Aflatoxin Outlook in Mozambique

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Moses Parker
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1 Aflatoxin Outlook in Mozambique Prepared for COMESA aflatoxin workshop in Malawi Joao Augusto, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, Juliet Akello, Joseph Atehnkeng March 11, Lilongwe, Malawi

2 Outline Background information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Aflatoxin regulations and monitoring in Mozambique Ongoing research and technology options Gaps to be addressed

3 Background Information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Late 1970 s Intake of aflatoxin contaminated food, especially from groundnut, linked to high prevalence of liver cancer in Southern Mozambique Late 1990 s to date Rejection of groundnut and groundnut products by the EU for exceeding aflatoxin legal limits

4 Background Information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Notifications of Mozambican groundnut products by EU market: Date Product type Notification type Subject 5/2/2007 food alert aflatoxins (B1 = 12; Tot. = 14.2 µg/kg ppb) in peanut kernels from Mozambique 3/19/2007 food information aflatoxins (B1 = 44.6; Tot. = 57.0 µg/kg ppb) in groundnuts from Mozambique 6/11/2007 food information aflatoxins (B1 = 4.8; Tot. = 7.5 µg/kg ppb) in groundnut kernels from Mozambique via the United Kingdom and via the Netherlands 4/7/2009 food border rejection aflatoxins (B1 = 34.5; Tot. = 52.2 / B1 = 3.1; Tot. = 3.6 µg/kg ppb) in peanuts from Mozambique 4/7/2009 food border rejection aflatoxins (B1 = 6.7; Tot. = 18.9 / B1 = 0.9; Tot. = 4.6 / B1 = 1.9; Tot. = 4.4 µg/kg ppb) in peanuts from Mozambique 12/30/2009 feed information aflatoxins (B1 = 120 mg/kg ppm) in groundnuts for birdseed from Mozambique Source: RASFF portal, 2011

5 Background Information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Late 1970 s Intake of aflatoxin contaminated food, especially from groundnut, linked to high prevalence of liver cancer in Southern Mozambique Late 1990 s to date Rejection of groundnut and groundnut products by the EU for exceeding aflatoxin legal limits Survey in 2013 identification of aflatoxin hot spot areas for maize and groundnut in central and northern Mozambique (USAID Moz grant)

6 Outline Background information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Aflatoxin regulations and monitoring in Mozambique Ongoing research and technology options Gaps to be addressed

7 Aflatoxin regulations and monitoring in Mozambique According to FAO (1994) There are aflatoxin regulations in Mozambique (but not enforced) Universidade Lurio (UniLurio) in northern Mozambique Aflatoxin testing and monitoring for different crops (but the lab is not accredited) Madal Ltd in central Mozambique private company working with some 3,000 groundnut farmers (sorting and aflatoxin testing for the farmers)

8 Outline Background information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Aflatoxin regulations and monitoring in Mozambique Ongoing research and technology options Gaps to be addressed

Aflatoxin surveillance in Mozambique Conducted at harvest, May June, 2013 In Northern and Central regions, but with emphasis to Nacala Corridor Selection criteria for the locations: (a) maize and

9 Aflatoxin surveillance in Mozambique Conducted at harvest, May June, 2013 In Northern and Central regions, but with emphasis to Nacala Corridor Selection criteria for the locations: (a) maize and groundnut in the same area (but sampling will be as far as possible from each sampling point); (b) number of districts in each province; (c) distribution in altitude; (d) cropping systems; and (e) accessibility Materials: Sampling procedures for survey, Sampling questionnaires for each survey group, colored printed and laminated mycotoxin factsheets in Portuguese, GPS handsets, etc

10 Objectives of the surveillance Estimate magnitude of aflatoxins Determine geographic distribution of aflatoxins Facilitate planning

11 Determine magnitude of aflatoxins Average aflatoxin level (ppb) at harvest in Central and Northern Mozambique groundnut n= maize n=

