Associate Editors. Contributors

Transcription

1 ADVANCES IN Surgery CONTENTS VOLUME Associate Editors Contributors ix xi Can Neoadjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer Increase the Pool of Patients Eligible for Pancreaticoduodenectomy? Thilo Hackert, Alexis Ulrich, and Markus W. Büchler Background 2 Neoadjuvant therapy in borderline-resectable-pancreatic cancer 3 Neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced-pancreatic cancer 4 Current developments 6 Can the Diagnosis of Appendicitis Be Made Without a Computed Tomography Scan? Yangyang R. Yu and Sohail R. Shah Introduction 11 History, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation 13 Clinical scoring systems 14 Alternative advanced imaging modalities 15 Ultrasonography 15 MRI 19 Diagnostic algorithms 22 Children 22 Adults 23 Discussion 23 Sleeve Gastrectomy and Diabetes: Is Cure Possible? Amin Andalib and Ali Aminian Diabetes burden 30 Sleeve gastrectomy 30 Safety and postoperative morbidity 30 Long-term weight loss 31 Sleeve gastrectomy and type 2 diabetes 32 Short-term glycemic outcomes 32 Long-term glycemic outcomes 32 Predictors of long-term diabetes remission 34 Comparison with medical treatment 34 xv

2 Comparison with other bariatric procedures 35 Antidiabetic mechanism of action 36 Sleeve gastrectomy and type 1 diabetes 36 Summary 37 Vascular Resections During the Whipple Procedure Warren R. Maley and Charles J. Yeo Introduction 41 Significance: brief literature review 44 Present relevance and techniques 48 Defining resectability 48 Preoperative planning and preparation for surgery 49 Surgical technique: the extirpative phase when vascular resection is contemplated 51 Approach to venous resection and reconstruction 54 Techniques of venous reconstruction 55 Techniques of arterial reconstruction 58 Surgical technique: the reconstructive phase 60 Postoperative management 61 Summary 62 Transplantation of the Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Kyle R. Jackson and Andrew Cameron Historical context 65 Increasing incidence of end-stage kidney disease and end-stage liver disease 66 Human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy 66 Early experience with human immunodeficiency virus transplantation 67 Human immunodeficiency virus transplantation in the modern era 68 Acute rejection after transplantation 69 Selection of patients for transplantation 70 Posttransplant immunosuppressive regimens 71 Posttransplant preventative measures 72 The use of human immunodeficiency virus-positive donors 73 Summary 73 What Is the Proper Use of Opioids in the Postoperative Patient? Thomas Peponis and Haytham M.A. Kaafarani xvi Introduction 77 Discussion 78 The physiology of postoperative pain 78 Overview of perioperative pain management 78 Opioids: mechanism of action 78

3 Opioids: the armamentarium 78 Opioids: routes of administration 80 Alternative analgesic modalities 82 Curbing the opioid epidemic in the United States: the surgeons role 83 Summary 85 How Do We Prevent Readmissions After Major Surgery? Tyler S. Wahl and Mary T. Hawn Introduction 89 Predictors of readmission 90 Care provided and readmissions: Hospital, provider, or patient factors? 93 Readmission reasons 94 Are unplanned readmissions preventable? 95 Interventions to reduce readmission 96 Transitions of care 96 Enhanced recovery pathways 97 Prehabilitation 97 Readmissions as a quality metric 97 Summary 98 Can Surgery for Appendicitis Be Performed as an Outpatient Procedure? Richard Frazee Background 101 Effective; That is, no recurrence 106 Low morbidity, admissions, and readmissions 107 Cost effective 108 Good patient satisfaction 108 Reproducible over time 109 Reproducible between institutions 110 Summary 110 Concurrent Surgery: What is Appropriate? David B. Hoyt and Peter Angelos Introduction 114 An organized surgery response 114 The American College of Surgeons statement 115 II. D. The operation: intraoperative responsibility of the primary surgeon 116 II. A. Surgeon-patient communication 117 Critical questions remain 119 Defining concurrent and overlapping surgery 119 Defining the critical portion of an overlapping surgery 119 Disclosing information to patients 120 Determining immediate availability 121 Arranging for backup 121 xvii

