Minimum Formalin Fixation Time for Consistent Estrogen Receptor Immunohistochemical Staining of Invasive Breast Carcinoma
|
|
- Verity Caldwell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Anatomic Pathology / MINIMUM FORMALIN FIXATION TIME FOR CONSISTENT IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING Minimum Formalin Fixation Time for Consistent Estrogen Receptor Immunohistochemical Staining of Invasive Breast Carcinoma Neal S. Goldstein, MD, Monica Ferkowicz, MT(ASCP), PathA(AAPA), Eva Odish, HTL(IHQ), Anju Mani, MD, and Farnaz Hastah, MD Key Words: Breast; Carcinoma; Immunohistochemistry; Estrogen; Receptor; Formalin; Fixation DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N Abstract To identify the minimum time necessary for consistent immunohistochemical estrogen receptor (ER) results in our laboratory, we evaluated results in timed fixation blocks and cases with disparate and similar needle core biopsy and partial mastectomy specimens. Tissue sections of 24 ER-positive, invasive breast carcinomas were fixed for 3, 6, 8, and 12 hours and 1, 2, and 7 days. ER values were quantified using the Q score (-7). In timed fixation blocks, the mean Q score per block was 2.46 for blocks fixed for 3 hours, 5.75 for blocks fixed for 6 hours, and 6.7 for blocks fixed for 8 hours (P <.1). The difference between the case maximum and mean block Q scores was a plateau of almost at 6 to 8 hours of formalin fixation. For needle core biopsy specimen fixation times, the means for specimens with ER-disparate and ER-similar results were 1.2 and 6.3 hours, respectively (P =.1). The minimum formalin fixation time for reliable immunohistochemical ER results is 6 to 8 hours in our laboratory, regardless of the type or size of specimen. Immunohistochemical analysis is the standard detection method for evaluating estrogen receptor (ER) expression levels in invasive breast carcinoma cells. Consistent ER results are important because they are integral in clinical therapeutic decisions. 1-3 The application of heat antigen retrieval pretreatment improves ER staining. 3-5 A threshold in the amount of heat energy applied during this step can reduce or eliminate staining variations caused by irregular formalin fixation. 4-7 Most studies have focused on issues pertaining to antigen retrieval of carcinomas that were fixed for 24 hours or longer. 8,9 Prolonged formalin fixation is rarely a problem in our laboratory. Rapid turnaround times requested by clinicians result in minimal fixation. Most specimens were processed the same day they were excised, allowing only several hours of fixation. Several cases of disparate ER results between needle core specimens received late in the afternoon and the subsequent partial mastectomy specimen prompted us to question whether a threshold of insufficient fixation had been crossed. We studied relationships between short formalin fixation times and ER results and identified the minimum formalin fixation time to yield consistent ER results in our laboratory. Materials and Methods The study had 2 parts. Part 1: Timed Fixation Tissue Blocks In part 1 of the study, we evaluated ER levels using timed fixation tissue blocks from 24 large carcinomas that had strongly ER-positive results (stained nuclear area, >9%; 86 Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N
2 Anatomic Pathology / ORIGINAL ARTICLE Q score, 6 or 7) in corresponding needle core biopsy specimens. We retrieved the carcinomas from the operating room immediately when they were removed from the patients. Tissue sections from the periphery of the carcinoma that included adjacent normal breast parenchyma were placed simultaneously in 1% neutral-buffered formalin. None of the patients had undergone neoadjuvant therapy. All carcinomas were index neoplasms and from the initial resection; none were recurrences. Seventeen neoplasms were ductal (not otherwise specified) carcinomas, 6 were lobular carcinomas, and 1 was a tubular carcinoma. The tissue sections were removed after fixing for precisely 3, 6, 8, 1, and 12 hours and 1, 2, and 7 days. The tissue sections were temporally stored in 1% cold ethanol until transfer to the automated tissue processor instruments. The blocks were fixed for an additional 9 minutes in heated (4 C) 2% formalin on the tissue processor before being placed in dehydration solutions. Tissue sections 3 to 4 µm thick were placed on charged slides and stored in a refrigerator until they were stained immunohistochemically. ER staining was assessed semiquantitatively by using the Q score method. This method incorporates intensity and distribution of reactivity. 2,9 Intensity was scored as follows:, negative (no staining of any nuclei at high magnification); 1, weak (staining visible only at high magnification); 2, moderate (staining readily visible at low magnification); or 3, strong (staining strikingly positive at low magnification). The proportion of stained cells was scored as follows: +, %; +1, 1% to 25%; +2, 26% to 5%; +3, 51% to 75%; or +4, >75%. Intensity and proportion of stained cells were added for the Q score, which had a range of to 7. Part 2: Needle Core Biopsy Specimens The second part of the study evaluated the clinical impact of the shortened fixation time for needle core biopsy specimens on immunohistochemical ER results. Needle core biopsy specimens from 9 patients with disparate results (ERnegative needle core biopsy specimens and ER-positive partial mastectomy specimens) were identified retrospectively from the files of William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, for the period July 1, 1999, through December 3, 21. The control group was 36 randomly selected, needle core biopsy specimens with ER values that were similar in the needle core biopsy and resection specimens. Twelve of the 36 (33%) control group needle core biopsy specimens had invasive carcinoma with a stained nuclear area of less than 1% (ER-negative), 12 (33%) had invasive carcinoma with a stained nuclear area of 2% to 5% (ER-positive, low), and 12 (33%) had invasive carcinomas with a stained nuclear area of more than 8% (ER-positive, high). All needle core biopsy specimens were unfixed when they arrived in surgical pathology, where they were immediately accessioned and placed into formalin. An approximate fixation time for the needle core biopsy specimens was recorded in each case by using the accession time and the tissue processor start time. A CAS 2 Image Analyzer (Becton Dickinson, Elmhurst, IL) was used to quantify the stained nuclear area of invasive carcinoma cells compared with the total nuclear area. Immunohistochemical Analysis Slides from every tissue block were stained immunohistochemically using 2 procedures that differed only in the length of time for antigen retrieval. The standard procedure used 4 minutes of antigen retrieval with a.1-mol/l concentration of EDTA buffer (ph 8) in a 95 C water bath. The second immunohistochemical staining procedure used 25 minutes, instead of 4, for antigen retrieval. The second staining procedure was used to amplify any possible signal alterations induced by the length of formalin fixation. After cooling for 2 minutes on the counter, the slides were removed from the antigen retrieval containers, washed with tap water, and incubated with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 15 minutes. The slides were transferred to an autostainer (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA) in which the primary ER antibody (clone 1D5, 1:5 dilution; DAKO) was incubated over the slides for 1 hour. After washing, the chromogenic components of the DAKO Envision system were used with diaminobenzidine. The slides were counterstained with methyl green, dehydrated, and coverslipped using synthetic mounting media. Statistical analysis was performed using the Systat computer program (version 1, SPSS, Chicago, IL). Mean values were compared by using the paired t test. Analysis of variance was used to compare differences in the mean Q score values of the 2 protocols. Linear regression was used to compare the difference in immunohistochemical ER staining in needle core biopsy specimens and resection specimens with the fixation period for the needle core biopsy specimens. Results Timed Fixation Tissue Sections The maximum Q score in each case was 7 in 2 (83%) of 24 cases and 6 in 4 cases (17%). The mean Q score with 4 minutes of antigen retrieval was 2.46 in sections fixed for 3 hours, 5.75 in sections fixed for 6 hours, and 6.7 in sections fixed for 8 hours Image 1, Image 2, Image 3, and Table 1. The differences in the mean Q scores for sections fixed for 3, 6, and 8 hours were significantly different (P <.1). The mean Q scores obtained with 25 minutes of antigen retrieval were lower but showed trends Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N 87
