Paul Harrison EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. Ian L. Sargent. edited by. Christopher Gardiner

Transcription

1 EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE edited by Paul Harrison Christopher Gardiner Ian L. Sargent

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3 EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

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5 EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE edited by Paul Harrison Christopher Gardiner Ian L. Sargent

6 Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore editorial@panstanford.com Web: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease Copyright 2014 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. The cover image is a cryo-electron micrograph of a placental vesicle labeled with annexin-av gold. Courtesy of Professor Alain Brisson, University of Bordeaux, France. ISBN (Hardcover) ISBN (ebook) Printed in the USA

7 Contents Preface xvii 1. Overview of Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease 1 Rienk Nieuwland, Edwin van der Pol, and Augueste Sturk 1.1 Introduction Extracellular Vesicles History Nomenclature Recent classification of eukaryotic vesicles Revised classification of eukaryotic vesicles Properties of Cell-Derived Vesicles Exosomes Classical formation Direct formation Microvesicles Membrane Particles Apoptotic Vesicles Functions of Cell-Derived Vesicles Intercellular Signaling Immune suppression Antigen presentation Intercellular communication Inflammation Tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis Morphogens Genetic information Prions Viruses Cell Adhesion Waste Management and Protection against Stress 15

8 vi Contents Coagulation Vascular Function and Integrity Clinical Applications Therapy Cancer Passing the blood brain barrier Inflammation and immune response Neovascularization Prognosis Biomarkers Cell-Derived Vesicles In Vivo Clearance Intercellular signaling by vesicles: An evolutionary conserved mechanism Conclusion The Biogenesis of Exosomes 47 D. Michiel Pegtel 2.1 Exosome Biogenesis and Physiological Function(s) A Historical Perspective Physiological Function of Exosomes Exosomes as an Alternative End of the Endosomal Pathway ESCRT Machinery in ILV Formation MVB and ILV Biogenesis Multiple Pathways for Differential Sorting Tetraspanins MVB Formation, Maturation, and Cellular Movement Exosome Secretion: Rabs and SNAREs Conclusions and Perspectives Extracellular Vesicle Mediated Epigenetic Reprogramming of Cells 79 Giovanni Camussi, Federica Collino, and Maria C. Deregibus 3.1 Introduction 79

9 Contents vii 3.2 Microvesicles and Exosomes as Haulers of Information Receptor Ligand Signaling Complexes Shedding Vesicles as Protein Carriers Transfer of functional receptors Transfer of signaling proteins Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Genetic Information Modulation of Extracellular Composition and Secretion of Vesicles by Different Stimuli Extracellular Vesicle Induced Changes in the Cellular Phenotype Role in Immune Response Role in Tumor Cell Biology Role in Stem Cell Biology EVs released from injured tissue inducing changes in the phenotype of bone marrow stem cells MVs released from stem cells reprogramming injured cells to repair damaged tissues Conclusions An Overview of Novel and Conventional Methods to Detect Extracellular Vesicles 107 Edwin van der Pol, Ton G. van Leeuwen, and Rienk Nieuwland 4.1 Vesicle Isolation Differential Centrifugation Filtration Flow-Field Flow Fractionation Properties of Vesicles Vesicle Properties Revealing the Origin of a Vesicle Information from Multiple Vesicles Optical Detection Methods Light Scattering Dynamic light scattering 114

10 viii Contents Raman spectroscopy Fluorescence Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Stimulated emission depletion microscopy Light Scattering and Fluorescence Flow cytometry Nanoparticle tracking analysis Nonoptical Methods Atomic Force Microscopy Electron Microscopy Resistive Pulse Sensing Isolation Methods Combined with Optical Detection Methods Analytical Ultracentrifugation FFFF, DLS, and Multiangle Light Scattering Discussion and Conclusion Preanalytical Variables 139 Romaric Lacroix, Coralie Judicone, Stéphane Robert, Laurent Arnaud, Florence Sabatier,and Françoise Dignat-George 5.1 Introduction Blood Collection Collection Tubes Transportation Plasma Processsing and Microvesicle Preparation Storage Recommendations Standardization of Microvesicle Preanalytical Variables Procoagulant Assays 159 Barry J. Woodhams 6.1 Introduction Nanovesicles (Exosomes) 160

