest. Found in wild bilberry, raspberry, and cranberry, cyanidin was shown to increase production of SIRT6 in cells by an impressive 55-fold. Similarly, it increased expression of the enzyme in colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, cyanidin decreased expression of the cancer genes Twist1 and GLUT1, and it also increased expression of the FOXO3 gene, which is a tumor suppressor. In other words, this compound appeared to reduce the activity of cancer-causing genes and boost the activity of cancer-stopping genes. As mentioned previously, there is some debate around whether any anthocyanins we consume survive our alimentary canal and enter our cells, but regardless of this, the findings are useful. The more we understand about how chemicals interact with cancer cells and the pathways that they use to survive, the better equipped we will be to fight the disease. Drugs that regulate the SIRT6 pathway may, one day, be useful in the battle against cancer. So, eating berries each day may or may not improve your health and increase your lifespan. We will have to patiently wait for scientists to untangle the increasingly complex web that anthocyanins weave.

21 Why does cancer arise? Landmark study provides unique insight (Medical News Today: ) A massive research effort that started more than a decade ago has completed a comprehensive PanCancer Atlas that, for the first time, offers researchers and clinicians alike a way to fully understand cancer according to its genomic and molecular features. Researchers reveal the detail included within the PanCancer Atlas. The PanCancer Atlas is so vast that it spans more than two dozen scientific papers published in several Cell journals. It represents a huge milestone in the work of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). This was sponsored by two institutes within the National Institutes of Health (NIH): the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Human Genome Research Institute. More than 150 researchers at more than two dozen research establishments across the United States have worked on the $300 million program. "This project," says Dr. Francis S. Collins, the director of the NIH, "is the culmination of more than a decade of groundbreaking work." You can access the newly published PanCancer Atlas papers through a portal that groups them into three categories: "cell-of-origin patterns, oncogenic processes, and signaling pathways." Looking at cancer from a different angle Cancer is a disease that arises when cells start to grow out of control because of errors in their DNA.The traditional way of classifying cancer is according to where it starts in the body for example, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or stomach cancer. The work that culminated in the PanCancer Atlas was launched as the Pan-Cancer Initiative at a meeting in 2012 that took place in Santa Cruz, CA. Scientists discover 27 genes that could halt cancer Scientists discover 27 genes that could halt cancer By then, scientists were already noticing some interesting features about cancer that led them to question the traditional way of classifying the disease.

22 One interesting feature was that some cancers were similar at the molecular level, despite the fact that they had started in different parts of the body. Another interesting feature was that cancers that started in the same tissue could be quite different at the molecular level, possessing distinct "genomic profiles." Implications for researchers and clinicians These early molecular insights spurred researchers to investigate how changes in each cancer's genome the complete set of its DNA might drive the disease. The PanCancer Atlas is a product of this effort and will pave the way to improving prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer in its various forms. As Pan-Cancer Initiative co-organizer Josh Stuart a professor of biomolecular engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz explains, "Insights about how one type of cancer relates to another form of the disease can have real clinical implications." "In some cases," he continues, "we can borrow clinical practices from better-known diseases and apply them to cancers for which treatment options are less well-defined." Looking at cancer from the molecular angle also opens up opportunities to explore drugs that are already approved for other diseases that have molecular features that also occur in cancer. One example of this is the JAK/Stat molecular pathway that is activated in rheumatoid arthritis. The researchers found that this pathway is upregulated in some of the newly defined tumor clusters. The PanCancer Atlas papers Each of the three groups of PanCancer Atlas papers is introduced by a flagship, or summary, paper. There are clear links to these and the companion papers on the landing page of the portal. The first summary paper, which introduces the category titled "cell-of-origin patterns," gives an overview of how researchers used "molecular clustering" to group tumors according to gene expression, chromosome abnormality, and DNA changes. It suggests that these findings will lead to more specific therapies for different types of cancer. The second summary paper introduces the "oncogenic processes" category and suggests that the findings will help researchers to decide on priorities about which immunotherapies and other treatments that they should investigate. As well as giving a broad summary, the paper describes the identification of three critical processes in cancer development: inherited and acquired mutations; how a tumor's genome and epigenome influence gene and protein expression; and interactions between tumor cells and those of the immune system.

23 The third summary paper, which covers the "signaling pathways" category, sums up the findings concerning alterations to the genome in the signaling pathways that regulate the cell cycle, cell growth, and cell death. This paper highlights the similarities and differences of these processes for different cancers and suggests that the findings will help to develop new treatments in personalized medicine and combination therapy. "This analysis provides cancer researchers with unprecedented understanding of how, where, and why tumors arise in humans, enabling better informed clinical trials and future treatments." Dr. Francis S. Collins