3 Goldstein et al / MINIMUM FORMALIN FIXATION TIME FOR CONSISTENT IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING Image 1 Fixation, 3 h; antigen retrieval, 4 min. Image 2 Fixation, 6 h; antigen retrieval, 4 min. similar to those for 4 minutes of antigen retrieval Table 2. Differences between case maximum and individual timed block Q scores were plotted for each timed tissue section Figure 1. A plateau, or the case maximum Q score, was reached after 6 to 8 hours of fixation. Image 3 Fixation, 8 h; antigen retrieval, 4 min. Table 1 Formalin Fixation Times and Estrogen Receptor Staining With Standard, 4 Minutes of Antigen Retrieval Pretreatment Formalin Mean Q Score Mean Difference Fixation Time (Range) in Q Score (Range) * P 3 h 2.46 (-6) 4.36 (1-7) <.1 6 h 5.75 (2-7) 1.14 (-4) <.1 8 h 6.7 (5-7).4 (-1) h 6.7 (5-7).8 (-1) h 6.7 (5-7).4 (-1) 1. 1 d 6.7 (5-7).4 (-1) 1. 2 d 6.7 (5-7).4 (-1) d 6.6 (5-7).12 (-1) * Case maximum minus block. Compared with adjacent block fixed for a longer period. Needle Core Biopsy Specimens The mean values for carcinomas in needle core biopsy specimens and the associated resection specimens were 61.3% (range, 2%-98%; SD, 29.6%) and 49.7% (range, 1%- 96%; SD, 36.5%), respectively. The mean difference in ER values between the 2 specimens was 16 (range, 1%-55%; SD, 14.8%). The mean fixation time for needle core biopsy specimens was 5.1 hours (range, hours; SD, 2.8 hours). There was a significantly larger difference in ER results between needle core biopsy specimens and associated resection specimens with shorter fixation periods for needle core biopsy specimens Figure 2. The mean fixation time for the 9 needle core biopsy specimens with disparate results for ER was 1.2 hours; in the 36 needle core biopsy specimens with ER results similar to those for the resection specimens, it was 6.3 hours (P =.1) Figure 3. Discussion We found that consistent ER results were obtained from tissue sections that had been fixed for 6 to 8 hours. This result is similar to the optimal formalin fixation time of 8 to 36 hours for adequate histochemical and immunohistochemical results reported by authors. 8,1-24 One group found that 88 Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N
4 Anatomic Pathology / ORIGINAL ARTICLE tissue sections fixed for less than 6 hours yielded immunohistochemical results that resembled ethanol-fixed rather than formalin-fixed tissue. 25 Fixatives halt the temporal changes of autolysis, microorganism-induced alterations, and soluble-molecule diffusion in tissues. Aqueous, completely dissolved formaldehyde, termed formalin, fixes tissues by numerous immediate and prolonged chemical reactions. Formaldehyde immediately produces reactive hydroxymethyl groups on amino acids that cross-link proteins and large molecules. 1,26,27 The rate of formaldehyde tissue fixation is slow. Plots of carbon 14 formaldehyde binding using 1.6-µm-thick fresh tissue sections show that the subtotal binding plateau occurs at approximately 24 hours and saturation at approximately 36 hours of fixation. 12,28 The rate of tissue penetration by formaldehyde is relatively fast, approximately 1 mm/h, owing to its diffusion coefficient of ,29 Permeation is not fixation. A common misconception is that permeation is equivalent to fixation. Formaldehyde is hydrated rapidly to form methylene glycol when dissolved in water. 12,29 The equilibrium between methylene glycol and aqueous formaldehyde is strongly in the direction of methylene glycol. The covalent chemical reaction of formaldehyde and tissue molecules removes aldehydes from solution and permits additional formaldehyde to form from the dissociation of methylene glycol. 12 Conversion of methylene glycol to formaldehyde occurs at a pace that is measured in hours, referred to as a clock reaction. 12,3-32 The conversion of methylene glycol to formaldehyde is the rate-limiting step of formaldehyde fixation. For a sufficient number of aldehydes to be made available to initiate the cross-linking chemical reaction and complete the fixation process, 24 hours is necessary, regardless of the specimen size, tissue section thickness, or formaldehyde volume. 1,12,24,33 Higher temperatures increase the aldehyde-mediated fixation reaction rate and secondarily cause a minimal shift in the methylene glycol formaldehyde equilibrium reaction. However, the time gained from higher temperatures is marginal given the slow pace of the equilibrium clock reaction. These chemical reaction rates and minimum formalin fixation times equally affect larger breast specimens and needle core biopsy specimens. Many laboratories, including our own, predominantly use needle core biopsy specimens to assess the level of ER expression by invasive carcinoma. The smaller dimension of needle core biopsy specimens causes them to harden more quickly than resection specimen tissue sections. The fast pace of tissue hardening in small specimens is caused by alcohol-mediated dehydration-type fixation. 34 The rate of equilibrium at which methylene glycol is converted to formaldehyde is constant, regardless of the specimen size. Needle core biopsy specimens fix at a pace identical to that for tissue sections from partial mastectomy specimens. Review of the cases of disparate ER Table 2 Formalin Fixation Times and Estrogen Receptor Staining With 25 Minutes of Antigen Retrieval Pretreatment Formalin Mean Q Score Mean Difference Fixation Time (Range) in Q Score (Range) * P 3 h 1.75 (-5) 5 (2-7) <.1 6 h 4.67 (2-7) 2.12 (-5) <.1 8 h 6.46 (4-7).33 (-3).49 1 h 6.62 (4-7).17 (-3) h 6.17 (3-7).62 (-4) d 5.71 (3-7) 1.8 (-4).5 2 d 4.48 (2-7) 2.33 (-5).86 7 d 3.79 (2-7) 3. (-5) * Case maximum minus block. Compared with adjacent block fixed for a longer period. Q-Score (Case Maximum Block) h 6 h 8 h 1 h 12 h Fixation Time 1 d 2 d 7 d 4 minutes 25 minutes Figure 1 Plateau, case maximum (max) estrogen receptor (ER) scores occurred at 6-8 hours. Standard immunohistochemical method used 4 minutes of antigen retrieval. results between needle core biopsy specimens (ER-negative) and resection specimens (ER-positive) at our institution revealed that all of the needle core biopsy specimens had been fixed for less than 3 hours before being loaded onto the tissue processors. Many laboratories, including our own, use needle core biopsy specimens to assess immunohistochemical ER expression of invasive carcinoma. The smaller dimension of the needle core biopsy specimens may cause them to harden quickly owing to alcohol-induced dehydration-type fixation. The needle core biopsy specimens in this study with ER results disparate from those for the mastectomy specimens constituted fewer than 1% of the needle core biopsy specimens evaluated at our institution, which is similar to the high degree of correlation reported by other authors Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N 89
