Mycoflora epidemiology in postharvest maize along different actors in Jimma Zone, SW Ethiopia: Implication for Mycotoxins producing fungi management

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Conrad Ralph Shields
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1 + Mycoflora epidemiology in postharvest maize along different actors in Jimma Zone, SW Ethiopia: Implication for Mycotoxins producing fungi management 1 st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, Zambia 1 May 26-28, 2015

2 Outline Introduction Maize importance Why maize PHL Description of study sites and methodology Results and discussion Summary and conclusions 2

3 Maize importance Maize is the leading cereal crop in Ethiopia Ranked first both in area coverage and productivity SW of Ethiopia Main food source for about 2.5 million Jimma zone Important food security crop for in the area 3

4 Why maize PHL? The need to feed increasing human population Growing demand for safe food, quality and convenience Increasing need to being more responsive to consumer demands Growing globalization and urbanization and the need to transport agricultural produce longer distances Market issue 4

5 Why maize PHL? Higher PHL is one of the major production income challenges in SW part of Ethiopia Fungi pathogens considered among important factor Cause of quality & quantity loss Health impact However, inadequate comprehensive data available for maize PHL due to fungi in store SW part Ethiopia Also, there is no information as commodity pass from producers to wholesalers along value chain 5

6 PHL of maize cobs due to mold 6

7 PHL of maize 7

8 Objectives 1.To document infection level of fungal pathogens at farmers, collectors/small traders and wholesalers storage conditions 2. To identify fungal pathogens associated along value chain storage structures 8

9 Methodology Jimma Zone (Sokoru, Omonada, Mana, Kersa and Dedo) districts N N and 8 45 E E and Altitude from 900 to 3334 masl Average annual rain fall 1600mm Multi-stage sampling technique was employed 45 producers, 15 small traders and 3 Wholesalers Six times data have been collected Grain moisture content Digital moisture tester Fungal infection level Blotter test techniques Aflatoxin quantification - HPLC Fungal identification Morphological features 9

10 Fungal identification 1 2 Morphological identification of fungi 4 10/13/

11 Moisture (%) Highest moisture content at loading stage RESULT 1. Maize grains moisture content st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Storage duration in months Most of samples contains moisture more than opt th Harvesting &Loading stage Opt. moisture content No. of stores visited Moisture content of maize grains at harvest and loading stage, and 11 subsequent monthly interval data for six month stored maize grains

12 Unsafe moisture content for storage 12

13 2. Fungi infection level on stored maize Percentage infection level on maize grains stored under farmers storage conditions Districts Storage duration (months) CV Sokoru 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th 10.5±2.6 q 24.7±2.6 o-q 30.9±2.6 j-o 37.8±2.6 f-m 45.2±2.6 e-i 51.8±2.6 b-f 20.9 O/Nada 21.2±2.6 mp 36.1±2.6 h-m 37.6±2.6 g-m 42.0±2.6 f-k 49.8±2.6 c-h 56.6±2.6 b-e Mana 17.0±2.6 j-o 19.8±2.6 n-q 31.1±2.6 i-n 40.4±2.6 f-k 48.2±2.6 d-h 62.9±2.6 bc Kersa 13.0±2.6 f-m 27.0±2.6 l-o 33.7±2.6 i-n 42.5±2.6 e-j 50.8±2.6 c-f 65.3±2.6 ab Dedo 21.8±2.6 e-i 28.4±2.6 k-o 41.9±2.6 f-k 49.2±2.6 c-h 59.9±2.6 b-d 78.9±2.6 a 13

14 Infection level (%) Infection level on maize grains stored under small traders/collectors storage conditions h h gh gh lowland midland high land c-e c-e d-f ef d-f e-g e-g gh f-h c-e ab b-d bc a 0 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Storage duration (months) Significant different (p < 0.05) observed among storage duration and also b/n agro-ecologies esp. lowland and high land maize producing areas during 5 th & 6 th month stored grains 14

15 3. Fungal pathogen diversity Fungal pathogens Fusarium spp. Producers and traders in districts/town Sokoru Omonada Kersa Dedo Mana Jimma town P T P T P T P T P T WH Penicillium spp. Aspergillus spp. Colletotricum spp. Geotricum spp. Cladosporium spp. Descheria spp. Green shades represents presence, red shades represents absence P, T and WH represents producers, small traders and whole sellers respectively 15

16 Frequency (%) 4. Fungal genera frequency occurrence Fungi genera Proportion dominance of different fungi genera isolated from 180 days stored product, samples collected with monthly interval (63 stores). 16

17 5. Fungi frequency of occurrence Frequency (%) Fusarium spp. was dominate under all actors storage conditions Penicillium spp. was the 2 nd dominate followed by Aspergillus spp Producers Collectors Wholesellers All fungal pathogens are capable of producing Mycotoxins 10 0 Fungi Genera 17

18 6. Dominate fungal pathogen trends along storage duration Actors Fungi genera Fungi genera occurrence along storage duration (months) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Producers Penicillium spp Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp Collectors Penicillium spp Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp Wholesalers Penicillium spp Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp

19 7. Aflatoxin quantification Less than 5% of the tested samples showed + ve result Parameters Result (µg/kg) Aflatoxin G Aflatoxin G Aflatoxin B Aflatoxin B Total Aflatoxin

20 Concluding remarks Moisture content at harvest & loading stage not safe for storage Fungal pathogen infection increase as storage duration increase (storage problem!) As altitudinal agro-ecology of maize growing increase fungal pathogen infection increases More fungal diversity observed from farmers storages Top three fungal pathogens isolated from maize grains known to produce mycotoxins, There is need multimycotoxins analysis 20

21 Thank you all! 10/13/

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