4 Ensuring compliance with policies 121 Frequency of occurrence 122 Summary 123 Who Should Manage Patients with Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction? Christopher T. Aquina and Fergal J. Fleming Introduction 126 Historical context 126 Does admitting service matter? A review of the literature 128 Time to surgery 128 Length of stay 130 Hospital cost 130 Bowel resection 131 Thirty-day readmission 131 Operative morbidity 131 Operative mortality 131 Keys to improving outcomes 132 Possible explanations for differences in outcomes across admitting services 132 Standardization of management 133 Admission paradigms 133 Medical comanagement 134 Summary 137 Do Patient-Reported Outcomes Correlate with Clinical Outcomes Following Surgery? Jennifer F. Waljee and Justin B. Dimick Introduction 141 What are patient-reported outcomes? 142 Patient-reported outcomes versus patient-reported experiences 143 Patient-reported outcomes and treatment effectiveness 144 Patient-reported outcomes and quality of care 145 Summary 147 Minimally Invasive Gastric Surgery Gabriel Herrera-Almario and Vivian E. Strong xviii Introduction 151 Laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer 152 Retrospective series 152 Randomized controlled trials for early gastric cancer 152 Laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer 154 Retrospective series 154 Randomized controlled trials for advanced gastric cancer 155 Extent of lymphadenectomy 155 Robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer 156 Surgical technique 157

5 Patient positioning 157 Trocar placement 157 Omentectomy and initial gastric mobilization 157 Division of the proximal duodenum and lymphadenectomy 158 Division of the distal esophagus 160 Complications 161 Summary 161 Is Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Necessary After a Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy? Lerna C. Ozcan and Armando E. Giuliano Introduction 165 Clinical staging of the axilla 166 Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy 166 The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial 166 Criticism of the Z0011 trial 168 Locoregional recurrence rates 168 Adjuvant therapy 169 Early Z0011 study closure 169 Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy with micrometastases 170 Applicability of Z Axillary lymph node dissection or axillary radiation 172 Sentinel lymph node metastasis in total mastectomy patients 174 Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy 175 Background 175 False-negative rates 175 Summary 176 Do Patients Mandate Resection After a First Episode of Acute Diverticulitis of the Colon with a Complication? Ryan Francis Bendl and Roberto Bergamaschi Introduction 179 Change in treatment and published recommendations 180 Resection 181 Recurrence 182 Safety/peritonitis 184 Fistula 185 Obstruction and stenosis 186 Role of colonoscopy in complicated diverticulitis 187 Summary 188 Per-Oral Esophageal Myotomy: Is It a Safe and Durable Procedure for Achalasia? Eric S. Hungness and Juaquito M. Jorge Introduction 193 High-volume achalasia/esophageal center 194 xix

6 Preoperative workup and diagnosis 194 Postoperative and long-term follow-up 195 Safety 195 Adequate skill set 196 Learning curve 196 Aspiration precautions 196 Standardized procedure (critical steps and error avoidance) 196 CO 2 insufflation 200 Bleeding 200 Durability 201 Learning curve 201 Symptomatic relief 201 Improved physiologic outcomes 202 Postprocedure gastroesophageal reflux 202 Summary 203 Is Open Vascular Surgery or Endovascular Surgery the Better Option for Lower Extremity Arterial Occlusive Disease? Jeffrey J. Siracuse and Alik Farber Introduction 208 Aortoiliac disease 208 Infrainguinal peripheral arterial disease 210 Intermittent Claudication 210 Critical limb ischemia 211 Difficult locations 213 Popliteal artery 213 Common femoral artery 214 New technology 214 Summary 215 The Use of Radiofrequency Detection to Mitigate the Risk of Retained Surgical Sponges James M. Bardes and Kenji Inaba Introduction 219 Risk factors for retained surgical instruments and sponges 221 Preventing retained surgical sponges 221 Radiofrequency technology 222 Results of radiofrequency detection system 224 Cost analysis 224 Summary 225 Professionalism in Surgery: Crucial Skills for Attendings and Residents Mark S. Hochberg, Russell S. Berman, and H. Leon Pachter xx Introduction 229 Advanced communication skills: how the pros do it 231

7 Team respect: working with professionals around you 233 Admitting mistakes: ethical choices and reasoning 234 Delivering bad news: your chance to become a master surgeon 238 Cultural diversity: working through the barriers of language and differing customs 240 The stress of surgical practice: signs of stress, depression, and suicide in you and your surgical colleagues 242 Managing your career: making the professional and personal choices that will define you and your career 244 Summary 247 xxi