5 Goldstein et al / MINIMUM FORMALIN FIXATION TIME FOR CONSISTENT IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING 6 1 ER Difference Needle Core Fixation Time (Mean Hours) Fixation Time (Hours) 2 1 Figure 2 Needle core biopsy specimen formalin fixation time vs difference in estrogen receptor (ER) in needle core biopsy and resection specimens. The greatest disparity between ER needle core and resection specimens occurred in needle core specimens with fixation times of less than 3 hours. No Yes Core Negative (<1%) and Resection Positive ( 1%) Figure 3 Mean fixation times for needle core biopsy specimens with disparate (n = 9) or similar (n = 39) results for biopsy and resection specimens. The mean fixation time for needle core biopsy specimens from cases with similar results for needle core biopsy and resection specimens (left data set) was 6.3 hours compared with 1.2 hours for cases with disparate results. The importance of minimum formalin fixation times and properly fixed tissue are not novel topics. Authors repeatedly have made these points in the context of good histologic sections, 6,42-48 consistent and accurate immunohistochemical results, 3,13,18,24,25,49-61 and optimum immunohistochemical image ER values. 62 Almost all of the tissue sections in the timed fixation part of the study had ER staining levels above the clinically relevant positive immunoreactivity threshold, regardless of the quantifying method or the scoring system used. This could be interpreted as suggesting that increased attention to tissue section fixation times is unwarranted because the gain in ER staining was of no or minimal clinical importance. However, this conclusion would be erroneous. ER staining was well above the threshold for a positive result, including in the minimally fixed tissue sections because of the bias of our case selection. We used only strongly and diffusely ERpositive cases so we could evaluate the amount of ER staining lost owing to shorter fixation times. We did not evaluate cases of borderline ER-positive or ER-negative carcinomas. The clinical impact of too short a fixation time was demonstrated in the second part of the study in which cases with discordant ER-negative needle core biopsy specimens and ER-positive resection specimens were studied. We found that tissue sections need to be fixed for 6 to 8 hours before being loaded onto tissue processors for consistent and reproducible ER stains in our laboratory, regardless of the length of antigen retrieval pretreatment for immunohistochemical analysis or specimen size. The minimum fixation time for accurate immunohistochemical analysis of ER expression probably is longer than the time needed to harden tissues for cutting. These results should be evaluated in the context of the daily workflow and the practices of individual pathology laboratories. From the Department of Anatomic Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI. Address reprint requests to Dr Goldstein: Dept of Anatomic Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, 361 W Thirteen Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI References 1. Alberts SR, Ingle JN, Roche PR, et al. Comparison of estrogen receptor determinations by a biochemical ligandbinding assay and immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody ER1D5 in females with lymph node positive breast carcinoma entered on two prospective clinical trials. Cancer. 1996;78: Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N
6 Anatomic Pathology / ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2. Barnes DM, Harris WH, Smith P, et al. Immunohistochemical determination of oestrogen receptor: comparison of different methods of assessment of staining and correlation with clinical outcome of breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 1996;74: Barnes DM, Millis RR, Beex LV, et al. Increased use of immunohistochemistry for oestrogen receptor measurement in mammary carcinoma: the need for quality assurance. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34: Bier B, Bankfalvi A, Grote L, et al. Wet autoclave pretreatment for immunohistochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptors in routinely processed breast carcinoma tissue. Histochem J. 1995;27: Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR. Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: past, present, and future. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45: Taylor CR, Shi SR, Chaiwun B, et al. Strategies for improving the immunohistochemical staining of various intranuclear prognostic markers in formalin-paraffin sections: androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53 protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Ki-67 antigen revealed by antigen retrieval techniques. Hum Pathol. 1994;25: Imam SA, Young L, Chaiwun B, et al. Comparison of two microwave based antigen-retrieval solutions in unmasking epitopes in formalin-fixed tissue for immunostaining. Anticancer Res. 1995;15: Arber DA. Effect of prolonged formalin fixation on the immunohistochemical reactivity of breast markers. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 22;1: Lee H, Douglas-Jones AG, Morgan JM, et al. The effect of fixation and processing on the sensitivity of oestrogen receptor assay by immunohistochemistry in breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 22;55: Puchtler H, Meloan SN. On the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and its effects on immunohistochemical reactions. Histochemistry. 1985;82: De Marzo AM, Fedor HH, Gage WR, et al. Inadequate formalin fixation decreases reliability of p27 immunohistochemical staining: probing optimal fixation time using highdensity tissue microarrays. Hum Pathol. 22;33: Fox CH, Johnson FB, Whiting J, et al. Formaldehyde fixation. J Histochem Cytochem. 1985;33: Grizzle WE, Stockard CR, Billings PE. The effects of tissue processing variables other than fixation on histochemical staining and immunohistochemical detection of antigens. J Histotechnol. 21;24: Leong AS, Milios J, Duncis CG. Antigen preservation in microwave-irradiated tissues: a comparison with formaldehyde fixation. J Pathol. 1988;156: Leong AS, Gilham PN. The effects of progressive formaldehyde fixation on the preservation of tissue antigens. Pathology. 1989;21: Ruijter ET, Miller GJ, Aalders TW, et al, for the Biomed-II MPC Study Group. Rapid microwave-stimulated fixation of entire prostatectomy specimens. J Pathol. 1997;183: Tahan SR, Wei Y, Ling P, et al. Influence of formalin fixation time and tissue processing method on immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibody PC1 for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Mod Pathol. 1995;8: Taylor CR, Shi SR. Antigen retrieval: call for a return to first principles [editorial]. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2;8: Varma M, Linden MD, Amin MB. Effect of formalin fixation and epitope retrieval techniques on antibody 34βΕ12 immunostaining of prostatic tissues. Mod Pathol. 1999;12: Williams JH, Mepham BL, Wright DH. Tissue preparation for immunocytochemistry. J Clin Pathol. 1997;5: Hayashi Y, Koike M, Matsutani M, et al. Effects of fixation time and enzymatic digestion on immunohistochemical demonstration of bromodeoxyuridine in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. J Histochem Cytochem. 1988;36: Werner M, Chott A, Fabiano A, et al. Effect of formalin tissue fixation and processing on immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol. 2;24: Rowlands DC, Ayres JG, Crocker J. The effect of different fixatives and length of fixation time on subsequent AgNOR staining for frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Histochem J. 1993;25: Battifora HA. Effect of fixatives and fixation times on tissues [letter]. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;96: Battifora HA. Assessment of antigen damage in immunohistochemistry: the vimentin internal control. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;96: Tome Y, Hirohashi S, Noguchi M, et al. Preservation of cluster 1 small cell lung cancer antigen in zinc-formalin fixative and its application to immunohistological diagnosis. Histopathology. 199;16: Eltoum I, Fredenburgh J, Myers RB, et al. Introduction to the theory and practice of fixation of tissues. J Histotechnol. 21;24: Helander KG. Kinetic studies of formaldehyde binding in tissue. Biotech Histochem. 1994;69: Le Botlan DJ, Mechin BG, Martin GJ. Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of formaldehyde in water. Anal Chem. 1983;55: Cassen T. Faster than a speeding bullet: a freshman kinetics experiment. J Chem Educ. 1976;53: Burnett MG. The mechanism of the formaldehyde clock reaction: methylene glycol dehydration. J Chem Educ. 1982;16: Williams RF, Shinkai SS, Bruice TC. Kinetics and mechanisms of the 1,5-dihydroflavin reduction of carbonyl compounds and the flavin oxidation of alcohols, 4: interconversion of formaldehyde and methanol. J Am Chem Soc. 1977;99: Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR. Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry and molecular morphology in the year 21. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 21;9: Helander KG. Studies on the rate of dehydration of histological specimens. J Microsc. 1987;145(pt 3): Daidone MG, Orefice S, Mastore M, et al. Comparing core needle to surgical biopsies in breast cancer for cell kinetic and ploidy studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1991;19: Douglas-Jones AG, Collett N, Morgan JM, et al. Comparison of core oestrogen receptor (ER) assay with excised tumour: intratumoral distribution of ER in breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 21;54: Gillett CE, Springall RJ, Barnes DM, et al. Multiple tissue core arrays in histopathology research: a validation study. J Pathol. 2;192: Jacobs TW, Siziopikou KP, Prioleau JE, et al. Do prognostic marker studies on core needle biopsy specimens of breast carcinoma accurately reflect the marker status of the tumor? Mod Pathol. 1998;11: Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N 91
7 Goldstein et al / MINIMUM FORMALIN FIXATION TIME FOR CONSISTENT IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING 39. Sharifi S, Peterson MK, Baum JK, et al. Assessment of pathologic prognostic factors in breast core needle biopsies. Mod Pathol. 1999;12: Viticchi C, Basso A, Piantanelli L, et al. Assay of estrogen and progesterone receptors in small samples of breast cancer, II: the conventional procedure compared to the mathematical one. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1994;7: Zidan A, Christie Brown JS, Peston D, et al. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor assessment in core biopsy specimens of breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1997;5: Start RD, Cross SS, Smith JH. Assessment of specimen fixation in a surgical pathology service. J Clin Pathol. 1992;45: Start RD, Flynn MS, Cross SS, et al. Is the grading of breast carcinoma affected by a delay in fixation? Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991;419: Cohen S. More on formalin fixation [letter]. Hum Pathol. 1993;24: Kudo M. Value of adequate fixation for accurate histological interpretation [letter]. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46: Fixing specimens properly [editorial]. Lancet. 1991;338: Freeman LM. Letter: distinction of formalin and formaldehyde. N Engl J Med. 1975;293: Friedman NB. On formalin fixation [letter]. Hum Pathol. 1992;23: Cattoretti G. Standardization and reproducibility in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol. 1994;25: Arnold MM, Srivastava S, Fredenburgh J, et al. Effects of fixation and tissue processing on immunohistochemical demonstration of specific antigens. Biotech Histochem. 1996;71: Balaton AL, Coindre JM, Collin F, et al. Recommendations for the immunohistochemical evaluation of hormone receptors on paraffin sections of breast cancer. Study Group on Hormone Receptors Using Immunohistochemistry FNCLCC/AFAQAP. National Federation of Centres to Combat Cancer/French Association for Quality Assurance in Pathology [in French]. Ann Pathol. 1996;16: Recommendations for the immunohistochemistry of the hormonal receptors on paraffin sections in breast cancer: update Group for Evaluation of Prognostic Factors Using Immunohistochemistry in Breast Cancer (GEFPICS- FNCLCC) [in French] Ann Pathol. 1999;19: Layfield LJ, Gupta D, Mooney EE. Assessment of tissue estrogen and progesterone receptor levels: a survey of current practice, techniques, and quantitation methods. Breast J. 2;6: Leake R, Barnes D, Pinder S, et al, for the UK Receptor Group, UK NEQAS, the Scottish Breast Cancer Pathology Group, and the Receptor and Biomarker Study Group of the EORTC. Immunohistochemical detection of steroid receptors in breast cancer: a working protocol. J Clin Pathol. 2;53: Nicholson RI, Leake R. Quality control for the immunohistochemical demonstration of oestrogen and progesterone receptors [editorial]. J Clin Pathol. 2;53: Rhodes A, Jasani B, Barnes DM, et al. Reliability of immunohistochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptors in routine practice: interlaboratory variance in the sensitivity of detection and evaluation of scoring systems. J Clin Pathol. 2;53: Rhodes A, Jasani B, Balaton AJ, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of oestrogen and progesterone receptors: correlation of standards achieved on in house tumours with that achieved on external quality assessment material in over 15 laboratories from 26 countries. J Clin Pathol. 2;53: Sweep CG, Geurts-Moespot J, for the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EORTC external quality assurance program for ER and PgR measurements: trial 1998/1999. Int J Biol Markers. 2;15: Eltoum I, Fredenburgh J, Grizzle WE. Advanced concepts in fixation, 1: effects of fixation on immunohistochemistry, reversibility of fixation and recovery of proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules from fixed and processed tissues. 2. Developmental methods of fixation. J Histotechnol. 21;24: O Leary TJ. Standardization in immunohistochemistry. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 21;9: Miller K, Rhodes A, Jasani B. Variation in rates of oestrogen receptor positivity in breast cancer again [letter]. BMJ. 22;324: Esteban JM, Battifora HA, Warsi Z, et al. Quantification of estrogen receptors on paraffin-embedded tumors by image analysis. Mod Pathol. 1991;4: Am J Clin Pathol 23;12: DOI: 1.139/QPHDRBQXGMUQ9N
Brief Formalin Fixation and Rapid Tissue Processing Do Not Affect the Sensitivity of ER Immunohistochemistry of Breast Core Biopsies
Brief Formalin Fixation and Rapid Tissue Processing Do Not Affect the Sensitivity of ER Immunohistochemistry of Breast Core Biopsies Victoria Sujoy, MD, Mehrdad Nadji, MD, and Azorides R. Morales, MD From
More informationImmunohistochemical Expression of Hormone Receptors and The Histological Characteristics of Biochemically Hormone Receptor Negative Breast Cancers
Breast Cancer Vol. 14 No. 1 January 2007 Original Article Immunohistochemical Expression of Hormone Receptors and The Histological Characteristics of Biochemically Hormone Receptor Negative Breast Cancers
More informationTechnique and feasibility of a dual staining method for estrogen receptors and AgNORs
151 Technical note Technique and feasibility of a dual staining method for estrogen receptors and AgNORs Lukas Günther a, and Peter Hufnagl b a Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg,
More informationThe Effect of Delay in Fixation, Different Fixatives, and Duration of Fixation in Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Results in Breast Carcinoma
Anatomic Pathology / Fixation Effects on ER and PR in Breast Cancer The Effect of Delay in Fixation, Different Fixatives, and Duration of Fixation in Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Results in Breast
More information# Best Practices for IHC Detection and Interpretation of ER, PR, and HER2 Protein Overexpression in Breast Cancer
#1034 - Best Practices for IHC Detection and Interpretation of ER, PR, and HER2 Protein Overexpression in Breast Cancer Richard W. Cartun, MS, PhD Andrew Ricci, Jr, MD Department of Pathology Hartford
More informationComparison of core oestrogen receptor (ER) assay with excised tumour: intratumoral distribution of ER in breast carcinoma
J Clin Pathol 1;54:951 955 951 Department of Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, CardiV, South Glamorgan, CF14 4XN, UK A G Douglas-Jones N Collett J M Morgan B Jasani Correspondence
More informationAnatomic Pathology / MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF SURGICAL SPECIMENS
Anatomic Pathology / MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF SURGICAL SPECIMENS A Comparison of Routine and Rapid Microwave Tissue Processing in a Surgical Pathology Laboratory Quality of Histologic Sections and Advantages
More informationDepartment of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Volume 55(2): 105 109, 2007 Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry http://www.jhc.org PERSPECTIVE Standardization of Immunohistochemistry for Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections Based
