IS THE CONDITION AND GROWTH OF EARLY LIFE STAGES OF NORTHERN ANCHOVY RELATED TO THE BIOCHEMICAL CLIMATOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CURRENT?
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1 IS THE CONDITION AND GROWTH OF EARLY LIFE STAGES OF NORTHERN ANCHOVY RELATED TO THE BIOCHEMICAL CLIMATOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CURRENT? Jessica A. Miller 1, William T. Peterson 2, Louise Copeman 3, Marisa N. C. Litz 1, Angela L. Sremba 1, and Laurelyn Perry 1 1 Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon USA, 2 NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Newport, Oregon USA, 3 Cooperative Institute of Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon USA
2 Background: Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) spawn mid-may to mid-september (12-15 C) hatch at mm TL rapid growth, short lifespan (<7 yr), early maturity (1 yr)
3 Background: Climate variation and recruitment Early feeding & growth Stable Ocean Hypothesis (Hjort 1914; Lasker 1975; Peterman & Bradford 1987) No relationship between larval abundance and Age-1 recruits focus on older larvae more informative (Peterman et al. 1988) Abundance of Age-1 related to boreal copepod biomass during ELH stages (Litz et al. 2008) Evidence that interannual variation in growth during ELH related to copepod community composition & biomass of boreal copepods (Takahashi et al. 2012)
4 Background: Variation in copepod community in Northern California Current The sign of the PDO is associated with relatively warm or cold water along the coast PDO X-AXIS X-axis ANOMALY score YEAR YEAR NH 05 PDO CCI Copepod Community Index (CCI) Bill Peterson, NOAA. Morgan et al. 2003, Hooff & Peterson 2006, Keister et al NH05 warm and cold water zooplankton communities in coastal waters are associated with positive or negative phases of the PDO, with a lag
5 Hypotheses Prey Quality/Essential Fatty Acid Hypothesis Climate-mediated changes in the availability of essential fatty acids can have community-level effects (Litzow et al. 2006). Greater lipid content of the boreal copepods results in higher growth and survival of juvenile salmon and northern anchovy (Bill Peterson and others). The relative importance of prey composition, abundance, and quality are not yet well understood.
6 Hypotheses & Objectives Ho 1 : The lipid and fatty acid composition of the copepod community covaries with the CCI. Greater lipid levels during spring/summer & in cooler years -- more negative CCI values. Ho 2 : Growth rates of early stage northern anchovy are positively related to lipid levels and certain fatty acids in the copepod community. Characterize seasonal & interannual variation in lipid classes and fatty acids in particulate organic matter, zooplankton, and early stages of northern anchovy and relate that variation to early growth in anchovy.
7 Methods: Copepod community composition Biweekly collections NH05, 60 m depth NH05 50-cm diameter, 202- μ m mesh ring net Copepod Patty 20- μ m mesh sample POM/phytoplankton Copepod patty Copepod Community Index (CCI) Northern Copepod Biomass Anomaly Southern Copepod Biomass Anomaly
8 Methods: Copepod community composition Biweekly collections NH05, 60 m depth NH05 50-cm diameter, 202- μ m mesh ring net Copepod Patty 20- μ m mesh sample POM/phytoplankton Copepod patty Copepod Community Index (CCI) Northern Copepod Biomass Anomaly Southern Copepod Biomass Anomaly
9 Methods: Early stages of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) rope trawl with a small-mesh liner - Light traps - Condition Index (length-mass residuals) Willapa Bay line Yaquina Bay Ln-transformed mass (g) Ln-transformed standard length (mm) Age, hatch date, growth rate: otolith analysis
10 Methods: Lipid classes and fatty acid composition OSU Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS) Lipid Lab (Dr. Louise Copeman) Phytoplankton, copepod patty, Calanus marshallae, northern anchovy Modified Folch procedure (extraction) TLC-FID (lipid classes) GC-FID (fatty acids)
