Antigen Presenting Cell. T cell proliferation Disclosures

Transcription

1 Dynamic T-cell and APC Interaction Perpetuates Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis!"#$%&'()*+*,-.,'/1#.%-13'4-"1-3''5*6'789:' ' Antigen MHC Antigen Presenting Cell Y Y Y Co-Stim Y ' (ABA'/?"?3'4C' 'C-)*<&.)3'D##*,?*-1*)'>&?*).%<@*).%-%'E*%*")<?'F*,&*)3'' C-)*<&.)3'>&?*).%<@*).%-%'()*+*,$.,'",G'H)*"&1*,&'F*,&*)3' F*G")%'/-,"-'I*")&'J,%$&&*3''/?"#*@@'",G'K*66'F?"-)'-,'F@-,-<"@'F")G-.@.L'' ",G' ().=*%%.)'.='4*G-<-,*'3'MFN>' T cell TCR Co-Stim T cell proliferation Disclosures Inflammatory cytokine secretion (IFN gamma and TNF alpha) Co-Inventor of Apo B Peptide Vaccines for Atherosclerosis, Increased macrophage lipid uptake Patent rights assigned to Cedars Sinai Medical Center Perpetuation of atherosclerosis Koltsova EK et al : JCI 1 Atherosclerosis is an Auto-Immune Mediated Inflammatory Disease Athero-protective Adaptive Immune Response: The Yang Pro-atherogenic Adaptive Immunity: The Yin APC Inflammatory!"##$%&&'()* Cytokines Th1 Auto Antigen Treg IFN- γ and TNF-α antigen NKT MHC/CD1 Naïve Naive Inflammatory T cell Atherosclerosis Cytokine Th 17 IL 17 T cell Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell (+*,"-('..")%*/%&#()&%* APC Regulatory T cell CD5+, Foxp3+ Th1 Secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1+/TGF β + Activated %$(1#$(-%-',-%$(1#$(-%-'3%* CD4+ T-cell 45%-** Adapted from Shah PK : Nature CPC 5

2 Auto-antigens in Atherosclerosis LDL/Ox-LDL Hsp-6 βgp1 Oxidized LDL in Human Coronary Plaques Colocalizing with Macrophages OxLDL Macrophages T-cell proliferative index T cells of Human Plaques Recognize oxldl as Antigen oxldl MC MAb anti-dr Ctrl ab Stemme et al PNAS 1995 Extent of Plaque (mm ) Immunization of Cholesterol-fed Rabbits with Homologous LDL Substantially Reduces Aortic Atherosclerosis Despite Hypercholesterolemia Control N=7 P<.5 Immunized N=9 Cholesterol 159 mg/dl 1181 mg/dl Ameli, Shah, Nillson et al :ATVB 1996 Nilsson, Ameli, Shah et al: JACC Antigen: 8 mcg ox LDL or LDL -Adjuvant: 7 mcg -Primary SC Vaccination followed by 1 booster -Animals euthanzied 16 weeks after vaccination Immunization of LDL-Receptor Deficient (Watanabe Rabbits) with Homologous Malondialdehyde (MDA) Modified LDL Reduces Atherogenesis % of Aortic Surface with Plaque Control Rabbits (N=11) P<.5 MDA-LDL Immunized Rabbits (N=14) Palinski, Witztum et al : PNAS 1995

3 Effect of Immunization with Native and Oxidized Homologous LDL On Experimental Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice 3 Peptides, amino LDL acids long with 5 amino acid Apo overlap B-1 simulating the entire amino acid sequence of human Apo B 1 were synthesized. Apo B-1 55kD 4536 AA Immunization of LDL-R null mice with homologous native or MDA- LDL reduces atherosclerosis Freigang et al ATVB 1998 Using an ELISA with peptides sequences as antigens, antibodies to 11 of these peptide sequences were identified in pooled human sera Several peptide sequences were then used to create vaccines for Immunization in apo E null mice fed a high cholesterol diet Immunization of apo E null mice with homologous MDA-LDL reduces atherosclerosis George et al : Atherosclerosis 1998 Johs, A. et al. JBC 6;81: Timing affects the athero-protective effects of LDL-immunization Chyu, Shah et al : Atherosclerosis 4 Amino Acid Peptides CSMC--PKS Identification of Antigenic Epitopes in Human Apo B-1 Fredrikson et al. ATVB 3;3: Human Apo B-1 Related Peptides Human apo B-1 contains 4536 amino acids Generate a library of 3 peptides to cover the complete sequence of apo B-1 Each peptide is amino acids long with 5 amino acids overlap P: ATRFK HLRKY TYNYE AESSS apo B-1 amino acids P45: IEIGL EGKGF EPTLE ALFGK apo B-1 amino acids P1 : SLTST SDLQS GIIKN TASLK apo B-1 amino acids P1: KTTKQ SFDLS VKAQY KKNKH apo B-1 amino acids IgG and IgM antibodies were identified against 1 such peptide epitopes in pooled human plasma

