Limbic area. Olfactory bulb

Transcription

1 lfaction lfaction & & Perception Perception

2 Limbic area lfactory bulb

3 Limbic area lfactory bulb 1. dorants bind to receptors 2. lfactory receptor cells are activated and send electric signals 3. The signals are relayed to the glomeruli 4. The signals are transmitted to the brain

4 dor molecules are generally Limbic area lfactory bulb isoraldeine 95 CH 3 CH 3 methyl pamplemousse Volatile! < 300 g/mol levistamel H H (mostly) Hydrophobic isolongifolanone H sanjinol

5 lfactory Receptors and the 7-Transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor proteins (GCPR) Extracellular Hydrophillic Region Hydrophobic Region Lipid bilayer Receptor protein Intracellular Hydrophillic Region Cholesterol

6 G-protein-coupled receptors (7-TM receptors) Structure - Single protein with 7 transmembrane regions Extracellular loops NH 2 N -Terminal chain Membrane VII VI V IV III II I Transmembrane helix G-Protein binding region H 2 C C -Terminal chain Intracellular loops

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8 ot ~ ppb ot ~ ppb ot ~ 61 ppb ot ~ 223 ppb Molecular Weight: ot ~ 0.44 ppb ot ~ 0.13 ppb Molecular Weight:

9 caraway spearmint (S)-Carvone (R)-Carvone

10 lfactory Receptors and the 7-Transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor proteins (GCPR)

11 Ligand The camp Transduction Cascade Interaction of receptor with G-protein Receptor Cell membrane γ ß α G Protein Ligand binding Induced fit for G- protein γ α ß G-protein binds Induced fit for GTP γ α ß Binding site for G-protein opens GDP GTP = GDP Guanosine diphosphate Guanosine triphosphate

12 γ α ß GTP binds Destabilizes α-subunit γ α ß Fragmentation and release γ ß α Binding site recognizes GTP Induced fit G-protein alters α-subunit shape Complex destabilized

13 Interaction of α-subunit with adenylate cyclase Binding site for α-subunit GTP GDP α-subunit Adenylate cyclase Binding camp acts as hormone that activates Ca 2+ ion channels Adenylyl cyclase Active site (closed) Induced fit ATP Active site (open) cyclic AMP Influx of Ca 2+ causes neurotransmitter release Signal transduction via axons

14 Sound Like A LT to Remember? Summary γ α ß 1. dorant (ligand) binds receptor, which then binds G-protein 2. GDP leaves and GTP binds, resulting in destabilizing complex 3. α-subunit binds adenylate cyclase where ATP is converted to camp 4. camp activates Ca2+ ion channels resulting in signal transduction GDP GTP ATP cyclic AMP

15 Receptor cells lfactory bulb Hypothalamus emotion and memory lfactory cortex

16 Fragrance Perception Humans use different types of olfactory receptors - variations among individuals Statistically, each individual may detect odor with different combination of receptors dor - Emotion, each individual response may depend on previous experiences

17 Market Research - understanding your customers Sensory Analysis - using humans as measuring tool Can you discriminate between odors? Can you recognize odors (vocabulary)?

18 Sensory Analysis dor Threshold 1 ppb (part per billion) = % Floral-musk, 200 ppb (in water) Musky, pear, ppb (in air) Musk, floral, woody, ppb (in air) 1 ppb (part per billion) = 1 microgram/l = g/l = % 1,000,000 microgram = 1 gram 1 ng = g

19 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling Animal: Refers to the warm, sensual and heady base notes once associated with the natural odor of musk, ambergris, civet, and castoreum, now produced by some vegetable materials and aroma chemicals. Citrus: dors from citrus fruits such as orange, lemon, lime, mandarin and bergamot which give fresh, fruity top note. Earthy: The provocative odor of freshly turned earth, musty and rooty. Fruity: The impression of full, ripe, edible fruit odors (excluding citrus) within the fragrance theme.

20 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling Green: Fragrance family or type whose odor is reminiscent of fresh-cut grass, leaves or a warm, moist forest. Green notes add lift and vigor to a fragrance composition. Herbaceous: A fragrance note that is grassy-green, spicy and somewhat therapeutic, e.g., thyme, hyssop, chamomile. Marine: Currently, a very popular outdoorsy, fresh and clean, watery, ozonic, beach-like note. Spicy: Piquant or pungent notes such as clove oil, cinnamon; characteristic of notes of carnation, ginger, lavender or the chemical spicy notes of eugenol or isoeugenol. Sweet: Can be used to describe a fragrance that has richness and ambrosial characteristics associated with sweet taste. Woody: An odor which is linked to the aroma of freshly cut, dry wood or fibrous root such as sandalwood or vetiver.

21 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling Pane llist: Date : Sample ID Flor al Fru ity Citr us Herba l Gr ee n Mint Mar ine Sweet Spicy Woo dy Fr es h

22 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling H H Adoxal Cashmeran Triplal

23 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling H H Adoxal Cashmeran Triplal A B C

24 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling - Multidimensional scaling map

25 Sensory Analysis dor Profiling