11 Contents ix Microvesicles History Procoagulant Assays Procoagulant Phospholipid Activity Procoagulant phospholipid activity assay Clinical studies with the procoagulant phospholipid assay Tissue Factor Assays Thrombin generation based assays Tissue factor activity assays Clinical studies with tissue factor assays Conclusion Capture-Based Assays for Extracellular Vesicles within the Blood 181 Jean Amiral 7.1 Introduction Occurrence of EVs in Health and Disease Capture-Based Assays for Procoagulant EVs Assay Principle Preanalytical Variables Capture-Based Assays for EVs Exposing Tissue Factor Laboratory Results with Capture-Based Assays for EVs and EV-TF MP Activity EV-TF and TF Discussion and Conclusions Flow Cytometry 201 Romaric Lacroix, Stephane Robert, Florence Sabatier, and Francoise Dignat-George 8.1 Advantages and Limitations of FCM Advantages Limitations Standardization of the MV Gate 204

12 x Contents Gating Strategies Calibration Beads Value of Calibration Beads for MV Sizing Standardization Perspectives Small-Size MV Detection by FCM Labeling Strategies Labeling Controls Fluorescent Probes General probes Specific probes Other Flow Cytometry Methods Conclusions Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Plasma 223 Yuana Yuana and Susanne Osanto 9.1 Introduction: Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement of Extracellular Vesicles Important Factors for AFM Measurement of EVs Future Research and Discussion Conclusion Light-Scattering Methods to Characterize Extracellular Vesicles 235 Don A. Gabriel, Sam Glover, Regina Bowling, and Nigel Key 10.1 Introduction Background Theoretical Considerations Principle of Quasi Elastic Light Scattering Diffusion Coefficients Electrophoretic Quasi Elastic Light Scattering Debye Huckel Considerations Experimental Setup Possible Artifacts in Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering 242

13 Contents xi Mie Scattering Methods Experimental Results Results of QELS Diffusion Methods ThromboLUX N5 and Zetasizer Results of Electrophoretic Methods Cell Activation Ligand Cellular Chemical Exchange Protein-Binding Site Mapping EQELS and MPs ISADE Results Sample Preparation Particle Size Resolution Platelet Activation Plasma MVs Cell Activation by LPS EVs from Tumor Cell Lines Discussion Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis 261 Chris Gardiner and Rebecca Dragovic 11.1 Introduction Principle Procedure for Measurement of Extracellular Vesicles Calibration Camera Sensitivity Sample Heterogeneity Fluorescence Zeta potential Advantages over Other Methods NTA Applications in the Study of Extracellular Vesicles Conclusions Extracellular Vesicle Proteomic Analysis 285 Andrés F. Parguiña and Ángel García 12.1 Introduction Sample Preparation Blood Microvesicle and Exosome Proteomics 294

14 xii Contents Plasma Microvesicles and Exosomes Plasma microvesicle and exosome studies on healthy individuals Plasma microvesicle and exosome clinical studies Cell-Derived Microvesicles and Exosomes Platelet-derived microvesicles Endothelium-derived microvesicles Erythrocyte- and reticulocyte-derived microvesicles and exosomes Plaque-derived microvesicles Monocyte- and macrophage-derived microvesicles and exosomes Lymphocyte-derived microvesicles and exosomes Conclusions and Future Perspective Acknowledgments Microvesicles and Exosomes in Cancer 317 Rebecca Karp and Jeffrey Zwicker 13.1 Introduction Types of Cancer Vesicles Apoptotic Bodies Membrane Microvesicles Exosomes Extracellular Vesicles and Tissue Factor as Mediators of Thrombosis Tissue Factor and Clot Formation Tissue Factor Bearing Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Extracellular Vesicles in Cell-to-Cell Communication Extracellular Vesicles and Angiogenesis 326

15 Contents xiii 13.6 Extracellular Vesicles and Tumor Invasiveness and Metastasis Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Immune Escape Conclusion Extracellular Vesicles and Tissue Factor 337 Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou and Nigel Mackman 14.1 Circulating TF Tissue Factor Positive EVs Procoagulant activity of MVs Cellular Sources of Tissue Factor EVs in Blood TF+ Exosomes Methods of Tissue Factor EV Detection Immunological Functional MV TF as Biomarkers of Thrombotic Risk Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Diseases Cancer Extracellular Vesicles in Normal Pregnancy and Pre-Eclampsia 357 Ian L. Sargent, Rebecca A. Dragovic, Dionne S. Tannetta, and Christopher W. Redman 15.1 Introduction Identification of Placental Vesicles in Maternal Blood Circulating Placental Vesicles in Pre-Eclampsia Functional Characterization of Placental Vesicles in Normal Pregnancy and Pre-Eclampsia Mechanical separation Explant cultures Placental perfusion Trophoblast cell lines and primary trophoblast preparations 362

