Treatment of Esophageal and Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Transcription

1 Updates in Surgery

2 Giovanni de Manzoni (Ed.) Treatment of Esophageal and Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma In collaboration with Simone Giacopuzzi Andrea Zanoni Forewords by Gianluigi Melotti Claudio Cordiano 123

3 Editor Giovanni de Manzoni Dept. of Surgery Upper G.I. Surgery Division University of Verona Verona, Italy In collaboration with Simone Giacopuzzi Andrea Zanoni The publication and the distribution of this volume have been supported by the Italian Society of Surgery ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Milan Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag Italia 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Italian Copyright Law in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the Italian Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature Cover design: Simona Colombo, Milan, Italy Typesetting: Graphostudio, Milan, Italy Printing and binding: Arti Grafiche Nidasio S.r.l., Assago, Italy Printed in Italy Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l. Via Decembrio 28 I Milan Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 To my teacher Prof. Cordiano to whom I owe most of my knowledge about esophageal cancer

5 Foreword What each of us, as surgeons, would like to have available at our fingertips is a comprehensive and state-of-the-art answer to any pathology we expect to be confronted with. Now, in this remarkable work by Giovanni de Manzoni on squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and hypopharynx, our wishes, at least in terms of these pathologies, have come true. Instructive texts are, almost by definition, never produced casually, especially those addressing surgical issues. Indeed, the order, clarity, accuracy, and exhaustiveness of this work reveal the author s many years of experience, developed at the prestigious School of Verona led by Claudio Cordiano. This is not a textbook on surgical technique: nowadays, educational cartoons, drawings, and photographs have become nearly obsolete given all the readily available, top-quality visual aids we have quickly grown used to. Rather, the subject matter is scrutinized from all medical standpoints: epidemiology, classification, staging, pre-operative evaluation protocols, and pre- and postoperative oncology, including molecular-biology-based information. In addition, com- these conditions are duly and boldly provided. ments on the accreditation of the facilities and surgeons best qualified to treatt Thanks to its careful method,effective synthesis, and explanatory clarity,this text is not only useful, it is also a pleasure to read. The explanations it provides are easily incorporated into everyday practice. This work is a significant contribution to the publishing goals of the Società Italiana di Chirurgia, whose approach and mission are to disseminate state-ofthe art surgical knowledge. I am confident that works such as this one are an important step in communicating, in Italy and abroad, the high-quality achieved by Italian surgery. A surgeon s job today is less and less based on manual dexterity and instead increasingly dependent on the ability to lead teams of specialists a strategy that ensures the best results, especially in the field of oncology. This book, by de Manzoni and collaborators, is a powerful teaching instrument of particular interest to young surgeons completing their specialty training; vii

6 viii Foreword in addition, residents will undoubtedly appreciate the knowledge it contains and readily use the information provided. I congratulate and thank Professor de Manzoni for his work, and sincerely hope that he will continue to produce such high-quality contributions as this one. Rome, October 2011 Gianluigi Melotti President, Italian Society of Surgery

7 Foreword To read a book on esophageal cancer is, for me, a journey through my own life as a surgeon. My first contact with the Japanese experience was during a meeting, held in Rome in 1968, on esophagogastroplasty. In a single lecture, Nakayama made all previous reconstructive techniques essentially obsolete, from the Gavriliu procedure to jejunoplasty to the Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy. I performed my first esophagectomy in 1971, reported the use of the pullthrough technique in Catania in 1977, during the Congress of the Italian Society of Surgery, and then engaged in a challenging but fruitful surgical competition with Alberto Peracchia, a master of esophageal surgery, and his pupil Ermanno Ancona, whom I remember with affection. After 1986, following a report by Girolamo Fracastoro, neoadjuvant treatment was introduced at our institution, based on the experience from Wayne State University (Detroit, MI, USA). The successful development of this approach was largely due to the enthusiasm and clinical skills of Felice Pasini. Surgery of the hypopharynx was accordingly standardized, in collaboration with Walter Mozzo and Oreste Mosciaro. In our institution my studies on end-to-end esophagogastric anastomosis contributed to the routine application of this technique beginning in the late 1990s. My highly rewarding involvement in research on the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer was interrupted in In 2004, Ernesto Laterza, who had joined me in this work, left to become director of a surgical unit. This led me to reorganize the activity in my own department, such that Professor Giovanni de Manzoni, who was already in charge of gastric surgery, also took over responsibilities for esophageal surgery. In 2009, I asked Professor Enrico De Antoni and the Directive Council of the Society to promote a biennial lecture series on esophageal cancer. In Italy, esophageal surgery is a low-volume operation and research is carried out by only a few specialized surgical groups. Moreover, there have been only marginal gains over the past few years and the influence of those findings on practical clinic is still limited. ix

8 x Foreword Giovanni de Manzoni intended this book to be a review of current information as well as an informative review at ongoing studies. It is aimed not only at surgeons but also at oncologists, radiotherapists, and radiologists. I am grateful to him not only for his acceptance of this enormous task but also because he has carried on the work I did in Verona for many years. Those very difficult and risky surgical activities trained and inspired me, and I am confident that his experience will be the same. I would like to thank once again the President of the Italian Society of Surgery, Professor Gianluigi Melotti, its directive council and its 2009 President for their acceptance of my proposal for this Biennial Conference, and for having assigned to Giovanni de Manzoni the realization of this event. Verona, October 2011 Claudio Cordiano