4 Immunization of Apo E Null Mice with Apo B-1 related Peptide Sequence Reduces Atherosclerosis EEEMLENVSLVCPKDATRFK (1-) Alum used as adjuvant Peptide 1 Mouse Apo B 1 Homology 75% Chyu : BBRC 5 Immunization of Apo E Null Mice with Apo B-1 related Peptide Sequence : Effect on Cholesterol Levels and Aortic Atherosclerosis % of Aortic Surface Covered by Plaque P< ATRFKHLRKYTYNYQAQSSS (16-35) Peptide 85% 1.5 N=9 N=1 N=1 6-7 wks 8-9 wks 5 wks Ist vaccination Booster Sacrifice Chyu KY et al: BBRC 5 Cholesterol: Control) 11 mg/dl Peptide 1 7 mg/dl Peptide 14/mg/dl CSMC--PKS Immunization of Apo E Null Mice with Apo B-1 related Peptide Sequence Reduces Plaque Inflammation and Increases Collagen Content % Macrophage immunoreactivity Alum (Control) p<.5 N=9 N=1 N=1 Peptide 1 Peptide Immunization Group % Collagen content (Trichrome) Alum (Control) p<.5 N=9 N=1 N=1 Peptide 1 Peptide Immunization Group Chyu KY, et al : BBRC 5 Adoptive Transfer of Splenocytes from Peptide Immunized Mice Reduces Atherosclerosis in Recipient Unimmunized Apo E Null Mice CSMC--PKS % of Aortic Surface Covered by Plaque Mice receiving Splenocytes From Alum Immunized mice P<.1 N=9 N=9 N=9 Mice receiving Splenocytes From Peptide 1 Immunized mice Mice receiving Splenocytes From Peptide Immunized mice Chyu KY et al : BBRC 5

5 Apo B-1 55kD 4536 AA Amino acid # KTTKQ SFDLS VKAQY KKNKH p-1 Pentamer 5: QSFDLSVK sequence found in plaque derived microparticles. p1: KTTKQSFDLSVKAQY KKNKH apo B-1 amino acids Apo B1 Related Peptide (p1) Vaccine Reduces Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemic Mice 15 P<.5 Adoptive Transfer of CD8 T-cells from p1 Immunized Mice Conveys Athero-protection to Unimmunized Mice % Aortic lesion % P<,.5 PBS cbsa/alum p1-cbsa-alum Additional Effects of P1 Vaccine - Reduced inflammation - Reduced plaque dendritic cells - No change in blood lipids CSMC--PKS P1: apo B-1 amino acids Chyu KY,Shah PK et al: PLoS1 1 Chyu KY et al : PLos1 1

6 p1 Vaccination Generates CD8+ T cells that Induce Lysis of Dendritic Cells loaded with P1 Chyu KY et al : PLos1 1 Chyu KY et al : PLoS1 1 Potential Mechanisms of Athero-protective Effects of p1 Vaccine Adoptive Transfer of p1 loaded Dendritic Cells reduces Atherosclerosis in Apo E-/- Mice p1 Suppression Treg Antigen Naive Nasal delivery of p1-ctb Fusion Construct reduces Atherosclerosis in Apo E-/- Mice of Autoimmune Response Autoim APC Tolerogenic T cell Regulatory T cell CD5+, Foxp3+ Th1 tory Secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines Dendritic Cell IL-1+/TGF β + p1 Ath ero-protecti Athero-protective Effect Prolonged subcutaneous delivery of p1 reduces Atherosclerosis in Apo E-/- Mice p1 Primed CD8 T cells Death of Dendritic Cells JACC 14

7 Aortic Aneurysm Pathophysiology Inflammation Immune activation Oxidative stress Matrix proteolysis SMC death Abdominal aortic aneurysm formation after AngII infusion in apoe-/- mice Daugherty et al Br J Pharmacol. 1 October; 134(4): (798';"<<-,*'E*G<*%'O16*)'.='>,*)%1"@'/*L1*,&%'Q'!"#$%&'"()*+,-./&'"*1/*)%" O16*)'.='",*)%1"@'%*L1*,&P,16*)'.='&.&"@'%*L1*,&'QRS Q>,*)%1"@'%*L1*,&'U'G-"1*&*)V9AW:11S #T8A8: Honjo T: JACC 15 Honjo T: JACC 15

8 Honjo T: JACC 15 Honjo T: JACC 15 Conclusions Immunization with selected Apo B-1 related peptide sequences reduces atherosclerosis and favorably modifies plaque phenotype in hypercholesterolemic apo E null mice Apo B1 related peptide immunization also reduces AngII induced aneuryms formation and rupture related mortality, These experimental observations provide proof of concept regarding the feasibility and efficacy of peptide based vaccine for vascular disease Cautiously Optimistic Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center P.K.Shah, MD KY Chyu, MD, PhD Paul Dimayuga,PhD Tomoyuki Honjo, MD,PhD Xiaoning Zhao,PhD Jianchang Zhou, PhD Nicole Lio Bojan Cercek, MD, PhD Cheryl Chan Juliana Yano Cardiovax Lund University, Sweden Jan Nilsson, MD, PhD GN Fredriksson,PhD Funding NIH-NHLBI Eisner Foundation Cardiovax The HeartFoundation Spielberg Foundation Corday Foundation