More informationImmunohistochemistry of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Reconsidered Experience With 5,993 Breast Cancers
natomic Pathology / ESTROGEN ND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN REST CNCER Immunohistochemistry of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Reconsidered Experience With 5,993 reast Cancers Mehrdad Nadji, MD, Carmen
More informationNext-Generation Immunohistochemistry: Multiplex tissue imaging with mass cytometry
Nat Met, April 2014 Nat Med, April 2014 Next-Generation Immunohistochemistry: Multiplex tissue imaging with mass cytometry Journal Club Timo Böge Overview Introduction Conventional Immunohistochemistry
More informationEstrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Her-2/neu Oncogene Expression in Breast Cancers Among Bangladeshi Women
Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons Vol. 28, No. 3, September 2010 Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Her-2/neu Oncogene Expression in Breast Cancers Among Bangladeshi Women
More informationSimultaneous de-waxing and standardisation of antigen retrieval in immunohistochemistry using commercially available equipment
Reprinted by permission of UK NEQAS Immunocytochemistry and David S. Gray Kind thanks to David S. Gray for allowing ThermoFisher Scientific, Lab Vision Products, to distribute this article. Immunocytochemistry
More informationReceived 04 November 2008; Accepted in revision 09 January 2009; Available online 20 January 2009
Int J Clin Exp Pathol (2009) 2, 476-480 www.ijcep.com/ijcep811001 Original Article Immunohistochemical Detection of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor and HER2 Expression in Breast Carcinomas: Comparison
More informationNeuroendocrine differentiation in pure type mammary mucinous carcinoma is associated with favorable histologic and immunohistochemical parameters
& 2004 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/04 $25.00 www.modernpathology.org Neuroendocrine differentiation in pure type mammary mucinous carcinoma is associated with favorable histologic and immunohistochemical
More informationProduct Introduction. Product Codes: HCL029, HCL030 and HCL031. Issue
Product Introduction Product Codes: HCL029, HCL030 and HCL031 Issue 1. 180510 Contents Introduction to Estrogen Receptor 2 ER immunohistochemistry 3 Quality control 5 Cell lines as controls 6 Estrogen
More informationCoordinate Expression of Cytokeratins 7 and 20 in Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Anatomic Pathology / CYTOKERATINS 7 AND 20 IN PROSTATE AND BLADDER CARCINOMAS Coordinate Expression of Cytokeratins 7 and 20 in Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Nader H. Bassily,
More informationDr. dr. Primariadewi R, SpPA(K)
Curriculum Vitae Dr. dr. Primariadewi R, SpPA(K) Education : Medical Doctor from UKRIDA Doctoral Degree from Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia Pathologist Specialist and Consultant from Faculty
More informationWT1, Estrogen Receptor, and Progesterone Receptor as Markers for Breast or Ovarian Primary Sites in Metastatic Adenocarcinoma to Body Fluids
Anatomic Pathology / WT1, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR, AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR IN CYTOLOGY OF BODY FLUIDS WT1, Estrogen Receptor, and Progesterone Receptor as Markers for Breast or Ovarian Primary Sites in Metastatic
More informationEstrogen receptor (ER)
Material The slide to be stained for ER comprised: Assessment Run B26 2018 Estrogen receptor (ER) No. Tissue ER-positivity* ER-intensity* 1. Uterine cervix 80-90% Moderate to strong 2. Tonsil 1-5% Weak
More informationEstrogen receptor (ER)
Material The slide to be stained for ER comprised: Assessment B25 208 Estrogen receptor (ER) No. Tissue ER-positivity* ER-intensity*. Uterine cervix 80-90% Moderate to strong 2. Tonsil < 2-5% Weak to strong
More informationCharacterization and significance of MUC1 and c-myc expression in elderly patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Characterization and significance of MUC1 and c-myc expression in elderly patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma Y.-J. Hu 1, X.-Y. Luo 2, Y. Yang 3, C.-Y. Chen 1, Z.-Y. Zhang 4 and X. Guo 1 1 Department
More informationReporting of Breast Cancer Do s and Don ts
Reporting of Breast Cancer Do s and Don ts 7 th SGH Annual Breast Pathology Course Professor Michael Bilous Conjoint Professor Western Sydney University Consultant Pathologist, Australian Clinical Labs,
More informationIMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1 (TIMP-1) IN INVASIVE BREAST CARCINOMA
& IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1 (TIMP-1) IN INVASIVE BREAST CARCINOMA Suada Kuskunović*, Svjetlana Radović, Mirsad Dorić, Ajna Hukić, Mirsad Babić, Ivana Tomić,
More informationQuality Assurance and Quality Control in the Pathology Dept.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Pathology Dept. Judith Sandbank M.D. Pathology Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center ISRAEL jsandbank@asaf.health.gov.il 2 nd IBDC, 9 th February, 2012 Pathology as
More informationImmunohistochemical principles The technical test approach. Pre-analytical parametres
Immunohistochemical principles The technical test approach Pre-analytical parametres Søren Nielsen Global Pathology Manager Agilent Technologies (Former Scheme Manager, NordiQC) 2 IHC project coordinator
More informationA Study to Evaluate the Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Hormonal and Her-2 Receptor Status in Carcinoma Breast
Original Research Article A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Hormonal and Her-2 Receptor Status in Carcinoma Breast E. Rajesh Goud 1, M. Muralidhar 2*, M. Srinivasulu 3 1Senior
More informationPotential Value of Hormone Receptor Assay in Carcinoma In Situ of Breast
Potential Value of Hormone Receptor Assay in Carcinoma In Situ of Breast ROBERT BARNES, M.D. AND SHAHLA MASOOD, M.D. The estrogen receptor (ER) expression of invasive breast cancer has been extensively
More informationEvaluation the Correlation between Ki67 and 5 Years Disease Free Survival of Breast Cancer Patients
BIOSCIENCES BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ASIA, December 2015. Vol. 12(3), 2221-2225 Evaluation the Correlation between Ki67 and 5 Years Disease Free Survival of Breast Cancer Patients S.M. Hosseini¹, H. Shahbaziyan
More informationCase Report Aggressive invasive micropapillary salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland
Pathology International 2008; 58: 322 326 doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02231.x Case Report Aggressive invasive micropapillary salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland Hidetaka Yamamoto, 1 Hideoki Uryu,
More informationWhat kind of material should we use for ICC in our daily routine. Torill Sauer Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital
What kind of material should we use for ICC in our daily routine Torill Sauer Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital Diversity of preparing cytological material Cell block Direct smears
More informationDepartment of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 2
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Pathology Research International Volume 2012, Article ID 947041, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2012/947041 Clinical Study The Effect of Cold Ischemia Time and/or Formalin Fixation
More informationFAQs for UK Pathology Departments
FAQs for UK Pathology Departments This is an educational piece written for Healthcare Professionals FAQs for UK Pathology Departments If you would like to discuss any of the listed FAQs further, or have
More informationContributions to Anatomic Pathology, over the years
Contributions to Anatomic Pathology, over the years Anatomic Pathology, part 1 G.B. Morgagni Xavier Bichat Rudolf Wirchow Anatomic Pathology, part 1 Anatomic pathology materials: morphological samples
More informationACRIN 6666 Therapeutic Surgery Form
S1 ACRIN 6666 Therapeutic Surgery Form 6666 Instructions: Complete a separate S1 form for each separate area of each breast excised with the intent to treat a cancer (e.g. each lumpectomy or mastectomy).
More informationProduct Introduction
Product Introduction Product Codes: HCL026, HCL027 and HCL028 Contents Introduction to HER2 2 HER2 immunohistochemistry 3 Cell lines as controls 5 HER2 Analyte Control DR IHC 7 HER2 Analyte Control DR
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE. Abstract. Introduction
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.18.7959 Comparison of Single Hormone Receptor Positive and Double Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancers RESEARCH ARTICLE Do Clinical Features and Survival
More informationProstate Immunohistochemistry. Literature Interpretation: Caveats. Must be aware of staining pattern of antibody in the relevant tissue
IHC Interpretation: General Principles (1) Prostate Immunohistochemistry Murali Varma Cardiff, UK wptmv@cf.ac.uk Sarajevo Nov 2013 Must be aware of staining pattern of antibody in the relevant tissue Nuclear/cytoplasmic/membranous
More informationINTRODUCTION. Aravind Barathi Asogan 1, MBBS, MRCSEd, Ga Sze Hong 2, FRCS, FAMS, Subash Kumar Arni Prabhakaran 1, MBBS, FRCS
Singapore Med J 2017; 58(3): 145-149 doi: 10.11622/smedj.2016062 Concordance between core needle biopsy and surgical specimen for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor
More informationA Rhodes, B Jasani, A J Balaton, K D Miller
292 Department of Histopathology, UCL Medical School, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK A Rhodes Department of Histopathology, UCL Medical School K D Miller Department of Pathology, University of
More informationSTAGE CATEGORY DEFINITIONS
CLINICAL Extent of disease before any treatment y clinical staging completed after neoadjuvant therapy but before subsequent surgery TX Tis Tis (DCIS) Tis (LCIS) Tis (Paget s) T1 T1mi T1a T1b T1c a b c
More informationResearch Article Stromal Expression of CD10 in Invasive Breast Carcinoma and Its Correlation with ER, PR, HER2-neu, and Ki67
SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research International Breast Cancer Volume 20, Article ID 47957, 4 pages doi:0.406/20/47957 Research Article Stromal Expression of CD0 in Invasive Breast Carcinoma and Its Correlation
More informationImmunohistochemistry in Breast Pathology- Brief Overview of the Technique and Applications in Breast Pathology
SMGr up Immunohistochemistry in Breast Pathology- Brief Overview of the Technique and Applications in Breast Pathology Bhanumathi K Rao 1 * 1 Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, a constituent
More informationTumour markers in breast carcinoma correlate with grade rather than with invasiveness
doi: 10.1054/ bjoc.2001.1995, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on http://www.bjcancer.com Tumour markers in breast carcinoma correlate with grade rather than with invasiveness F Wärnberg
More informationDiagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer. Pathology. AGO e. V. in der DGGG e.v. sowie in der DKG e.v.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer Pathology Pathology Versions 2004 2017: Blohmer / Costa / Fehm / Friedrichs / Huober / Kreipe / Lück / Schneeweis / Sinn /
More informationGuideline. Associated Documents ASCO CAP 2018 GUIDELINES and SUPPLEMENTS -
Guideline Subject: ASCO CAP 2018 HER2 Testing for Breast Cancer Guidelines - Recommendations for Practice in Australasia Approval Date: December 2018 Review Date: December 2022 Review By: HER2 testing
More informationreact with these antibodies. Reports from different recent review Crocker and Burnett suggested that
JClin Pathol 1989;42:1096-1 100 Laboratory techniques Comparative quality assessment in immunocytochemistry: pilot study of CD15 staining in paraffin wax embedded tissue in Hodgkin's disease CAROLE A ANGEL,
More informationSupplementary Fig. 1: ATM is phosphorylated in HER2 breast cancer cell lines. (A) ATM is phosphorylated in SKBR3 cells depending on ATM and HER2
Supplementary Fig. 1: ATM is phosphorylated in HER2 breast cancer cell lines. (A) ATM is phosphorylated in SKBR3 cells depending on ATM and HER2 activity. Upper panel: Representative histograms for FACS
More informationOriginal Article CREPT expression correlates with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma histological grade and clinical outcome
Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2017;10(2):2030-2035 www.ijcep.com /ISSN:1936-2625/IJCEP0009456 Original Article CREPT expression correlates with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma histological grade and clinical
More informationHistoCyte Laboratories Ltd
HistoCyte Laboratories Ltd Progesterone Receptor: The neglected breast receptor! Dr Ian Milton & Colin Tristram November 2018 UKNEQAS Autumn meeting Introduction Progesterone is an important prognostic
More informationStudy of Melanin Bleaching After Immunohistochemistry of Melanin-containing Tissues. Hongwu Shen, MD and Wenqiao Wu, MD
TECHNICAL ARTICLE Study of Melanin Bleaching After Immunohistochemistry of Melanin-containing Tissues Hongwu Shen, MD and Wenqiao Wu, MD Abstract: Melanin may interfere with immunohistochemical staining.