9 Contents Contributors XV Section I General Issues 1 Epidemiology of Esophageal and Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Giuseppe Verlato and Giovanni de Manzoni 2 Classification and Staging Systems Giovanni de Manzoni, Francesca Steccanella, and Andrea Zanoni 3 Preoperative Work-up: Conventional Radiology, Ultrasonography, CT Scan, and MRI Stefania Montemezzi, Daniela Cenzi, Massimiliano Motton, and Thomas J. Re 4 Preoperative Work-up: EsophagoGastroDuodenoScopy, Tracheobronchoscopy, and Endoscopic Ultrasonography Luca Rodella, Angelo Cerofolini, Francesco Lombardo, Filippo Catalano, Walid El Kheir, and Giovanni de Manzoni 5 Preoperative Work-up: PET and PET-CT Valentina Ambrosini, Maria Cristina Marzola, Paola Caroli, Stefano Fanti, and Domenico Rubello 6 Role of PET-CT in the Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment David Fuster, Maria Cristina Marzola, Francesca Pons, Giovanni de Manzoni, and Domenico Rubello xi

10 xii Contents 7 Role of Molecular Biology in the Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment Milena Gusella, Felice Pasini, and Giovanni de Manzoni 8 Patient Selection according to General Condition and Associated Disease Giovanni de Manzoni, Corrado Pedrazzani, Andrea Zanoni, and Jacopo Weindelmayer 9 Esophageal Cancer Surgery: the Importance of Hospital Volume Giovanni de Manzoni and Alberto Di Leo Section II - Carcinoma of Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus 10 Surgical Treatment: Indications, Early and Long-term Results, and Disease Recurrence Giovanni de Manzoni, Franco Barbieri, Andrea Zanoni, and Francesco Casella 11 Multimodal Treatment: Early and Long-term Results and Recurrences Antonio Grandinetti Section III Carcinoma of Thoracic Esophagus 12 Neoadjuvant Treatment Felice Pasini, Anna Paola Fraccon, and Giovanni de Manzoni 13 Controversial Issues in Esophageal Cancer: Surgical Approach and Lymphadenectomy Giovanni de Manzoni, Andrea Zanoni, and Simone Giacopuzzi 14 Treatment of Resectable Esophageal Cancer: Indications and Long-term Results Giovanni de Manzoni, Andrea Zanoni, and Jacopo Weindelmayer 15 Treatment of Unresectable Esophageal Cancer: Indications and Long-term Results Michele Pavarana and Teodoro Sava 16 Early Results: Morbidity, Mortality, and the Treatment of Complications Giovanni de Manzoni, Andrea Zanoni, and Jacopo Weindelmayer

11 Contents xiii 17 Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Esophageal Cancer Michele Pavarana and Teodoro Sava 18 Role of Endoscopy in Palliative Treatment Luca Rodella, Francesco Lombardo, Filippo Catalano, Angelo Cerofolini, Walid El Kheir, and Giovanni de Manzoni 19 Follow-up and Quality of Life after Esophagectomy Giovanni de Manzoni, Francesco Casella, and Andrea Zanoni Section IV Operative Techniques 20 Carcinoma of Thoracic and Cervical Esophagus: Technical Notes Giovanni de Manzoni, Simone Giacopuzzi, and Gerardo Mangiante 21 Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: General Problems and Technical Notes Ichiro Uyama, Simone Giacopuzzi, Jun Isogaki, and Giovanni de Manzoni Subject Index

12 Contributors Valentina Ambrosini, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Sant Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Franco Barbieri, Otoiatric Surgery Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Paola Caroli, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Sant Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Francesco Casella, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Filippo Catalano, Surgical Endoscopy Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Daniela Cenzi, Radiology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Angelo Cerofolini, Surgical Endoscopy Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Giovanni de Manzoni, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Alberto Di Leo, General Surgery Unit, Arco Hospital, APSS of Trento, Trento, Italy Walid El Kheir, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Stefano Fanti, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Sant Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Anna Paola Fraccon, Service of Medical Oncology, Dott. Pederzoli Polyspecialist Private Clinic, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy David Fuster, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Simone Giacopuzzi, Dept of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy xv

13 xvi Contributors Antonio Grandinetti, Radiation Oncology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Milena Gusella, Dept. of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy Jun Isogaki, Dept. of Surgery, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan Francesco Lombardo, Surgical Endoscopy Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Gerardo Mangiante, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Maria Cristina Marzola, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy Stefania Montemezzi, Radiology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital,Verona, Italy Massimiliano Motton, Radiology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Felice Pasini, Dept. of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy Michele Pavarana, Oncology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Corrado Pedrazzani, Surgery Division, Rovereto Hospital, Rovereto (TN), Italy Francesca Pons, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Thomas J. Re, Radiology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Luca Rodella, Surgical Endoscopy Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Domenico Rubello, Dept. of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy Teodoro Sava, Oncology Unit, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy Francesca Steccanella, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Ichiro Uyama, Dept. of Surgery, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan Giuseppe Verlato, Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Jacopo Weindelmayer, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgical Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Andrea Zanoni, Dept. of Surgery, Upper G. I. Surgery Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy