Microplastic ingestion: the role of taste
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1 Microplastic ingestion: the role of taste Renske Vroom 1,2, Claudia Halsband 1, Ellen Besseling 2, Bart Koelmans 2 1 Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway 2 Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
2 Sources of microplastics Microplastics: < 5 mm in size spheres, fragments, fibers, films
3 Microplastics in marine environments: occurrence, distribution and effects Plastics form the largest part of marine debris Distribution data sporadic and inconsistent Macrofauna + macroplastic: starvation, suffocation, entanglement Emerging knowledge on microplastics effects on organisms
4 Microplastics in arctic marine environments: ecosystem health implications Estimated flux to the Arctic: 62, ,000 tonnes year -1 (Zarfl & Matthies 2010) Role of zooplankton o ingestion/bioaccumulation o contaminant transfer (e.g. POPs to lipids) o food chain effects (biomagnification) o Vertical transport o C-flux perturbations
5 Microplastics in arctic waters Lusher et al particles m -3 (Lusher et al. 2015) particles m -3 in ice cores (Obbard et al. 2014) human activities increase: shipping, tourism, offshore industries more microplastics (?)
6 Microplastics and zooplankton Overlap in size between microplastics and typical food items (µm range) Plastic ingestion is experimentally confirmed (Cole et al. 2013, Setälä et al. 2014) Impacts on survival, feeding and fecundity (Cole et al. 2015, Lee et al. 2013)
7 Microplastics and zooplankton: the role of taste biofilm clean? fouled
8 Microplastics and zooplankton: the role of taste Photos: Nerheim et al. in prep, Carson et al. 2013, Reisser et al "epiplastic diatoms"
9 Microplastics and zooplankton: the role of taste Plankton sampling in Håkøybotn, Tromsø (Norway)
10 Microplastics and zooplankton: the role of taste Fluorescent polystyrene (PS) beads, 15 and 30 μm diameter Fouled particles: soaking 3 weeks in native seawater Incubation in filtered (1 μm) seawater in 0.5 L glass bottles Rotating plankton wheel Observations with a fluorescence stereoscope
11 Microplastics and zooplankton: zooplankton taxa and plastic size 4 species: o Small copepods: Acartia longiremis, Pseudocalanus spp. o Large copepod: Calanus finmarchicus o Decapod larvae 15/30 µm PS beads, control without microplastics 10 individuals per bottle 24h exposure mg L -1 = 23/148 beads ml -1
12 Fraction Fraction of individuals ingesting ingesting plastic plastic Microplastics and zooplankton: zooplankton taxa and plastic size n=9 n=9 Bead Bead diameter µm µm µm µm n=9 n=9 n=9 n=18 n=10 n=17 n=10 n=17 n=5 Acartia Pseudocalanus Calanus Pseudocalanus Calanus Decapoda Species x
13 Microplastics and biofouling: effect on ingestion Acartia longiremis 200 particles ml individuals 24 hours Calanus finmarchicus CV 100 particles ml individuals 4 hours Endpoints: % ingesting ind., # ingested, survival Control Pristine Fouled
14 Fraction of copepods ingesting beads Microplastics and biofouling: effect on ingestion Positive effect of biofouling t-test: Acartia p= Calanus p= Pristine Fouled Pristine Fouled A. longiremis C. finmarchicus
15 Number of plastics ingested Microplastics and biofouling: effect on ingestion 4 Positive effect of biofouling 3 2 t-test: Acartia p= Calanus n.s. 1 Error bars: 95% CI 0 Pristine Fouled Pristine Fouled C. finmarchicus A. longiremis
16 Microplastics and biofouling: conclusions PS-bead ingestion is species-specific and bead size dependent Body size and filter mesh size of feeding apparatus are important Encounter and filtration rates determine plastic uptake Calanus > Acartia Fouled beads were more frequently ingested than clean beads Selectivity difference between species: Calanus less selective than Acartia Chemical perception: biofilms disguise plastic as nutritious food Survival was not affected (not shown, short-term experiment) High proportion of beads was egested after 4+ hours
17 Microplastics and biofouling: open questions What determines individual intra-specific differences (high variability)? o Why are some individuals more selective than others? How will varying plastic properties affect ingestion dynamics? o Polymer type o Shape (beads vs. fragments vs. fibers) How can ingestion in situ at realistic concentrations be determined? Are there chronic and/or sublethal health effects on zooplankton? At what rates are microplastics transferred to the next trophic level? o Planktivorous zooplankton (e.g. chaetognaths) o Fish larvae o seabirds
18 Microplastics and biofouling: acknowledgements Special thanks to The crew of RV Hyas (University of Tromsø) Fredrika Norrbin & Marit Reigstad (University of Tromsø) Thor-Arne Hangstad, Lauri Kapari et al. at the Akvaplan Kraknes lab The Fram Centre Flagship "Hazardous Substances" Michael Greenacre, Akvaplan-niva & Evert-Jan Bakker, Wageningen University & Research Centre
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