THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 97, No. 1, by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology ISSN /02/$22.00
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1 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Vol. 97, No. 1, by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology ISSN /02/$22.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S (01)03982-X ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS Are Ulcers a Marker for Invasive Carcinoma in Barrett s Esophagus? Data From a Diagnostic Variability Study With Clinical Follow-Up Elizabeth Montgomery, M.D., Mary P. Bronner, M.D., Joel K. Greenson, M.D., Marian M. Haber, M.D., John Hart, M.D., Laura W. Lamps, M.D., Gregory Y. Lauwers, M.D., Audrey J. Lazenby, M.D., David N. Lewin, M.D., Marie E. Robert, M.D., Kay Washington, M.D., Ph.D., and John R. Goldblum, M.D. Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pathology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio OBJECTIVES: We correlated follow-up information from 138 patients with Barrett s esophagus and varying degrees of dysplasia with the presence of ulcers. METHODS: A group of pathologist participants were asked to contribute patients initial biopsy slides showing Barrett s esophagus (BE) without dysplasia and with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia, low grade dysplasia (LGD), high grade dysplasia (HGD), and adenocarcinoma. From the initial 250 cases used for a diagnostic reproducibility study, follow-up information was available for 138 patients. RESULTS: There were 44 cases submitted as BE, 22 as BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia, 26 as BE with LGD, 33 as BE with HGD, and 13 as BE with adenocarcinoma. Ulcers were present in 35/138 cases (25%), including 3/44 cases of BE without dysplasia (7%), 2/22 cases of BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia (9%), 0/26 cases of BE with LGD (0%), 10/33 cases of BE with HGD (30%), and 7/13 cases of BE with adenocarcinoma (54%). On follow-up, there were no invasive carcinomas detected among the BE without dysplasia group (median follow-up 38.5 months). Adenocarcinomas were detected in 4/22 cases (18%) submitted as BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia at 19, 55, 60, and 62 months and in 4/26 cases (15%) of BE with LGD at 9, 9, 11, and 60 months. None of these carcinomas occurred in cases in which an ulcer was present in the initial biopsy specimen. Among the 33 HGD cases, 20 (60%) were found to have adenocarcinoma on subsequent resection specimens. The presence of an ulcer with HGD increased the likelihood of Presented in part at the 6th World Congress of the International Organization for Statistical Studies on Diseases of the Esophagus; September, 2000; Paris, France. finding carcinoma in the resection specimen, as 8/10 biopsies (80%) of HGD patients with ulcers had carcinoma, compared to 12/23 biopsies (52%) of HGD patients without ulcers. All of the cases interpreted as adenocarcinomas on biopsy were found either to have invasive carcinoma on esophageal resection or to have metastases that were demonstrated in unresectable patients. CONCLUSION: If an ulcer accompanies HGD in a biopsy specimen from a patient with BE, it is likely that invasive carcinoma is also present at that time. (Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97: by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology) INTRODUCTION When physicians first became aware of the entity now referred to as Barrett s esophagus (BE), the most noteworthy complications were the development of ulcers and strictures (1, 2). As medical therapies directed at acid suppression have considerably reduced these complications, at times to the point of masking carcinomas (3), and as the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been increasing (4, 5), benign esophageal ulcers and strictures pose lesser threats to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. We have revisited the significance of identifying esophageal ulcers in biopsy specimens from patients with BE in the acid suppression era. MATERIALS AND METHODS From a cohort of 250 cases that were used to test established criteria for grading dysplasia in BE, we obtained follow-up information on 138 patients. The study was initially a patho-
2 28 Montgomery et al. AJG Vol. 97, No. 1, 2002 Table 1. Barrett s Esophagus and Biopsy Diagnosis: Correlation With Subsequent Detection of Carcinoma by Submitting Diagnoses Submitting Diagnosis No. of Cases Total Follow-Up Period [Median (Range), Months] Fraction (%) of Ulcerated Cases in Category Fraction (%) of Ulcerated Cases With Carcinoma on Follow-Up Total No. (%) in Category of Developing Cancers No dysplasia (1 78) 3/44 (7%) 0/3 0 (0%) Indefinite for dysplasia (7 144) 2/22 (9%) 0/2 4 (18%) LGD (2 72) 0 (0%) 0/0 4 (15%) HGD (1 60) 10/33 (30%) 8/10 (80%) 20 (61%) Carcinoma (1 22) 7/13 (54%) 7/7 (100%) 13 (100%) logical one, so patients were not enrolled per se and biopsies were initially chosen from participating pathologists institutional archives to demonstrate histological findings. Consistent information about the endoscopic findings and patients medication histories were not available. Full results of this follow-up study and results of the intraobserver study from which the data were derived are reported elsewhere (6, 7). Briefly, each of 10 participants from 10 institutions contributed slides, all of which were reviewed by 12 observers (two reviewers did not contribute cases). Each contributor was instructed to supply slides from the initial known endoscopic biopsies of patients having the following: 1) BE without dysplasia (goblet cells present above the gastroesophageal junction), 2) BE with inflammation and/or inflammatory atypia, 3) BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia, 4) BE with low grade dysplasia (LGD), 5) BE with high grade dysplasia (HGD), 6) intramucosal carcinoma in BE, or 7) frankly invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, because many of the biopsies were from referral centers, it is possible that some of the patients could have had prior biopsies and results were unavailable. All 250 cases were reviewed blindly on two separate occasions by all 12 pathologists, and thus 24 diagnostic opinions were available for each case. Masked slides were circulated with a worksheet that asked participants to assign a grade to each case using the following scale: 0 BE with no dysplasia, 1 epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia, 2 LGD, 3 HGD, 4 intramucosal carcinoma, and 5 frankly invasive carcinoma. All cases were also separately evaluated by one of the reviewers (E.M.) for the presence or absence of ulcers. Ulcers were defined on strictly histological grounds namely, by the presence of necroinflammatory exudate extending the full thickness of the mucosa (surface to muscularis mucosae). Patients did not have their cases followed on rigorous biopsy protocols (8, 9), and thus it was understood that there would be variations in sampling. It was also understood that knowledge of the endoscopic findings and presenting symptoms that led to biopsy would not be uniformly documented. Participants submitted a follow-up worksheet requiring completion of the following data points: patient demographic data (age, gender, race), date of submitted biopsy, follow-up biopsy/specimen date, findings in follow-up biopsy or resection, interval between submitted biopsy and Figure 1. Area of ulcer in a case submitted to the diagnostic variability study as HGD. HGD without invasive carcinoma was found on the subsequent resection specimen.
3 AJG January, 2002 Are Ulcers a Marker for Invasive Carcinoma in Barrett s? 29 Figure 2. Nonulcerated area (A) and ulcerated one (B) in specimen submitted as HGD. Invasive carcinoma was detected on the resection specimen. follow-up biopsy or resection (months), patient status (alive or dead), and last follow-up date. Follow-up information was correlated with the presence of ulcers and categories compared using Fisher s exact test. Full analysis of Kaplan- Meier curves is reported elsewhere (6). RESULTS (TABLE 1) Overall, invasive carcinoma was found in 15/22 (68%) of patients whose biopsy specimens demonstrated an ulcer, but only in 20/116 (17%) cases without. Summary of Ulcers by Diagnostic Category Ulcers were only found in 7% of all biopsy specimens interpreted as negative for dysplasia and in 9% of cases of BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia, and were not identified in the LGD cases. On the other hand, ulcers were found in 30% of HGD and in 54% of carcinoma cases. Negative for Dysplasia On follow-up, there were no invasive carcinomas detected among the 44 patients in the BE without dysplasia group during the follow-up period (median follow-up 38.5
4 30 Montgomery et al. AJG Vol. 97, No. 1, 2002 Figure 3. Identification of carcinoma in resected specimens from patients with HGD. months). Three of the 44 patients (7%) in this category had ulcers. Indefinite for Dysplasia Adenocarcinomas were detected in 4/22 cases (18%) submitted as BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia at 19, 55, 60, and 62 months (median follow-up 36 months). Two of the 22 patients (9%) in the BE with epithelial changes indefinite for dysplasia category had ulcers, but the patients who progressed were not the two with ulcers on their initial biopsies. Low Grade Dysplasia Adenocarcinomas developed in 4/26 cases (15%) of LGD at 9, 9, 11, and 60 months (median follow-up 24 months). No patients diagnosed with LGD had ulcers on their initial biopsies. High Grade Dysplasia Among the 33 HGD cases, 20 (60%) were found to have adenocarcinomas on subsequent resection specimens (median follow-up 13 months). Ten of the 33 (30%) had ulcers. The presence of an ulcer with HGD (Figs. 1 and 2) increased the likelihood of finding carcinoma in the resection specimen, as 8/10 biopsy specimens (80%) with HGD and ulcers had carcinoma in the resection specimen, compared to 12/23 (52%) biopsy specimens with HGD and no ulcers (Fig. 3) (p 0.24, Fisher s exact test). Adenocarcinoma All of the cases interpreted as adenocarcinoma on biopsy were found either to have invasive carcinoma on esophageal resection or to have metastases that were demonstrated in unresectable patients. Ulcers were common among patients diagnosed initially with adenocarcinoma (7/13, 54%). DISCUSSION Despite its limitations (7, 10), routine histological evaluation remains the major prognostic tool in identifying the subset of BE patients at highest risk for development of invasive esophageal carcinoma (6, 11). Some observers regard HGD as a surveillance endpoint that should prompt esophagectomy (12, 13). However, with intensive endoscopic surveillance including numerous biopsies, some physicians performing endoscopy are willing to observe patients with HGD in whom accompanying invasive carcinoma