More informationCME/SAM. Abstract. Anatomic Pathology / HER2/neu Results in Breast Cancer
Anatomic Pathology / HER2/neu Results in Breast Cancer Effect of Ischemic Time, Fixation Time, and Fixative Type on HER2/neu Immunohistochemical and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Results in Breast
More informationUtility of Adequate Core Biopsy Samples from Ultrasound Biopsies Needed for Today s Breast Pathology
Utility of Adequate Core Biopsy Samples from Ultrasound Biopsies Needed for Today s Breast Pathology Ugur Ozerdem, M.D. 1 Abstract Background: There is a paradigm shift in breast biopsy philosophy. In
More informationAdjuvan Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer
Adjuvan Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Prof Dr Adnan Aydıner Istanbul University, Oncology Institute aa1 Slide 1 aa1 adnan aydiner; 17.02.2008 15-Year Reductions in Recurrence and Disease-Specific Mortality
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE. Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman 1 *, Mohd Hashairi Fauzi 2, Hasnan Jaafar 1. Abstract. Introduction
RESEARCH ARTICLE Expression of DNA Methylation Marker of Paired-Like Homeodomain Transcription Factor 2 and Growth Receptors in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman 1 *,
More informationTemplate for Reporting Results of Biomarker Testing of Specimens From Patients With Carcinoma of the Breast
Template for Reporting Results of Biomarker Testing of Specimens From Patients With Carcinoma of the Breast Version: Template Posting Date: January 2018 Includes requirements from the 2017 CAP Accreditation
More informationPepsin Solution ready-to-use
SIE HABEN DIE VISION, WIR HABEN DIE SUBSTANZ. Pepsin Solution Single component Pepsin Solution: only one component refrigerator stable Pepsin is a commonly used digestive enzyme for immunohistochemical
More informationProliferative Breast Disease: implications of core biopsy diagnosis. Proliferative Breast Disease
Proliferative Breast Disease: implications of core biopsy diagnosis Jean F. Simpson, M.D. Breast Pathology Consultants, Inc. Nashville, TN Proliferative Breast Disease Must be interpreted in clinical and
More informationHER2 CISH pharmdx TM Kit Interpretation Guide Breast Cancer
P A T H O L O G Y HER2 CISH pharmdx TM Kit Interpretation Guide Breast Cancer FROM CERTAINTY COMES TRUST For in vitro diagnostic use HER2 CISH pharmdx Kit HER2 CISH pharmdx Kit is intended for dual-color
More informationImmunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: pathological correlation and prognostic indicators
Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: pathological correlation and prognostic indicators Ali Hassan AI-Timimi 1 ; Nasser Ghaly yousif 2, 3 Abstract
More informationAssessment Run B HER2 IHC
Assessment Run B26 208 HER2 IHC Material The slide to be stained for HER2 comprised the following 5 materials: IHC: HER2 Score* (0, +, 2+, 3+) FISH: HER2 gene/chr 7 ratio**. Breast carcinoma, no. 2+..3
More informationANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY TARIFF
ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY TARIFF A GUIDE TO UTILISATION. The following guidelines have been agreed by consensus of Anatomical Pathologists who are members of the Anatomical Pathologist s Group, or the National
More informationSurgical Pathology Issues of Practical Importance
Surgical Pathology Issues of Practical Importance Anne Moore, MD Medical Oncology Syed Hoda, MD Surgical Pathology The pathologist is central to the team approach needed to manage the patient with breast
More informationKristen E. Muller, DO, Jonathan D. Marotti, MD, Vincent A. Memoli, MD, Wendy A. Wells, MD, and Laura J. Tafe, MD
AJCP / Original Article Impact of the 2013 ASCO/CAP HER2 Guideline Updates at an Academic Medical Center That Performs Primary HER2 FISH Testing Increase in Equivocal Results and Utility of Reflex Immunohistochemistry
More informationAn Evaluation of Xylene-free Processing of Tissues From the Central Nervous System Using the PelorisTM Dual Retort Rapid Tissue Processor
An Evaluation of Xylene-free Processing of Tissues From the Central Nervous System Using the PelorisTM Dual Retort Rapid Tissue Processor Geoffrey Rolls Leica Microsystems, iosystems Division, Melbourne,
More informationPROTOCOL SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY (NON OPERATIVE) BREAST CANCER - PATHOLOGY ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOL SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY (NON OPERATIVE) BREAST CANCER - PATHOLOGY ASSESSMENT Author: Dr Sally Ann Hales On behalf of the Breast and pathology CNGs Written: March 2005 Reviewed by CNG: June 2009 &
More informationEstrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Colon Tumors
Anatomic Pathology / ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS IN COLON TUMORS Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Colon Tumors Martha L. Slattery, PhD, MPH, 1 Wade S. Samowitz, MD, 2 and Joseph A. Holden,
More informationHER2 ISH (BRISH or FISH)
Assessment Run H14 2018 HER2 ISH (BRISH or FISH) Material Table 1. Content of the multi-block used for the NordiQC HER2 ISH assessment, run H14 HER2 IHC* IHC score Dual - SISH** FISH*** FISH*** HER2/chr17
More informationAndrogen Receptor Expression in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer Immunohistochemical, Clinical, and Prognostic Associations
Anatomic Pathology / ANDROGEN RECEPTOR IN BREAST CANCER Androgen Receptor Expression in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer Immunohistochemical, Clinical, and Prognostic Associations S. Nicholas Agoff,
More informationComparison of CD10 expression in stroma of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors of the breast
Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Science (ISSN: 2315-5159) Vol. 4(1) pp. 051-056, January, 2015 Available online http://garj.org/garjmms/index.htm Copyright 2015 Global Advanced
More informationFunctional assay for HER-2/neu demonstrates active signalling in a minority of HER-2/neu-overexpressing invasive human breast tumours
Britsh Journal of Cancer (1996) 74, 802-806 $0 (g 1996 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0007-0920/96 $12.00 Functional assay for HER-2/neu demonstrates active signalling in a minority of HER-2/neu-overepressing
More informationAspects of quality in breast pathology. Andrew Lee Nottingham University Hospitals
Aspects of quality in breast pathology Andrew Lee Nottingham University Hospitals British breast pathology EQA: performance issues Ian Ellis Friday 8.30 am National breast screening pathology audit 2015
More informationPriti Lal, MD, 1 Paulo A. Salazar, 1 Clifford A. Hudis, MD, 2 Marc Ladanyi, MD, 1 and Beiyun Chen, MD, PhD 1. Abstract
Anatomic Pathology / DUAL- VS SINGLE-COLOR SCORING IN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND FISH HER-2 TESTING HER-2 Testing in Breast Cancer Using Immunohistochemical Analysis and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
More informationEstrogen receptor (ER)
Assessment Run B7 204 Estrogen receptor (ER) Material The slide to be stained for ER comprised: No. Tissue ER-positivity* ER-intensity*. Uterine cervix 80-90% Moderate to strong 2. Breast carcinoma 0%
More informationSystem-wide Ownership Group: Allina Health Breast Program Committee. Hospital Division Quality Council: August 2018
Oncology Clinical Service Line System-wide Consensus Guidelines: Evaluation and Management of Breast Lumpectomy and Mastectomy Specimens by Surgeons and Pathologists These guidelines apply to clinical
More informationVersion 2 of these Guidelines were drafted in response to published updated ASCO/CAP HER2 test Guideline Recommendations-
Introduction: These guidelines represent systematically developed statements to assist in the provision of quality assured HER2 testing in breast and gastric/ gastro-oesophageal carcinoma. They are based
More informationBreast Carcinoma in Pakistani Females: A. Morphological Study of 572 Breast Specimens
Breast Carcinoma in Pakistani Females: A. Morphological Study of 572 Breast Specimens M. Shahid Siddiqui,Naila Kayani,Sara Sulaiman,Akbar S. Hussainy,Sajid H. Shah,Suhail Muzaffar ( Faculty of Health Sciences,
More informationKi-67 is a biological tumor marker that reflects tumor
Evaluation of Ki-67 Index in Core Needle Biopsies and Matched Breast Cancer Surgical Specimens Soomin Ahn, MD; Junghye Lee, MD; Min-Sun Cho, MD, PhD; Sanghui Park, MD, PhD; Sun Hee Sung, MD, PhD Context.
