5/28/13. Review #2 27. Review using OPAL figures. Review using class web PDF. Review using test #1. Preview of test #2.

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1 Review #2 27 Review using OPAL figures Review using class web PDF Review using test #1 Preview of test #2 The Adrenal Gland 1

2 The Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine Actions Increase mental alertness Increase glycogenolysis Increase lipolysis Relaxation of GI & urinary bladder smooth muscle Relaxation of smooth muscle of lung airways - dilation Rise glucagon and lower insulin secretion Increase CO (SV& HR), vasodilation in skeletal muscle, vasoconstriction in internal organs & skin 2

3 Epi Metabolic Actions Endocrine Pancreas 3

4 Endocrine Pancreas Endocrine Pancreas 4

5 Cortisol a Glucocorticoid Growth Hormone (GH) 5

6 Mineralocorticoids Review #2 27 Review using OPAL figures Review using class web PDF Review using test #1 Preview of test #2 6

7 Catecholamines Catecholamines, ANS, Epi, Nepi, DA!! " a) "Cas and the ANS" " b) "Epi" " c) "Nepi / DA" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others GI Regulating Hormones!GI regulating hormones, gastrin family,!!secretin family, PP family, others!! " a) "Gastrin" " b) "Secretin, CCK" " c) "GLP-1" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others 7

8 Pancreas and its Hormones!Pancreas and its hormones regulating intermediary metabolism!! " a) "Insulin" " b) "Glucagon" " c) "Somatostatin" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" Steroid Hormones Steroid hormones, origin, metabolism, neurosteroids! " a) "mineralocorticoids" " b) "glucocorticoids" " c) "gonadal steroids" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" 8

9 Glucocorticoids!Glucocorticoids & its regulating hormones, cortisol, ACTH, CRH! " a) "cortisol" " b) "ACTH" " c) "CRH" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" Growth and its Hormones!Growth & its regulating hormones,!!gh, IGFs, GHRH, SS, growth factors!! " a) "GH" " b) "IGFs and other growth factors" " c) "GHRH, SS" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others 9

10 Mineralocorticoids!Mineralocorticoids & its regulating hormones, aldosterone, renin, Ang II!! " a) "aldosterone" " b) "renin " " c) "angiotensin II" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" Review #2 27 Review using OPAL figures Review using class web PDF Review using test #1 Preview of test #2 10

11 e.g. sentences from website 1 Some basic endocrine concepts and the methodologies used to study a) "definition of hormone and of endocrine, neurocrine, paracrine transmission" b) "methodologies used in endocrinology (RIAs, RRA, ICC, hybridization,!)" c) "how liposoluble and watersoluble hormones are made in general (SER vs RER)" d) "hormone story line as a trick! to think of steps involved in hormone function" 2! A story line! table for all hormones. Things to look up in the table! a) "hormones that are water soluble and those that are lipo soluble" b) "hormones involved in hierarchies (gonadal, adrenal, thyroid!)" c) "hormones involved in metabolism (glucose, calcium, sodium, water)" d) "inputs to endocrine glands and hormone effects on different organs" 3!Reflex-arc! like-models and the!- Fb! for different hormones! a) "inputs, integrators, -Fb in the control of different hormones (the refrigerator)" b) "role of the hypothalamus in neuroendocrine control of the endocrine system" c) "theoretical components of a control system, homeostasis and rheostasis" d) "endocrine and neuroendocrine control and their disruption in pathology" 4 Some basic points on mechanism of action of liposoluble hormones a) "intracellular receptors mainly! but also membrane receptors (experiments)" b) "effect on protein synthesis mainly,! but some also have membrane receptors" c) "cys and trans elements involved in regulation at the promoter level.. integrator" d) "permissive effects of some liposoluble hormones (e.g. T3-4, Cortisol, E2,!)" " e.g. sentences from website 5 Some basic points on mechanism of action of water soluble hormones a) "plasma membrane receptors! but they also have access to the genome" b) "an ultimate effect on channels and enzymes underlies endocrine action" c) "GPCR and Tyr-kinase links, different paths to protein phosphorylation" d) "Permissive effects of some watersoluble hormones (e.g. Prl on LH receptors)" 6 Some basic points on the hypothalamic pituitary connection! a) "hypothalamic anterior pituitary portal system (neurohormones, amplification)" b) "hypothalamic posterior pituitary system (a good example of neuronal events)" c) "the pituitary receives 2/3 of the outputs from PVN (a main brain integrator)" d) "the median eminence as a final brain integrator site for endocrine function" 7 Some basic points on anterior pituitary (AP) hormones a) "most AP hormones are tropic / trophic hormones that act on other endocrine glands" b) "all AP hormones are controlled by hypothalamic hypophysiotropic neurohormones" c) "the hypothalamic AP unit acts as an integrator and amplification control unit" d) "the hypothalamic AP link is a vascular one since both tissues have different origin" 8!Some basic points on posterior pituitary (PP) and pineal hormones! a) "PP hormones are neurohormones made in the hypothalamus and released in the PP" b) "the hypothalamus and PP have the same embryological origin (as opposed to AP)" c) "PP hormones are involved in water metabolism and myoepithelial contraction" d) "AVP is also released in ME and acts in AP as a CRH, albeit by different mechanism" " 11