11 Methods: Lipid classes and fatty acid composition OSU Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS) Lipid Lab (Dr. Louise Copeman) Phytoplankton, copepod patty, Calanus marshallae, northern anchovy Modified Folch procedure (extraction) TLC-FID (lipid classes) GC-FID (fatty acids)
12 Methods: Temporal coverage Copepod Community Index CCI PDO PDO Phytoplankton & Copepods Northern anchovy
13 Results: Copepod Community Index lipids, mg/g wet weight Summer copepod community Winter copepod community Copepod Community Index (CCI) in total lipids after fall transition in DHA/EPA after fall transition Biochemical response precedes change in Community Copepod Index (CCI) DHA/EPA /25/2012 DHA/EPA = docosahexaenoic acid/ eicosapentaenoic acid (~dinoflagellates/diatoms) Copepod Community Index (CCI)
14 Results: Growth & condition of early stages of northern anchovy 96 individuals collected 36.8 (±7.6 SD) mm SL Mean age: 82 d (±20) (n = 73) Age range: d Proportion May Early June Late June Hatch Date (day of year) July May Aug. 12
15 Results: Growth & condition of early stages of northern anchovy Cohorts based on hatch date: Growth May 14-20, n = 15 Early June 3-18, n = 25 Late June (June 23-July 8), n = 16 July (July 18- Aug 2), n = 11 Capture date: Size & Condition July 21-22, n = 19 August 23, n = 28 October 7-8,n = 15 October 22-23, n = 18 Nov. 4, n = 3 Lipids n = 12 n = 14 n = 10 n = 10 n = 2
16 0.2 Results: Northern anchovy condition at capture Mean condition index (M-L residuals) r = Copepod Community Index r = Northern Copepod Biomass Anomaly Higher condition when boreal, lipid-rich species are dominant and have greater biomass
17 Results: Northern anchovy cohort growth 5.0 Mean otolith increment width (µm) May 2.5 Early June 2.0 Late June July NH 36 km Temperature ( C) 18 NH Day of Year
18 Results: Temperature effects on growth Early otolith growth positively correlated with temperature Mean otolith increment width (μm) (initial 10 d) r = Temperature ( C) (NH 36 km, 128 m)
19 Results: Growth & condition of early stages of northern anchovy Growth (mm/day) y = 0.048x R² = Temperature ( C) Northern anchovy potential growth (mm/day) potential growth Day of year Ln-transformed standard length (mm) % ± 9.2 SD y = x x R² = Ln-transformed otolith radius (µm) Northern anchovy observed growth (mm/day) observed growth Day of year
20 Results: Growth & condition of early stages of northern anchovy Northern anchovy observed growth (mm/day) = Northern anchovy residual growth (mm/day) observed growth 0.70 northern anchovy residual growth Day of year Northern anchovy residual growth (mm/day) Northern anchovy potential growth (mm/day) d means centered around copepod sample Day of year Day of year Day of year northern anchovy residual growth potential growth
21 Results: Growth of early stages of northern anchovy & copepods Northern anchovy residual growth (mm/day) r = Copepod Community Index Northern anchovy residual growth (mm/day) r = Northern Copepod Biomass Anomaly r = Southern Copepod Biomass Anomaly
22 Results: Growth of early stages of northern anchovy Northern anchovy residual growth (mm/day) Diatom indicator r = % of 16:1n7 of copepod total fatty acids
23 Summary & Future Directions Clear seasonal variation in lipids classes and FA within the copepod community Substantial intra-annual variation in anchovy growth related to temperature and copepod community composition Intra-annual variation in early growth of northern anchovy related to FA in copepod community (diatom indicators) Those diatom indicators are better described by variation in the biomass of northern copepods than the Copepod Community Index (CCI) (r = 0.55 vs. r = 0.30) Early growth of northern anchovy influenced by both the community and relative biomass/abundance (individual size, abundance, and density) Analysis ongoing.second year of data collection, multivariate approaches, more detailed analysis of how changes in the copepod community relate to FA variation and anchovy growth
24 Acknowledgements NOAA NWFSC & EPP Bonneville Power Administration Cheryl Morgan, OSU CIMRS Jay Peterson, NOAA NWFSC Jennifer Fisher, OSU CIMRS Tracy Shaw, OSU CIMRS Jesse Lamb Xana Hermosillos, LMRCSC intern Thomas Murphy, OSU
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