More information2016 Korean Breast Cancer Society. All rights reserved. eissn
ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Breast Dis 2016 December; 4(2): 70-76 JBD Journal of Breast Disease Reliability of Core Needle Biopsy in Evaluating Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Human Epidermal Growth
More informationImmunohistochemical classification of breast tumours
Immunohistochemical classification of breast tumours Workshop in Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry September 19 th - 21 th 2018 Anne-Vibeke Lænkholm Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital,
More informationImmunohistochemistry on Fluid Specimens: Technical Considerations
Immunohistochemistry on Fluid Specimens: Technical Considerations Blake Gilks Dept of Pathology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Disclosures None Learning Objectives At the end of
More informationDiagnosis of thoracic endometriosis with immunohistochemistry
Original Article Diagnosis of thoracic endometriosis with immunohistochemistry Yo Kawaguchi 1,2, Jun Hanaoka 1, Yasuhiko Ohshio 1, Tomoyuki Igarashi 1, Keigo Okamoto 1, Ryosuke Kaku 1, Kazuki Hayashi 1,
More informationOnly Estrogen receptor positive is not enough to predict the prognosis of breast cancer
Young Investigator Award, Global Breast Cancer Conference 2018 Only Estrogen receptor positive is not enough to predict the prognosis of breast cancer ㅑ Running head: Revisiting estrogen positive tumors
More informationCell Culture. The human thyroid follicular carcinoma cell lines FTC-238, FTC-236 and FTC-
Supplemental material and methods Reagents. Hydralazine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cell Culture. The human thyroid follicular carcinoma cell lines FTC-238, FTC-236 and FTC- 133, human thyroid medullary
More informationp53 expression in invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions
Malaysian J Pathol 2011; 33(2) : 89 94 ORIGINAL ARTICLE p53 expression in invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions NORFADZILAH MY MBBCH,* Jayalakshmi PAILOOR MPath, FRCPath,* RETNESWARI
More informationClaudin-4 Expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Correlation with Androgen Receptors and Ki-67 Expression
Claudin-4 Expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Correlation with Androgen Receptors and Ki-67 Expression Mona A. Abd-Elazeem, Marwa A. Abd- Elazeem Pathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta
More informationLower 1D5 Sensitivity but Questionable Clinical Implications
Anatomic Pathology / Comparison of ER Antibodies in Breast Cancer Comparison of Anti Estrogen Receptor Antibodies SP1, 6F11, and 1D5 in Breast Cancer Lower 1D5 Sensitivity but Questionable Clinical Implications
More informationAssessment Run B HER2 IHC
Assessment Run B24 2017 HER2 IHC Material The slide to be stained for HER2 comprised the following 5 materials: IHC: HER2 Score* (0, 1+, 2+, 3+) FISH: HER2 gene/chr 17 ratio** 1. Breast carcinoma, no.
More informationPatterns of E.cadherin and Estrogen receptor Expression in Histological Sections of Sudanese Patients with Breast Carcinoma
Patterns of E.cadherin and Estrogen receptor Expression in Histological Sections of Sudanese Patients with Breast Carcinoma Hadia. Mohammed. Abdalla. Abdalrhman *, Elsadig.A.Adam, Ayda.D.A.Allatif 3,'Namareg.E.Afadul
More informationProteomic Biomarker Discovery in Breast Cancer
Proteomic Biomarker Discovery in Breast Cancer Rob Baxter Laboratory for Cellular and Diagnostic Proteomics Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital robert.baxter@sydney.edu.au
More informationROBINSON CYTOLOGICAL GRADING OF BREAST CARCINOMA ON FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY- AN OVERVIEW
Page564 Research Article Biological Sciences ROBINSON CYTOLOGICAL GRADING OF BREAST CARCINOMA ON FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY- AN OVERVIEW Charusheela Rajesh Gore, Chandanwale Shirish S, Ruchika Aggarwal,
More informationCytological grading of breast carcinoma with histological correlation
Journal of BUON 10: 251-256, 2005 2005 Zerbinis Medical Publications. Printed in Greece ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cytological grading of breast carcinoma with histological correlation M. Jovicić-Milentijević 1,
More informationSupplemental Information
Supplemental Information Prediction of Prostate Cancer Recurrence using Quantitative Phase Imaging Shamira Sridharan 1, Virgilia Macias 2, Krishnarao Tangella 3, André Kajdacsy-Balla 2 and Gabriel Popescu
More informationCytokeratin 5/6 expression in bladder cancer: association with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3319-4 BMC Research Notes RESEARCH NOTE Open Access Cytokeratin 5/6 expression in bladder cancer: association with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis Atif Ali
More informationRNA preparation from extracted paraffin cores:
Supplementary methods, Nielsen et al., A comparison of PAM50 intrinsic subtyping with immunohistochemistry and clinical prognostic factors in tamoxifen-treated estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.
More informationContemporary Classification of Breast Cancer
Contemporary Classification of Breast Cancer Laura C. Collins, M.D. Vice Chair of Anatomic Pathology Professor of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA Outline
More informationCorrelation Between GATA-3, Ki67 and p53 Expressions to Histopathology Grading of Breast Cancer in Makassar, Indonesia
Cancer Research Journal 2016; 4(3): 43-47 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/crj doi: 10.11648/j.crj.20160403.11 ISSN: 2330-8192 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8214 (Online) Correlation Between GATA-3, Ki67
More informationImmunohistochemical Evaluation of Necrotic Malignant Melanomas
Anatomic Pathology / EVALUATION OF NECROTIC MALIGNANT MELANOMAS Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Necrotic Malignant Melanomas Daisuke Nonaka, MD, Jordan Laser, MD, Rachel Tucker, HTL(ASCP), and Jonathan
More informationBreast Cancer Diversity Various Disease Subtypes Clinical Diversity
Breast Cancer Predictive Factor Testing: The Challenge and Importance of Standardizing Pre- Analytic Variables David G. Hicks MD Professor of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Director of Surgical Pathology
More informationBreast Cancer? Breast cancer is the most common. What s New in. Janet s Case
Focus on CME at The University of Calgary What s New in Breast Cancer? Theresa Trotter, MD, FRCPC Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women in Canada, accounting for almost a third of
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Bell EH, Pugh SL, McElroy JP, et al. Molecular-based recursive partitioning analysis model for glioblastoma in the temozolomide era: a correlative analysis based on NRG Oncology
More information