16 xiv Contents 15.3 Functional Effects of Placental Vesicles In Vitro Immunosuppresive Effects of Placental Vesicles Proinflammatory Effects of Placental Vesicles Effects of Placental Vesicles on Endothelial Cells Procoagulant Effects of Placental Vesicles Differential Effects of Placental Vesicles from Normal and Pre-Eclampsia Placentas on Immune and Endothelial Cells and the Coagulation System Characterization of Placental Vesicles Placental Vesicle Protein Expression Proteomic Analysis of Placental Vesicles Placental Vesicle DNA, mrna, and mirna Fetal (placental) DNA Fetal (placental) mrna Fetal (placental) mirna Placental Vesicles: Exosomes, Microvesicles, and Apoptotic Bodies Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy and Pre-Eclampsia Plasma from Other Cell Types Functional Effects of Maternal Circulating Vesicles Future Perspectives Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease 391 Anne-Clémence Vion and Chantal M. Boulanger 16.1 Introduction Extracellular Vesicles: A Consequence of CVDs Circulating EV Levels in CVDs Mechanisms Implicated Extracellular Vesicles: Effectors of CVDs 396

17 Contents xv Deleterious Effects Beneficial Effects Microvesicles and Exosomes: Prognostic Value and Therapeutic Target? Impact of Cardiovascular Therapeutics Predictive Value of Circulating EVs Conclusion Extracellular Vesicles in Immunology 419 Els J. van der Vlist, Esther N.M Nolte t Hoen, and Marca H. M. Wauben 17.1 General Introduction Methods to Characterize Individual Vesicles and Vesicle Populations T-Cell-Derived Vesicles CD8 + T-Cell-Derived Vesicles Immune-Suppressive Effect of CD8 + T-Cell-Derived Vesicles Immune-Activating Effects of CD8 + T-Cell-Derived Vesicles CD4+ T-Cell-Derived Vesicles Immune-Suppressive Effects of CD4 + T-Cell-Derived Vesicles Enhancement of Immune Responses by CD4 + T-Cell-Derived Vesicles Assessing the Quality and Quantity of T-Cell-Derived Vesicles Dendritic Cell-Derived Vesicles Immune-Activating Effects of DC-Derived Vesicles Stimulation of CD4 + T-cells by DC-derived vesicles Stimulation of CD8 + T-cells by DC-derived vesicles Activation of NK cells through immature DC-derived vesicles Immune-Suppressive Effects of DC-Derived Vesicles DC-Derived Vesicles as an Antigen Source 438

18 xvi Contents 17.7 DC- and CD4 + T-Cell-Derived Vesicles for the Balancing of Immune Responses 439 Index 455

19 Contents xvii Preface This book stems from the first international meeting on Microvesicles and Nanovesicles in Health and Disease held at Magdalen College, Oxford, on the September 23 24, Interest in the role of cellular microvesicles and nanovesicles (exosomes) is expanding rapidly. It is now apparent that far from being merely cellular debris, these vesicles play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and signaling. Moreover, they are significantly elevated in a number of diseases. This raises the question of their direct role in pathogenesis as well as their possible use as biomarkers. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together, for the first time, a range of experts from around the world to discuss the latest advances in this field. Key to the study of these vesicles is the availability of methodologies for their measurement in biological fluids. We therefore also invited a number of companies to present a range of exciting new technologies for this purpose. The presentations at this meeting form the basis of this book. Since the Oxford meeting, the field has moved forward at a tremendous pace. A second meeting was organized in Paris by Professor Clotilde Thery in early 2011, which led to the founding of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) ( org). The society s first scientific meeting was organized by Professor Jan Lotvall in Gothenburg, Sweden, in April 2012 and attracted over 400 delegates. The second meeting was organised in Boston, USA, in April 2013 by Professor Fred Hochberg with over 700 delegates, and the third meeting is being organised in April 2014 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, by Professor Marca Wauben, with over 800 delegates expected. The society has also set up its own open access journal, The Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. Similar activity in the United States has seen two international meetings held in Orlando by Professor Doug Taylor and the formation of the American Society for Exosomes and Microvesicles ( These meetings have provided a forum where scientists from many different disciplines with a common interest in extracellular vesicles can meet, and we

20 xviii Preface look forward to many exciting new developments in this field in the future. Paul Harrison Christopher Gardiner Ian L. Sargent Oxford Winter 2013