12 e.g. sentences from website 9 AVP, OT, and melatonin a) "AP hormones (ACTH, GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, MSH, END) " "see below (*)" b) "PP hormones (AVP, OT) " " " "see below (*)" c) "Pineal hormone (Melatonin) " " " "see below (*)" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" 10 Calcium regulating hormones, PTH, vitd, calcitonin a) "PTH " " " " "see below (*)" b) "vitd " " " " "see below (*)" c) "calcitonin " " " " "see below (*)" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" 11 Thyroid regulating hormones, T3-T4, TSH, TRH " a) "T3-T4 " " " "see below (*)" " b) "TSH " " " "see below (*)" " c) "TRH " " " "see below (*)" (*) Expand story line for each of these hormones following an order such as: origin, stimuli, biosynthesis, release, target, action mechanism, effect, integration, others" " e.g. sentences from lectures What is the endocrine system! releases chemicals into blood for distribution throughout the body. " releases hormones altering metabolism of many tissues / organs simultaneously. " produces effects that can last for hours, days, and even longer. " control ongoing metabolic processes. " many endocrine tissues have non-endocrine functions." complex endocrine responses usually involves hormones from the hypothalamus." Berthold showed that CC with testis transplant displayed male traits (comb & behavior). " What is a hormone! secreted to blood for transport to distant targets. " exerting its effect at very low concentrations. " related to a verb meaning "to excite or arouse." " whose meaning is continually being challenged. " a tropic hormone is one whose function is to stimulate another hormone secretion." some are aminoacid derivatives, others are peptides/proteins, and other are lipids." some have sub-units (LH, FSH, TSH, HCG, PMSG)." their targets have specific receptors (high affinity / low capacity)." hypophysiotropic hormones are neurohormones controlling AP function." which endocrine organ produce which hormone in response to which main stimulus.! which is the main effect of each hormone and which is its main negative feedback control." 12

13 e.g. sentences from lectures What are endocrine actions and endocrine disruptors! hormones control of enzymatic reaction rates " hormones control molecule transport across membranes hormones control gene expression and protein synthesis" receptors altered in quantity when low or high amount of its hormone is present" water soluble hormones bind membrane receptors and affect 2 nd messengers and signaling cascades" liposoluble hormones bind transcription factors and affect protein synthesis" endocrine disruptors are environmental chemicals affecting the endocrine system." some endocrine disruptors are in sewage (E from contraceptives and dioxins from paper products)." Which are structures and control elements in the endocrine system! membranes are phospholipids bilayers (tails inside) interspersed with proteins." a portal system like the one from gut to liver links the hypothalamus with the AP." a steady state is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms (eg. Insulin and glycemia)." ligands are chemicals that bind to a receptor." downregulation, expression of fewer cell surface receptors, as part of a -FB mechanism." up/down regulation is due to alterations in the rate of receptor turnover." permisivness, interaction through which one hormone "allows" another hormone to be effective. "" second messengers are intracellular signals elicited by hormones / neurotransmitters." G proteins link the first and second messenger in signal transduction." signal transduction chains (Gs,Gi,AC,cAMP,PKA); (Gq,PLC,DAG,PKS,IP3,Ca,calmodulin,CK)." most widely found 2nd messenger is camp." e.g. sentences from lectures What are steroids and thyroid hormones! steroids are liposoluble hormones derived from cholesterol and made in the SER" steroids are made / release upon demand, are not stored in the cell and have a long half life" main cholesterol and steroid structure is the cyclo-pentane-perhydro fenantrene group." T3-T4 are liposoluble hormones derived from tyrosine and made in the thyroid gland" T3-T4 secretion depends on TSH and are stored covalently bound to TG in the thyroid" What are peptide and protein hormones! are watersoluble hormones made in the RER that bind membrane receptors" are initially made as inactive preprohormones, dissolve in plasma and have a short half life "!!What are endocrine pathologies! primary and secondary hyperfunctions and hypofunctions" principal pathologies related to each main hormone systems" 13