24 Depression (Dainik Jagran: )

25 Ü ȡǔè ȧखर क Ü ȡǔè ȧखर क (HIndustan: ) हम र ȣ और उसक ȡ ȡèğ Ü ȡǔè क ख न -पच न क f ȣȳबन, भ Ü ȡǔè Ǔ Ǿ स हम र ȣ Ʌपह च रह ह कभ -कभ जब आव र ȡ ɉक प ट स Ü ȡǔè Ǔ ȯ ȧ Ʌआत ɇ, तब य त हम उन Ȫ ɉ क क सत ɇ, ज अपन क ड़ Ü ȡǔè ȧ Ȱ ɉ Ʌड लकर Ʌ द त ɇय उस å è ȡक, ज ȡ ɉक आव र इधर-उधर ख न क f छ ड़ द त ह नए श ध बत त ɇ Ü ȡǔè [ ग य ज स आव र पशओ क प ट Ʌ ȣ ȣȳज रह, हम र ज स उन Ȫ ɉक प ट Ʌभ ज रह ह, ज स फसफ ई स ख न पस द करत ɇ@ǒħ ȯ Ʌ Ȱǐ -व ट ǓǗ [ ȣक Ȫ ȡ[j Ȳन प य ह हर ब र जब हम ख न ख न ब ठत ɇ, भ जन क स थ हम र प ट ɅÜ ȡǔè क स स Ï ȡ ȡ Ǘê कण पह च ज त ɇ@इन Ȫ ȡ[j Ȳन एक ब र Ĥ Ȫ ȡ ȡ Ʌ^è ȯ ȡ ह न ȡ ȣ ȯě ȣ Ʌऐस कण द ख, त ` Û ɉ ȯस च भ जन ȧ ȡ ȣ Ʌऐस ȯकण ह त ɉ ȯ, ज ȡ ȧबड़ ह त ह यह श ध उसक ब द ȣ ǾǕ ह आ Ȫ ȡ[j Ȳन गणन ȧ, त पत चल एक ȯě ȣ Ʌअगर Ü ȡǔè क 20 कण ह त ɇ, त भ जन ȧ बड़ ȡ ȣ Ʌऔसतन 114 कण इन Ȫ ȡ[j Ȳन जब इस गणन क आग बढ़ य, त व इस नत ज पर पह च ǒħ ȯ Ʌएक å ǔè हर स ल औसतन 68,415 Ü ȡǔè क Ǘê कण Ǔ ज त ह अगर इस गणन क और आग बढ़ य ज ए, त पत चल ग हम अपन ȣ ȧहर म सप श क f Ü ȡǔè क द Ǒ ɉएक खबर यह भ आई थ Ǘê कण हर स ल Ǔ ज त ɇ@व स ȯ ġǖ ȣ Ȣ ɉक ȣ Ʌइतन Ü ȡǔè ह गय ह ज ल ग स -फ ड ख त ɇ, वह उनक ȣ Ʌभ पह च ज त ह ऐस ȣȳह Ü ȡǔè क कण [ भ जन क ǐ f ȣहम र ȣ Ʌपह चत ɇ@ü ȡǔè क य Ǘê कण हम र व त वरण Ʌहर जगह पह च गए ɇ, ^ f जब हम स स ल त ɇ, त व हम र ȯ ɉ Ʌभ ज ȡ ȯ ɇ@ Ȫ ȡ[j Ȳक कहन ह हम र ɉ Ʌज धल ह त ह, ` ɅÜ ȡǔè क य कण बह त यत Ʌह त ɇ@ü ȡǔè क य कण ȣȳस भ आ सकत ɇ@व ȡ ȣ ȣ य ȡ ȣ Ʌ^è ȯ ȡ ह न व ल Ü ȡǔè क भ ह सकत ɇ, क र-ट यर क भ ह सकत ɇ, प क ज ग क भ ह सकत ɇ, ȡ ȣक रस, स फ, यह तक

26 हम र ɉक भ ह सकत ` Û Ʌद ख ȣȳप त, ȯ व ȡ ȣखर क क Ǔ Ǒ è ȡ बन चक ȡǔè क य Û ȯकण हम र ȣ, ȡ ȣस हत क È ȡन कस न पह च त ɇ, यह अभ Ȥ स ȣȳपत, ȯ एक ब त è ç ह हम र प र ȣ और उसक प र ȡ ȡèğ Ĥ ǙǓ स ȯव ल ȡ Ǔ[ ȡ Ⱦक ख न -पच न क f ȣबन ह ^ f यह ` à Ȣ त ȣȳ ȣह Ü ȡǔè क य कण ȣ Ʌपह चकर क ई \ Í Ȥ Ǘ ȡ Ǔ ȡ ȯ ɉ ȯ@और è ȡ [ Ü ȡǔè ȧ ȣȳह, हमन तरह-तरह क Ȳ ȯǒ ȶ और रस यन बन ए ɇ, ǔ Û Ʌहम हर र ज ^è ȯ ȡ करत ɇऔर उनक अ श भ हम र ȣ ɅǓ Ǿ स पह च रह ɇ@ Ǖ ȡ[Ê स ȣ पर इनक Ĥ ȡ क भ अभ Ȥ स श ध ȣȳह सक ह Ʌ ȣȳपत य Ʌक न स Ȣ ȡ ȣद त ɇ और ȡ ȣ ȯ ȡǓ ɉक क रण बनत ɇ?यह ऐस म मल ह, जसक सम ध न [ Ü ȡǔè ȧ Ȱ ɉक ^è ȯ ȡ ब द कर द न स भ ȣȳǔ ȯव ल IVF Technique (Hindustan: )

27 Infection (Hindustan: )

28 Stem Cells (Hindustan: )