12 Determine magnitude of aflatoxins Maize Groundnut aflatoxin negatives aflatoxin negatives n=154 n=153 aflatoxin positives (max ppb) n=161 n=122 aflatoxin positives (max ppb)

13 Distribution of aflatoxins: by region Crop Region Frequency of aflatoxin negatives (%) Frequency of aflatoxin positives (%) Aflatoxin concentration range (ppb) Groundnut NORTHERN 40.7 (n=110) 59.3 (n=137) 0.0 5,673.5 CENTRAL (n=12) (n=24) Maize NORTHERN 47.1 (n=111) 52.9 (n=92) CENTRAL (n=45) (n=62)

14 Distribution of aflatoxins: by province Crop Groundnut Maize Province Freq. aflatoxin negatives (%) Freq. aflatoxin positives (%) Aflatoxin concentration range (ppb) NIASSA 53.8 (n=14) 46.2 (n=12) 0.0 5,673.5 NAMPULA 45.7 (n=91) 54.3 (n=108) 0.0 3,121.2 ZAMBEZIA 46.2 (n=6) 53.8 (n=7) CABO DELGADO 22.7 (n=5) 77.3 (n=17) MANICA 28.6 (n=2) 71.4 (n=5) TETE 25.0 (n=4) 75.0 (n=12) NAMPULA 58.0 (n=69) 42.0 (n=50) ZAMBEZIA 52.8 (n=19) 47.2 (n=17) CABO DELGADO 26.3 (n=5) 73.7 (n=14) NIASSA 56.9 (n=37) 43.1 (n=28) TETE 34.0 (n=18) 66.0 (n=35) MANICA 33.3 (n=5) 66.7 (n=10)

15 Distribution of aflatoxins: by levels % g dnut samples at harvest (n=283) % maize samples at harvest (n=307) crop < 4 ppb (n=179) G dnut 63.2 (n=156) Maize 69.5 (n=141) < 20 ppb (n=220) > 20 ppb (n=63) < 4 ppb (n=195) < 20 ppb (n=291) > 20 ppb (n=16) Frequency aflatoxin at harvest in Northern region (%) Frequency aflatoxin at harvest in Central region (%) 4 ppb 20 ppb 20 ppb 4 ppb 20 ppb 20 ppb 75.7 (n=187) 96.6 (n=196) 24.3 (n=60) 3.4 (n=7) 66.7 (n=24) 51.9 (n=54) 94.4 (n=34) 91.3 (n=95) 5.6 (n=2) 8.7 (n=9)

16 Awareness raising about aflatoxins

17 Outline Background information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Aflatoxin regulations and monitoring in Mozambique Ongoing research and technology options Gaps to be addressed

18 Identifying, selecting atoxigenic strains for aflatoxin biocontrol More than 400 atoxigenic L strains of Aspergillus flavus identified from maize and groundnut Most competitive and widely distributed atoxigenic strains, with no toxigenic member in their VCG groups, will be selected Selected 8 12 VCG strains to be formulated in aflasafe Moz biocontrol products for testing in farmers fields in 2014 crop growing season

19 Outline Background information about aflatoxins in Mozambique Aflatoxin regulations and monitoring in Mozambique Ongoing research and technology options Gaps to be addressed

Recruiting and training Mozambican technicians and

20 Gaps to be addressed Infrastructure and human capacity building, polices Equipping and certifying laboratories Recruiting and training Mozambican technicians and students Awareness raising Advocacy, regulations and enforcement

21 Donors & Partners Dr. Peter Cotty USDA FAS at University of Arizona Tucson

Aflatoxins in Ethiopia. Alemayehu Chala (PhD, Hawassa University) Usha Kulkarni (PhD, Mekelle University)

Aflatoxins in Ethiopia. Alemayehu Chala (PhD, Hawassa University) Usha Kulkarni (PhD, Mekelle University) Aflatoxins in Ethiopia Alemayehu Chala (PhD, Hawassa University) Usha Kulkarni (PhD, Mekelle University) Background Ethiopia 18 major and 49 sub agroecological zones Various crops are produced EARO, 1999