14 e.g. sentences from lectures What are steroids and thyroid hormones! steroids are liposoluble hormones derived from cholesterol and made in the SER" steroids are made / release upon demand, are not stored in the cell and have a long half life" main cholesterol and steroid structure is the cyclo-pentane-perhydro fenantrene group." T3-T4 are liposoluble hormones derived from tyrosine and made in the thyroid gland" T3-T4 secretion depends on TSH and are stored covalently bound to TG in the thyroid" What are peptide and protein hormones! are watersoluble hormones made in the RER that bind membrane receptors" are initially made as inactive preprohormones, dissolve in plasma and have a short half life "!!What are endocrine pathologies! primary and secondary hyperfunctions and hypofunctions" principal pathologies related to each main hormone systems" In the first endocrinology test there were roughly questions that were repeated.! For example, 7 were based on the following 3 short sentences! (active learning! based technique):!! steroids are liposoluble hormones derived from cholesterol and made in the SER." steroids are made / release upon demand, are not stored in the cell and have a long half life." main cholesterol and steroid structure is the cyclo-pentane-perhydro fenantrene group." e.g. old questions from the lecture material for test #1 Steroids are synthesized in the! a "rough endoplasmic reticulum. " b "smooth endoplasmic reticulum. " c "Golgi apparatus, most of the times. " d "mitochondria, predominatly for export. " e "nucleus, where steroids receptors are." Steroids are defined as hormones that are " a "always defined as lipophilic or water insoluble." b "always defined as hydrophobic or liposoluble." c "always derived from cholesterol or from acetate." d "secreted by cortex but not by adrenal medulla." e "all of the above options are correct." Steroids, liposoluble, cholesterol, SER. Made/release upon demand, long half-life. Cyclo pentane perhydro fenantrene group. Steroids differ from peptides since steroids" a "synthesis site is distinct from their release site." b "are not stored, but are released upon synthesis." c "are synthesized ubiquitously (all over the body). " d "don't have a specific receptor protein to bind to." e "none of the above options is correct." The preovulatory blood E2 rise may reflect " a "high E2 secretion by all steroidogenic tissues." b "high rates of synthesis of E2 by the ovary. " c "high cholesterol ingestion leading to higher plasma levels of all steroid hormones." d "decreased rates of degradation of estrogen." e "decreased rates of excretion of estrogens." 14

15 e.g. old questions from the lecture material for test #1 The following have a cyclopentane perhydrophenanthrene nucleus, EXCEPT" a "the hormone whose acronym is TSH." b "the hormone whose acronym is P4." c "the hormone whose acronym is T." d "the hormone whose acronym is E2." e "the hormone whose acronym is DHEA." Testosterone, cortisol and estrogen are " a "all examples of chemical enzymes" b "examples of chemical glycoproteins" c "examples of chemical phospholipids" d "examples of transcription factors" e!none of the above options is correct" Steroids, liposoluble, cholesterol, SER. Made/release upon demand, long half-life. Cyclo pentane perhydro fenantrene group. A steroid found in the blood, made in the ovary and acting on the pituitary, was" a "made in the SER of a cell cytoplasm." b "made in the nucleous of a target cell." c "made in the RER of a cell cytoplasm." d "sorted by the Golgi apparatus of a cell." e "bound to cellular lysosomes in a cell." Review #2 27 Review using OPAL figures Review using class web PDF Review using test #1 Preview of test #2 15

16 For the test next Monday! 1 " Be outside the lecture room by 9 AM! " 2 as I call you, walk to the stage of the room and! 3!leave your carry on in front of the lecture hall" 4 pick-up your test & scantron from the instructor 5 please, sit exactly where the instructor tells you 6 fill name, seat, and web-id# in test AND scantron 7 a web-id # is any 5 digit personal number Test #2 Endocrinology, test#2, JP Advis.! Name (also fill bubbles in scantron)! Student ID (also fill bubbles in scantron)! Web ID (also write in scantron upper/right)! Seat (also write in scantron upper/right)! Note: all the above info also goes in the scantron,! with the webid and the seat in the upper right corner.! FOR ALL QUESTIONS SELECT THE! BEST ANSWER FROM THE OPTIONS GIVEN! 16

17 SCANTRON SHEET Write name and bubble it scantron s upper right corner Write webid and seat # Write RU-ID# and bubble it Write web-id# and bubble it Bubble your answers Endocrine Physiology story line I suggest you put this information into a table YOU design!!! 17