Cell Structure and Function Chapter 3, Day 1 Notes

Transcription

1 Review: Characteristics of Living Things Cell Structure and Function Chapter 3, Day 1 Notes 1. Made of 2. Require 3. (species) 4. Maintain to environment materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases) Review: Levels of Organization Nonliving Levels: (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) 3. (nucleus, ER, Golgi ) Living Levels: 1. (makes up ALL organisms) 2. (cells working together) 3. (heart, brain, stomach ) 4. (respiratory, circulatory ) 5. Living Levels continued: History of Cells (one species in an area) (several populations in an area) (forest, prairie ) (Tundra, Tropical Rainforest ) (all living and nonliving things on Earth) In 1665, used a microscope to examine a (dead plant cell walls) What he saw looked like Hooke is responsible for Hooke called them CELLS because they looked like the called cells In 1673, (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to

2 Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view Called these In 1838, a German botanist named concluded that all plants were made of cells Schleiden is a cofounder of the In 1839, a German zoologist named concluded that Schwann also cofounded the cell theory In 1855, a German medical doctor named observed, under the microscope, He reasoned that all cells come from other Cell Theory Cells are the in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the Cell Sizes and Cell Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: composed of one cell - composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. Which Cell Type is Larger?

3 Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms often Cell Specialization Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by This is known as Organization Levels: Living Levels Cells Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism Simple versus Complex Cells Prokaryotes were the cells Prefix means Cells that Includes Simplest type of cell Prokaryote (center) contains the DNA Surrounded by Contain (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to Simple versus Complex Cells Being a complex cell means having An example is a Prefix means Cells that HAVE a Includes More complex type of cells Eukaryote Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals Contain 3 basic cell structures:

4 Organelles Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function, Day 2 Notes Very small ( ) Perform for a cell Found in the be membrane-bound Cell or Plasma Membrane Composed of double layer of Surrounds of ALL cells Controls what the cell Phospholipids Heads contain and are (attract water) Tails are made of and are (repel water) Make up a where tails point toward each other Can move to allow small molecules (O 2, CO 2, & H 2O to enter) The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are moving and changing Cell Membrane Proteins Proteins help in cell recognition are on the surface (inner or outer) completely through the membrane Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as. Cell Membrane in Plants Lies immediately against the in plant cells Pushes out against the cell wall to Cell Wall layer

5 Found in Made of in plants Made of in bacteria Made of in fungi cell Found of the cell membrane Cytoplasm of a Cell enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for to take place Contains organelles to Found in cells The Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the of the cell - Headquarters Contains the in chromosomes Bounded by a (membrane) with pores Usually the largest organelle Each cell has number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control Nuclear Envelope surrounding nucleus Also called Contains nuclear pores for materials to Connected to the Inside the Nucleus The is found here DNA is spread out and appears as in non-dividing cells DNA is around proteins forming as in dividing cells What Does DNA do? DNA is the of the cell Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for Nucleolus Inside Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Disappears when Makes that make proteins

6 Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain Centrioles Also help move Made of are threadlike & made of are tubelike & made of Found only in structures near nucleus Made of bundle of Appear during forming Help to pull chromosome pairs Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle Made of MICROTUBULES ( ) Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) Mitochondria Chapter 3 Cellular Structure and Function Day 3 Notes of the cell Generate More active cells like muscle cells have mitochondria plants & animal cells have mitochondria Site of (burning glucose) Surrounded by a Has its own Folded inner membrane called ( surface area for more chemical reactions) Interior called What do mitochondria do?

7 Burns Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER Network of Connects to Functions in of cell products & transport Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Has on its surface Makes and proteins for out of cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER ribosomes on its surface Is of rough ER Makes cell products that are the cell Functions of the Smooth ER Makes Regulates (muscle cells) Destroys (liver) Endomembrane System Includes Ribosomes Made of for cell Join to make proteins Process called Can be attached to Golgi Bodies Have a (trans face) and (cis face) made by ER with modified proteins pinch off the ends Look like a from ER for storage OR transport out of cell

8 Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by Lysosomes Contain food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for (AUTOLYSIS) (break open) & enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) Lysosome Digestion Cells take in food by Lysosomes Cilia & Flagella Made of protein tubes called Microtubules arranged ( ) Function in Cilia are and more numerous on cells Flagella are (usually 1-3) on cells Vacuoles sacs for storage in animal cells Plant cells have a large No vacuoles in bacterial cells In plants, they store Includes of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes Contractile Vacuole Found in unicellular protists like water intake by pumping out excess ( ) Keeps the cell from Chloroplasts Found only in (organisms containing chlorophyll) Use energy from Energy from sun stored in the of sugars

9 Surrounded by membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids in stacks called & interconnected gel like material surrounding thylakoids Contains its own Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis - Factors Affecting Cell Size (plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width ( ) of a cell is determined by multiplying length times width times height ( ) Therefore, than the surface area Cell Size When the surface area is no longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the Therefore, the cells of an organism are in size