has been carefully excluded (8, 9), because only about 60% will develop invasive adenocarcinoma within 5 yr (11), usually at an early stage. However, it is well known that patients having prevalent HGD, or HGD identified at their initial endoscopies and therefore present for an unknown period of time, are likely to also harbor invasive carcinoma that is detected on further sampling or on resection. This is highlighted in a recent publication by Schnell et al. (14). In summarized surgical series, 43% of patients are found to harbor an occult invasive carcinoma upon esophageal resection for HGD (15). However, the frequency with which unsuspected carcinoma is identified in patients undergoing esophagectomy for HGD ranges from 0% to 73% (15). The current study, derived from a group of patients whose mucosal biopsies were used to test observer variability in grading dysplasia, indicates that the presence of an ulcer accompanying prevalent HGD strongly suggests that the patient harbors an invasive lesion. Invasive carcinoma was found in 15/22 patients (68%) whose biopsy specimens demonstrated an ulcer, but only in 20/116 cases (17%) without. Obviously, this summary of our data has no bearing on the true incidence of carcinoma accompanying ulcers in the general Barrett s population because dysplasia and carcinoma occur in a minority of patients and our cases included many examples of dysplasia and known invasive carcinoma. However, the key finding in our study is that 80% of patients with HGD and an ulcer were found to have invasive carcinoma on resection or by documentation of metastases, whereas about 50% of those with HGD without ulcers were found to have adenocarcinomas on resection. Although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p 0.24 by Fisher s exact test), presumably because of relatively small numbers, the figure is alarming and indicates a trend. Other observers have previously noted an association between ulcers and invasive carcinomas in both gastric and esophageal dysplasias resected for the indication of HGD (16). Although severe erosive esophagitis and strictures were the primary complications of BE in the past (1, 2), in the acid suppression era, ulcers are readily healed. In our group of cases, ulcers were only found in 7% of all biopsy specimens interpreted as negative for dysplasia and in 9% of cases with changes indefinite for dysplasia, and were not identified in the low grade cases. On the other hand, ulcers were found in 30% of our cases with HGD and in over half of the carcinoma cases. BE patients with ulcers warrant close attention and multiple biopsies to exclude occult invasive carcinoma. Patients with HGD and ulceration are highly likely to have synchronous invasive carcinoma.
5 AJG January, 2002 Are Ulcers a Marker for Invasive Carcinoma in Barrett s? 31 Reprint requests and correspondence: Elizabeth Montgomery, M.D., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 632, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD Received Jan. 8, 2001; accepted Aug. 14, REFERENCES 1. Barrett N. Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and oesophagitis. Br J Surg 1950;38: Barrett N. The lower esophagus lined by columnar epithelium. Surgery 1957;41: Bramble MG, Suvakovic Z, Hungin AP. Detection of upper gastrointestinal cancer in patients taking antisecretory therapy prior to gastroscopy. Gut 2000;46: Blot WJ, Devesa SS, Kneller RW, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1991;265: Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340: Montgomery E, Goldblum JR, Greenson JK, et al. Dysplasia as a predictive marker for invasive carcinoma in Barrett esophagus: A follow-up study based on 138 cases from a diagnostic variability study. Hum Pathol 2001;32: Montgomery E, Bronner MP, Goldblum JR, et al. Reproducibility of the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett esophagus: A reaffirmation. Hum Pathol 2001;32: Levine DS, Haggitt RC, Blount PL, et al. An endoscopic biopsy protocol can differentiate high-grade dysplasia from early adenocarcinoma in Barrett s esophagus. Gastroenterology 1993;105: Levine DS, Blount PL, Rudolph RE, Reid BJ. Safety of a systematic endoscopic biopsy protocol in patients with Barrett s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95: Reid BJ, Haggitt RC, Rubin CE, et al. Observer variation in the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett s esophagus. Hum Pathol 1988;19: Reid BJ, Levine DS, Longton G, et al. Predictors of progression to cancer in Barrett s esophagus: Baseline histology and flow cytometry identify low- and high-risk patient subsets. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95: Heitmiller RF, Redmond M, Hamilton SR. Barrett s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. An indication for prophylactic esophagectomy. Ann Surg 1996;224: Ireland AP, Clark GW, DeMeester TR. Barrett s esophagus. The significance of p53 in clinical practice. Ann Surg 1997; 225: Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfec G, et al. Long-term nonsurgical management of barrett s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 2001;120: Pellegrini CA, Pohl D. High-grade dysplasia in Barrett s esophagus: Surveillance or operation? J Gastrointest Surg 2000;4: Burke AP, Sobin LH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EB. Dysplasia of the stomach and Barrett esophagus: A follow-up study. Mod Pathol 1991;4:
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